South East Asia Command Research Articles

‘Sufficient Reinforcements Overseas’: British PostWar Troops' Recruiting Policy in Nigeria, 1945–53

This article critically examines Britain's postwar recruitment policy in Nigeria, 1945–53. It is a subject that has not been studied by scholars. As the Second World War drew to a close, the Nigerian colonial military had declared that it had sufficient illiterate, ‘pagan’ infantrymen of northern Nigerian ‘tribal,’ including Tiv, origin to meet any but unforeseen demands of troops for service in the South East Asia Command (SEAC). Yet, recruitment of the same category of infantrymen, as well as ex-servicemen, was resumed after the war. The critical/analytic historical method is deployed to interrogate Nigerian and British archival sources on the subject. The study shows that, unlike the case of the High Commission Territories Corps (HCTC), Nigeria's postwar recruitment was not meant for overseas deployment. It was primarily driven by Britain's objectives of restoring the army to its pre-war role of enforcing colonial law and order in furtherance of its resolve to maintain its colonial state in Nigeria despite postwar militant nationalism.

Asia. The Eurasian core and its edges: Dialogues with Wang Gungwu on the history of the world By Ooi Kee Beng Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. Pp. 254. Map, Illustrations, Index.

The Eurasian core and its edges: Dialogues with Wang Gungwu on the history of the world By OOI KEE BENG Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. Pp. 254. Map, Illustrations, Index. doi: 10.1017/S0022463416000552 This book is a delightful and rare opportunity to listen in on a series of dialogues between two renowned scholars, Wang Gungwu and Ooi Kee Beng, on a variety of interesting topics and global issues. While for the most part the answers and responses in these dialogues are principally Wang's to questions raised by Ooi, the two agree that the book is the latter's. Ooi Kee Beng sets the scene for these dialogues and gives his reflections and useful background information on them in the prologue, introduction and epilogue. His dialogues with Wang are organised into five chapters. While the content of the dialogues is very wide-ranging, some crucial topics can be mentioned here to give a flavour of each of the chapters. Chapter 1, 'Of cores and edges', reviews human history and highlights the core of Central Asia (nomadic Eurasia) in world history. China, the Mediterranean, South Asia and Western Europe all remained edges. The tensions and conflicts between 'nomadic' societies (Xiongnu, Turks or Mongols) and agrarian counterparts (Chinese or Indian) continued until the twentieth century. During this long period, Chinese dynasties remained essentially continental and mainly agrarian, except for the Mongol Yuan and the Manchu Qing, the latter being both agrarian and nomadic. The dialogue goes on to focus on China, covering a range of topics, such as Confucian order, Confucianism, state Confucianism, the Chinese interpretation of democracy, and the role of imperial literati. Chapter 2, 'The two-ocean Mediterranean', turns to early Southeast Asia, a maritime periphery in world history that was continually dominated by continental power struggles. Mainland Southeast Asia was more impacted, while the Malay world was left more alone. The continental expansions into the Southeast Asian maritime world such as the Thai, Chinese (Zheng He), Chola (Tamil) expeditions were only temporary invasions. While from the fifteenth century onward Southeast Asia turned itself into a semi-Mediterranean, it was not seen as a region until the Second World War, when it became strategically significant, first as embodied in the South East Asia Command (SEAC), followed by the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and finally, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Chapter 3, 'Southeast Asia and foreign empires', continues the discussion on the concept of Southeast Asia. Various Chinese conceptualisations of the area or part of the area later coined as Southeast Asia including Nanhai, Dongyang, Xiyang and Nanyang are placed in their historical contexts. Wang points out that it was the Japanese who first put the South China Sea under one jurisdiction and speculates that in fact, both the Kuomintang's Republic of China and the People's Republic of China accepted the Japanese legacy of the South China Sea region. Nation and nationstate constitute the latter part of the chapter, in which Wang insightfully clarifies the evolution of nation-states across the world. In Southeast Asia, the state came first, while nation was constructed by state. Chapter 4, 'China's struggle with the Western edge', discusses China's dealings with the West. Indeed, 'the West' was not monolithic, and many Wests existed. While China learned from either West A or B, the sense of belonging pushed China to seek inspiration from its own past. And that is why Confucianism still matters to present-day China. Since the West is maritime and thus global while China is still continental, China now seeks to navigate the sea to become a global power. The Chinese maritime initiatives, including redefining and appropriating soft power, can be seen in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan. …

