South Anatolian Red Research Articles

HSP90AB1 (SNP-4338T>C) gene polymorphism associated with thermo-tolerance in some cattle breeds in Türkiye

Global warming is becoming a greater threat for the agricultural sector, while molecular genetics studies still hold new opportunities, to not only detect heat-tolerant animals, but also to allow for increasing the frequencies of desired genotypes in a certain population. In this study, HSP90AB1 gene associated with heat tolerance was investigated in four cattle breeds known as Zavot (ZAV), Sout Anatolian Yellow (SAY), South Anatolian Red (SAR), and Brown Swiss (BS) reared in Türkiye via Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (AS-PCR). 4338T>C mutation of the HSP90AB1 gene yielded a total of three genotypes (CC, CT, and TT) across all cattle breeds in which C allele frequency ranged from 0.34 (SAY) to 0.73 (BS), while T allele frequency varied between 0.27 (BS) and 0.66 (SAY). In BS, CC was the genotype with the highest frequency (0.50), whereas the frequency of CC was lower than CT and TT in the Anatolian breed (ZAV, SAR, and SAY). Similarly, the frequency of TT was higher in native Anatolian breeds than BS (0.05). All the populations studied were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in terms of the HSP90AB1 gene. This study confirmed that the HSP90AB1 gene was polymorphic in four cattle breeds reared in Türkiye. This polymorphism has the potential to allow for improving heat tolerance to maintain animal production in the future via suitable selection studies. Therefore, this polymorphism should be conserved in Anatolian cattle breeds, while other genes related to different environmental stressors may be monitored by further studies.

Analysing the genetic diversity and population structure of five native Turkish cattle breeds using SNP data.

The conservation and sustainable utilization of cattle genetic resources necessitate a comprehensive understanding of their genetic diversity and population structure. This study provides an analysis of five native Turkish cattle breeds: Anatolian Black (ANB), Turkish Grey (TUR), Anatolian Southern Yellow (ASY), East Anatolian Red (EAR), and South Anatolian Red (SAN) using 50 K SNP data. These breeds were compared with three European breeds, Simmental (SIM), Holstein (HOL), and Jersey (JER), and three Asian Zebu breeds: Arabic Zebu (ZAR), Nelore (NEL), and Red Sindhi (RSI). Genetic diversity indices demonstrated moderate heterogeneity among the breeds, with TUR exhibiting the highest observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.35). Wright's Fst values indicated significant genetic differentiation, particularly between Turkish breeds and both European (Fst = 0.035-0.071) and Asian breeds (Fst = 0.025-0.150). Principal component analysis distinguished the unique genetic profiles of each breed cluster. Admixture analysis revealed degrees of shared genetic ancestry, suggesting historical gene flow between Turkish, European, and Asian breeds. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) attributed approximately 58% of the variation to population differences. Nei's genetic distances highlighted the closer genetic relatedness within Turkish breeds (distance ranges between 0.032 and 0.046) and suggested a more relative affinity of TUR with European breeds. The study's phylogenetic assessments elucidate the nuanced genetic relationships among these breeds, with runs of homozygosity (ROH) analysis indicating patterns of ancestral relatedness and moderate levels of inbreeding, particularly evident in Turkish breeds. Our findings provide valuable insights into the genetic landscape of Turkish cattle, offering a crucial foundation for informed conservation and breeding strategies aimed at preserving these breeds' genetic integrity and heritage.

Genome-wide genetic variation and population structure of native and cosmopolitan cattle breeds reared in Türkiye