EARLY USES AND CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE TERM ‘SOUTHEAST ASIA’

This article traces the earlier use and conception of the term ‘Southeast Asia’ in the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries. In the period not only the term but also several regional terms were used in the United Kingdom and Singapore. The article examines how these terms have been defined and used in English newspapers published in the two countries in the past. The author argues that the term ‘South East Asia/Southeast Asia’ was well used and the conception recognised before the establishment of the military organization, South East Asia Command (SEAC) in 1943, which made the regional term popular. Though the regional term ‘Southeast Asia’ became a widely-used term in public after that year, partly because of the development of the area studies of Southeast Asia in the United States, the regional conception varied from one scholar to another by the 1960s. The establishment of the indigenous regional organizations such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)helped to increase recognition and usage of the term and also to reach a consensus on itsconception. This article examines the terms for this region used earlier in India, Chinaand Japan, before tracing the emergence of the English usage of the regional terms.

In the Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia. By Ronald H. Spector. (New York: Random House, 2007. xx, 358 pp. $27.95, ISBN 978-0-375-50915-5.)

When the Japanese Empire surrendered in 1945, the Allied powers were not only victorious, but also confronted with a whole new set of challenges, ranging from the occupation of Japan to dealing with refugees and former soldiers who needed to be repatriated. In this well-written study, Ronald H. Spector focuses on political and military developments in five countries, formerly part of the Japanese Empire, during 1945–1947. The author shows how American forces in China and Korea, and British forces in Malaya, Indochina, and the Dutch East Indies had to deal with situations that were often beyond their control. A lack of knowledge about the local situation, combined with weak strategic leadership in Washington, D.C., and London allowed old conflicts to continue and new ones to emerge. Few studies have paid attention specifically to the strategic challenges of the whole Asian region in the early post-World War II period and how those conflicts were similar in many respects. As in his excellent earlier study Eagle against the Sun: The American War with Japan (1985), Spector has done impressive research. For In the Ruins of Empire, he visited archives in six countries, augmenting his extensive reading in the literature. He explains the complicated political and military situation in the five nations studied. In Korea, Malaya, Indochina, and the Dutch East Indies, the American and British forces faced independence movements, while in China, the Nationalists and Communists were entangled in a civil war. Often present with only a small force, the Allied commanders decided in a number of cases to employ defeated Japanese soldiers in an effort to restore order—which did not make the Allies popular among the local population, who had just suffered through a Japanese occupation. In the Dutch East Indies, however, some Japanese forces joined the local insurrection. In Korea and China, American diplomats and soldiers had to deal with a Soviet presence and the beginnings of the Cold War. The British South East Asia Command negotiated with the colonial regimes in the Dutch East Indies and Indochina, for which Spector has little sympathy. In Malaya, the British were the colonial regime themselves.

Mountbatten goes to the movies: Promoting the heroic myth through cinema

Mountbatten goes to the movies: Promoting the heroic myth through cinema

‘Kicking out the Vietminh’: How Britain Allowed France to Reoccupy South Indochina, 1945-46

Why were British troops accused of supporting French imperialism in southern Indochina (Vietnam) during the months following Japanese surrender in August 1945? This article reassesses the roles of Major-General Douglas D. Gracey, the Commander-in-the-Field, Lord Louis Mountbatten, the head of South-east Asia Command, and the British Labour government, in allowing the French to reoccupy first Saigon then the rest of the south, despite a strong communist-led nationalist movement. In particular, it examines the influences on and the choices available to Allied military and political decision-makers in the crucial period before significant French re-entry into Saigon and its surrounding area. Gracey has been unfairly accused by American and other commentators of violating orders by taking it upon himself to restore the French to power, primarily through a joint military takeover in Saigon on 23 September 1945. Evidence suggests that consent to the recovery of French Indochina was an underlying component of British foreign policy. Gracey’s individual culpability hence becomes of little consequence, since he was evidently acting in accord with the postwar reinstallation of European imperialism in south-east Asia.