This is the first comprehensive study to reveal genetic variation and population structure at genome level in six Anatolian (Anatolian Black, East Anatolian Red, South Anatolian Red, South Anatolian Yellow, Turkish Grey Steppe, and Zavot) and two cosmopolitan (Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian) cattle breeds reared in Türkiye. Being 20 samples from each population, a total of 160 blood samples retrieved from representative herds were utilized to generate genomic libraries by ddRADseq method. Genomic libraries sequenced by Illumina HiSeq X Ten instrument revealed a total of 211,119 bi-allelic SNPs with high call rate. Compared to cosmopolitan cattle breeds, a higher genetic variation was observed in native Turkish cattle with an average of 0.380 observed heterozygosity. Genetic distances were comparatively low between native cattle breeds, whereas the highest genetic distance (0.064) was detected between South Anatolian Yellow and Brown Swiss. Population structure analyses showed that the native Turkish and cosmopolitan cattle breeds were clearly different from each other according to their phylogenetic origin. Besides, a high level of genetic admixture was detected among Anatolian Black, Turkish Grey Steppe, South Anatolian Red, and South Anatolian Yellow, whereas East Anatolian Red and Zavot were distinct from the other native and cosmopolitan cattle breeds. TreeMix algorithm under the assumption of one and two migration events revealed a migration route from Anatolian clade to Anatolian Black, while a second migration edge was drawn from Brown Swiss to East Anatolian Red. This study demonstrates the importance of national conservation studies in the native breeds whose population size has dramatically decreased. In addition, SNP arrays and next-generation sequencing platforms are recommended for future studies to reveal the genetic variation of other local Turkish livestock species to arrange effective conservation programs.

Superovulatin Peformance and Embryo Recovery in South Anatolian Red Cows

South Anatolian Red (SAR) cattle which breeds from Mersin to Sanlıurfa with centered Kilis in the region of South Anatolia, is one of native breeds of Türkiye. The aim of this study is to evaluate the superovulator response and embryo recovery rates after the superovulation protocol applied to the SAR breed cattle.
 Fort this purpose, 10 donors were selected from the conservation herd in Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute. FSH was performed to donors in decreasing doses twice daily over a 4 day period. Before uterine flushing, the ovaries were examined by ultrasound and the structures on them were recorded in order to determine the superovulation response. Each cornu uteri was flushed with foley catheters using a 3-way Y catheter. In the evaluation of embryo recovery, embryos were classified as transferable and non-transferable embryos . In South Anatolian Red cattle, the response to superovulation was found as average 7.8 corpus luteum and 2.8 anovulatory follicule for 10 donors which performed superovulation protocols. After uterine flushing, 5 UFOs, 3 non-transferable embryos and 2 transferable embryos were obtained from 10 animals.
 As a result, superovulation response and embryo recovery of SAR cattle was tried to be evaluated. In this study, although the superovulation response was good, the reason for the low embryo recovery rate may be due to the low reproductive performance in SAR cattle. And also, it has been concluded that the hormonal imbalance of these aggressive animals and the difficulties that occur during uterine flushing affect embryo recovery. It was thought that more studies should be done, different superovulation protocols should be tried and OPU technic should be evaluated in order to increase the rate of transferable embryos from SAR cattle. In addition, it was concluded that different techniques should be tried while performing uterine flushing procedures.

Investigation of TLR2 -EcoRV, NOD2- BsaHI ve IFNγ- HphI allele frequency distribution among Turkish Native Cattle Breeds

Changing climatic conditions and growing population size lead take precautions against potential risks. Researchers who study in the agricultural field, including animal production, focus on finding out variants and breeds resistant to diseases and environmental stress. Detecting gene regions that affect resistance to diseases and environmental stress might increase the performance of the selection in favor of these traits. Due to these reasons in this study, five Turkish native cattle breeds were investigated for SNPs belonging to TLR2, NOD2, and IFNγ (using EcoRV, BsaHI ve HphI enzymes, respectively) reported to be associated with paratuberculosis previously. In total, 169 animals were analyzed from Native Southern Yellow (NSY= 29), East Anatolian Red (EAR=35), Anatolian Grey (AG=36), South Anatolian Red (SAR=34), and Native Black (NB=35). The genotype and allele frequencies were calculated with the PopGene32 program, and Khi square test was performed to determine whether the populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). While at TLR2- EcoRV and NOD2- BsaHI loci, two alleles (A and C, C and T, respectively), IFNγ- HphI locus was found to be monomorphic for the G allele. For TLR2- EcoRV locus, the C allele was found as predominant except NB breed, and the C allele was predominant for all breeds at NOD2- BsaHI locus. However, in all breeds, NOD2- BsaHI locus was at HWE, for TLR2- EcoRV NSY and SAR breeds showed derivation from HWE.