Sleeping with the Enemy: Britain, Japanese Troops and the Netherlands East Indies, 1945–1946

Between September 1945 and November 1946, up to 35,000 surrendered Japanese troops were assimilated into Lord Louis Mountbatten’s South East Asia Command in the Netherlands East Indies. Although under the ultimate control of British officers,the Japanese retained their wartime unit structures, were led by their own officers and remained armed. As a measure of their acceptance by the British, one of them was recommended for the Distinguished Service Order in November 1945, only three months after the war’s end. The Japanese fought alongside the British despite the anger felt against them as the perpetrators of wartime atrocities and as a former enemy. These sentiments, however, did not prevent senior military personnel and politicians from using the Japanese to assist in the restoration of pre‐war European empires in Asia. Crucially,the United States government tacitly supported the use of the Japanese. Aware of the sensitivity of using former enemy troops, the British and Americans tried to conceal the extent of Japanese involvement. Their success in achieving this hid not just their own hypocrisy but also the important part played by the Japanese in securing Allied post‐war aims in Asia.

Intelligence and War against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service

1. Introduction: intelligence and empire Part I. Before Pearl Harbor, 1937-41: 2. Wing Commander Wigglesworth flies east: the lamentable state of intelligence, 1937-9 3. Insecurity and the fall of Singapore 4. Surprise despite warning: intelligence and the fall of Singapore 5. Conspiracy or confusion? Churchill, Roosevelt and Pearl Harbor 6. 'Imperial Security Services': the emergence of OSS and SOE Part II. India and Spheres of Influence, 1941-4: 7. 'Do-gooders' and 'bad men': Churchill, Roosevelt and rivalry over empire 8. American intelligence and the British Raj: OSS and OWI in India, 1941-4 9. Strange allies: British intelligence and security in India, 1941-4 Part III. Mountbatten's South East Asia Command, 1943-5: 10. Secret service and Mountbatten's South East Asia Command 11. Special operations in South East Asia 12. The British Secret Intelligence Service (M16) in the Far East 13. Centre and region: the politics of signals intelligence Part IV. Rivalry or Rivalries? China, 1942-5: 14. American struggles in China: OSS and Naval Group 15. Britain and her allies in China Part V. The End of the War in Asia, 1945-6: 16. Anti-colonialism, anti-communism and plans for post-war Asia 17. Resisting the resistance: Thailand, Malaya and Burma 18. Special operations in liberated areas: Indochina and the Netherlands East Indies, 1944-6 19. Hong Kong and the future of China 20. Conclusion: the hidden hand and the fancy foot.

Intelligence and the war against Japan: Britain, America and the politics of secret service

1. Introduction: intelligence and empire Part I. Before Pearl Harbor, 1937-41: 2. Wing Commander Wigglesworth flies east: the lamentable state of intelligence, 1937-9 3. Insecurity and the fall of Singapore 4. Surprise despite warning: intelligence and the fall of Singapore 5. Conspiracy or confusion? Churchill, Roosevelt and Pearl Harbor 6. 'Imperial Security Services': the emergence of OSS and SOE Part II. India and Spheres of Influence, 1941-4: 7. 'Do-gooders' and 'bad men': Churchill, Roosevelt and rivalry over empire 8. American intelligence and the British Raj: OSS and OWI in India, 1941-4 9. Strange allies: British intelligence and security in India, 1941-4 Part III. Mountbatten's South East Asia Command, 1943-5: 10. Secret service and Mountbatten's South East Asia Command 11. Special operations in South East Asia 12. The British Secret Intelligence Service (M16) in the Far East 13. Centre and region: the politics of signals intelligence Part IV. Rivalry or Rivalries? China, 1942-5: 14. American struggles in China: OSS and Naval Group 15. Britain and her allies in China Part V. The End of the War in Asia, 1945-6: 16. Anti-colonialism, anti-communism and plans for post-war Asia 17. Resisting the resistance: Thailand, Malaya and Burma 18. Special operations in liberated areas: Indochina and the Netherlands East Indies, 1944-6 19. Hong Kong and the future of China 20. Conclusion: the hidden hand and the fancy foot.

Silent Partners: SOE's French Indo-China Section, 1943–1945

Pursued over the last two years of the Pacific war, the Free French effort to organize and direct an effective resistance to the Japanese occupation of Indo-China ended in military failure. Characterized by administrative complexity, inadequate supplies and attenuated communications, Gaullist insurgency was marred by Free France's de facto reliance upon Admiral Louis Mountbatten's South East Asia Command (SEAC). While the re-conquest of Malaya and Burma remained incomplete, British backing for a resistance network in Indo-China was bound to be limited. And as British interest in the final re-conquest of their own territories climaxed in the spring and summer of 1945, so material provision for the French in Indo-China inevitably declined. Although Mountbatten consistently supported his Free French protégés, Churchill, in particular, was reluctant to take issue with his American allies. Neither the US government nor American commanders in China and the Pacific supported Free French methods and objectives. By 1945, the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS), dedicated to supporting guerrilla warfare and resistance organization, and the Office of War Information (OWI), which disseminated US propaganda, were developing independent contacts inside northern Indo-China. As a result, the OSS increasingly endorsed the one truly effective resistance movement: Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh coalition.

Britain and Regional Cooperation in South-East Asia, 1945-49.

This thesis examines efforts by the British Foreign Office between 1945 and 1949 to establish an international, yet British-led, regional system in South-East Asia, initially on the economic level but eventually including political and defence cooperation as well. Part 1 looks at vain efforts by the Foreign Office in 1945 to use South East Asia Command (SEAC) under Lord Mountbatten as the basis for an international regional commission. It then examines the Foreign Office's appointment in 1946 of Lord Killearn as Special Commissioner in Singapore, and it highlights British hopes that the Special Commission, which organised international action against the acute shortage of rice in the region, would one day become the nucleus for a wider regional organisation. Part 2 looks at the impact of Asian nationalism on British regional policies. By February 1947, the Foreign Office contemplated the eventual inclusion of India and of other fledgling Asian states in its regional plans. Part 3 shows the subsequent decline of the Special Commission after London's decision on financial grounds to merge the organisation with the office of the Malayan Governor-General. It also examines competition by Australia, India and the UN in trying to take the lead on regional cooperation, and it shows how British policies were negatively affected by the hardline policies of France and the Netherlands in their respective South-East Asian colonies. Part 4 looks at the revival of British regional plans towards the end of 1948 following the Malayan Emergency. The Foreign Office convinced the rest of Whitehall of trying to organise regional cooperation as a means of containing communism in South-East Asia. At the same time, it launched a diplomatic offensive to secure Asian cooperation and American financial backing for its regional plans. The thesis ends in November 1949 with the Cabinet's adoption of regional cooperation as official British policy, paving the way for the Colombo Conference in January 1950 and the subsequent Colombo Plan. One of the recurring themes of the thesis is the conflict between the Foreign Office and the Colonial Office over regional policies; another one is the Foreign Office's shift from colonial cooperation concepts to the idea of cooperating primarily with the new Asian states.

Military survey honors Guy Bomford

In recognition of his many contributions to geodesy, the United Kingdom's Military Survey's new headquarters building was named after Brigadier Guy Bomford at a ceremony at Feltham near London on July 10, 1992. He was the director of survey of the southeast Asia command during World War II, was reader in geodesy at Oxford University, was active in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (serving as president from 1963 to 1967), and is the author of the well‐known text, Geodesy.Now aged 92, Bomford unveiled a plaqueon the building and attended a luncheon at the Feltham Officer's Mess hosted by the Director General of Military Survey, Major General Roy Wood.

P. Dennis, Troubled days of peace. Mountbatten and South East Asia Command

P. Dennis, Troubled days of peace. Mountbatten and South East Asia Command

Book reviews

Stephen G. Hall and Fred Atkinson, Oil and the British Economy. London, Croom Helm, 1983–208 pp. $12.95. Harvey B. Feigenbaum, The Politics of Public Enterprise: Oil and the French State. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1985. xvii + 194 pp. $US 33.00. H.W. Arndt, A Course Through Life: Memoirs of an Australian Economist. Canberra, National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University, 1985. ix + 177 pp. $10.00. Alan Rix (ed.), Intermittent Diplomat: The Japan and Batavia Diaries of W. MacMahon Ball. Carlton, Melbourne University Press, 1988. $37.50. Benjamin Higgins, The Road Less Travelled. A Development Economist's Quest. Canberra, National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University History of Development Studies 2, 1989. x + 204 pp. $20.00. Francis Stuart, Towards Coming of Age. A Foreign Service Odyssey. Brisbane, Griffith University Centre for the Study of Australian‐Asian Relations. Australians in Asia series no. 2, 1989. vi + 264 pp. $12.00. Edward L. Warner III and David A. Ochmanek, Next Moves: An Arms Control Agenda for the 1990's. Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 1989. xi + 163 pp. $US10.95. Malcolm Saunders and Ralph Summy, The Australian Peace Movement: A Short History. Canberra, Peace Research Centre, Australian National University, 1986. 78pp. $3.75. Malcolm Saunders, A Bibliography of Books, Articles and Theses on the History of the Australian Peace Movement. Canberra, Peace Research Centre, Australian National University, 1987. 115pp. $10.00. Robert O'Neill, Alliances and International Order. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1988. No price given. Christine Jennett and Randal G. Steward (eds), Politics of the Future: The Role of Social Movements. Melbourne, Macmillan, 1989. xii + 471 pp. $69.95 (cloth), $34.95 (paper). John Ravenhill (ed.), No Longer an American Lake? Sydney, Allen and Unwin, 1989. ix + 226 pp. $17.95. Peter Dennis, Troubled Days of Peace. Mountbatten and South East Asia Command, 1945–46. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1987. xi + 270pp. £40.00 (cloth), £13.95 (paper). Geoffrey M. White and Lamont Lindstrom (eds), Pacific Theater. Island Representations of World War II. Carlton, Melbourne University Press, 1990. xiv + 433 pp. $44.95. Rodney Tiffen, News and Power. Sydney Allen and Unwin, 1989. $19.95. Janet Hunt el al. One World or ... None: Making the Difference. Canberra, Australian Council for Overseas Aid, 1988. 58pp. $5.95. Tran Tri Vu, lost Years: My 1,632 Days in Vietnamese Reeducation Camps. Berkeley, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1988. xv + 381 pp. $US15.00. Richard J. Kessler, Rebellion and Repression in the Philippines. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1989. xii + 227 pp. $US25.00. Margaret Jolly and Martha MacIntyre (eds), Family and Gender in the Pacific: Domestic Contradictions and the Colonial Impact. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989. xiii + 296pp. $49.50. Frank G. Jarrett and Kym Anderson, Growth, Structural Change and Economic Policy in Papua New Guinea: Implications for Agriculture. Pacific Policy Paper No. 5. Canberra, National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University. 1989. xx + 122pp. $20.00. Trevor W. Parfitt and Stephen P. Riley, The African Debt Crisis. London, Routledge, 1989. vii + 228 pp.

Stability and Security in the Region after ANZUK

Implicit in the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) of 16 April 1971 is an assessment, generally agreed upon by the participating states, of the contemporary situation in Southeast Asia. Explicit in ANZUK, established in November 1971, is the action which Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom agreed at the time was required in the circumstances by their national interests, and which was acceptable to Malaysia and Singapore, the other two partners. But in the changed circumstances of 1974 their assessments of the regional situation have diverged, and priorities in the pursuit of national interests have been changed by political choices and economic pressures. The FPDA implies that the interests of the members, if not identical, are congruent and similar enough to one another's, and different enough from the interests of others concerned with the region, to merit mutual consultation in addition, but not antagonistic, to the other consultative and action groups to which each belongs. ANZUK (an integrated command of the three services set up by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom independently of the FPDA on the grounds of efficiency and economy), a modus operandi of the FPDA, was neither its purpose nor its prescription. With the end of the process of dismantling ANZUK on 1 January 1975, the FPDA remains intact as a convention of consultation on what is still agreed to be an area of common concern, though not necessarily of common diagnosis in description, or common direction of action. The strategic baby has not been thrown out with the tactical or political bath-water. Whether it will be more or less effective as a pentagonal pattern of power without ANZUK can only be assessed in the light of the new circumstances as reflected in the five facets of the national interests of the members. What were the circumstances out of which grew both the Five Power Defence Arrangements and the ANZUK Force? The precipitating issue was the announce ment by the British in 1968 of the accelerated and specific time-table of their withdrawal from their base in Singapore, and from their commitments under the Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement. The robust image of Mountbatten of SEAC (Southeast Asia Command) in 1945 and of Mountbatten of India in 1947 had faded in the eyes of the world and in the esteem of the British people. Dilatory, if not dilettante, strategic thinking was caught up by the urgencies of political party change and eco nomic stringency which set the background and the pace of the Labour Government's announcement in 1968 of complete British withdrawal before the end of 1971, thus setting the terminal date by which alternative arrangements were required to be made. The tensions of Singapore's abrupt, unplanned, and complete separation from Ma laysia in 1965 continued; and the Kuala Lumpur riots of April 1969 at first sight seemed to strengthen the same groups as those which had inspired separation. Mean while Singapore was proving, but had not yet proved her capacity, militarily and eco

REMINISCENCES OF A ROVING PHOTOGRAMMETRIST

AbstractThe author reminisces upon a career of almost 40 years as a practising surveyor photogrammetrist, both as a Royal Engineer officer and as a director of a commercial survey organisation. The reminiscences include service with the Survey of India, war time operations in the Middle East and South East Asia Command, and commercial surveys of all types in developing countries. Professional service with international surveying and photogrammetric organisations is also mentioned, with particular reference to the fraternal aspects of international photogrammetry.

A TEXTBOOK OF FRACTURES AND RELATED INJURIES. By J. Grant Bonnin, M.B., B.S. (Melbourne), F.R.C.S. (England), Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Central Middlesex Hospital; Late Orthopaedic Adviser, South-East Asia Command; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons, etc. 9x6½ in. Pp. x+7l0, with 775 figures. Index. 1957. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. Price 84s

A TEXTBOOK OF FRACTURES AND RELATED INJURIES. By J. Grant Bonnin, M.B., B.S. (Melbourne), F.R.C.S. (England), Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Central Middlesex Hospital; Late Orthopaedic Adviser, South-East Asia Command; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons, etc. 9x6½ in. Pp. x+7l0, with 775 figures. Index. 1957. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. Price 84s

Fractures and related injuries. By J. Grant Bonnin, M.B., B.S. (Melbourne), F.R.C.S. (Eng.), Consultant Orthopædic Surgeon, Central Middlesex Hospital; late Orthopædic Adviser, South-East Asia Command; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons. 9 × 6 in. Pp. 710 + x, with 775 illustrations. 1957. London: William Heinemann (Medical Books) Ltd. 84s

Fractures and related injuries. By J. Grant Bonnin, M.B., B.S. (Melbourne), F.R.C.S. (Eng.), Consultant Orthopædic Surgeon, Central Middlesex Hospital; late Orthopædic Adviser, South-East Asia Command; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons. 9 × 6 in. Pp. 710 + x, with 775 illustrations. 1957. London: William Heinemann (Medical Books) Ltd. 84s Fractures and Related Injuries. By J Grant Bonnin, M.B., B.S. (Melbourne), F.R.C.S. (Eng.), Consultant Orthopædic Surgeon, Central Middlesex Hospital; late Orthopædic Adviser, South-East Asia Command; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons. 9 × 6 in. Pp. 710 + x, with 775 illustrations. 1957. London: William Heinemann (Medical Books) Ltd. 84s. British Journal of Surgery, Volume 45, Issue 192, January 1958, Page 397, https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.18004519227 Published: 06 December 2005

The Occurance and Identification of the Typhus Group of Fevers in South East Asia Command

The Occurance and Identification of the Typhus Group of Fevers in South East Asia Command

Disarming the Japanese Financially in Southeast Asia Command

Disarming the Japanese Financially in Southeast Asia Command