Melez Bir Buzağıda Maxillar İncisive Dişin Doğmasal Patolojik Gelişimi: Vaka Raporu

In the examination of a five-year-old South Anatolian Red and a Simental cross-breed, dystocia was found to be related to the presentation disorder of the calf. In the clinical examination of the 24-kg male calf delivered by the extraction force, were found to have 7 incisive teeth pathologically in maxilla of the calf. In the following days, in the examinations of the cow, wounds on her mother's udder have appeared depending on the sucking of the calf and consequently mastitis detected. X-rays were taken from various angles to determine the root depth of the roots of the incisive teeth in the maxilla before the operation. Then, incisive teeth were removed with operation from the maxilla accompanied by mild sedation and local anesthesia. It was seen that the calf’s non closing mouth due to incisive teeth in maxilla before the operation, return to normal and there was no function problem.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Turkish native cattle breeds

Cattle are an important livestock species for human life, but certain breeds are at risk of extinction. Maintaining genetic diversity plays an important role in sustainable breeding and conservation programmes in farm animals. The aim of this study was to determine genetic diversity among five Turkish native cattle breeds. A total of 199 Turkish native cattle of the Native Southern Yellow (n = 40), South Anatolian Red (n = 40), Anatolian Grey Cattle (n = 40), Native Black Cattle (n = 39) and East Anatolian Red (n = 40) breeds were investigated using 22 autosomal microsatellite markers. The analysis revealed considerable genetic variation among these breeds. All loci were polymorphic, and a total of 545 alleles were found. Among these loci, only INRA032 was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Thirty-four private alleles with frequencies greater than 5% were found. Expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content indexes were 0.87 and 0.88, respectively. Native Southern Yellow, South Anatolian Red and Native Black Cattle breeds were closely related. Keywords: animal genetic resources, microsatellite, genetic relationship, genetic conservation

Investigation of Heavy Metal Levels in Blood Samples of Three Cattle Breeds in Turkey.

The aim of this study is to determine seasonal changes in the blood levels of some heavy metals in three Turkey-specific cattle breed: Native Land (NL), Grizzle Race (GR), and South Anatolian Red (SR). Blood samples were collected in summer and winter seasons from a total of 180 cattle aged 12-24months. The levels of the essential (Zn, Cu, Fe, Co etc.) and non-essential (Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Pb, etc.) heavy metals were analyzed. All heavy metal levels, except that of Co, were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in SR in both seasons compared to the other species. In all breeds, Fe and Co levels were statistically higher (p < 0.05) in the summer season while Mn level was higher (p < 0.05) in the winter season. The levels of all metals analyzed are within the internationally acceptable limits for cattle breeds.

Milk Quality Characteristics of Native Southern Yellow and South Anatolian Red between Early and Late lactation

South Anatolian Red (SAR) and Native Southern Yellow (NSY) cattle are commonly reared in the southern region of Turkey. Although physical characteristics of these significant races that are under protection are similar, it is determined in various studies that they have different racial characteristics. The goal of this study is to evaluate lactation characteristics of two different breeds in the same region. It is observed that NSY milk has higher dry matter (%), fat (%), protein (%), lactose (%), total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (g 100g-1) ratios than SAR milk. In the study, eight volatiles (indoles, ketones, terpenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, alcohols) of the cattle types are researched and analyzed and they are compared during lactation periods. At the end of lactation, esters and carboxylic acids increased in NSY milk, while ketones and aldehydes in SAR milk increased. It is seen that alcohols are the most abundant volatile components found in milk of cattle. On the other hand, it is observed that lactation stages, forage type and botanical diversity affect milk flavor and quality.

Phylogenetic relationships of native Turkish cattle breeds using microsatellite markers

A total of 20 microsatellite DNA markers were used for genetic characterization and determination of phylogenetic relationships of native cattle breeds of Turkey, including the Anatolian Grey (AG), Anatolian Black (AB), South Anatolian Red (SAR), East Anatolian Red (EAR), Southern Anatolian Yellow (SAY), and Zavot (ZAV). DNA samples were isolated from 271 blood samples using an organic method. Amplified polymerase chain reaction products were separated by capillary electrophoresis and genotypes were determined for 20 microsatellites. A total of 269 different alleles were determined. The lowest (7.80) and highest (10.80) mean allele numbers were observed for the ZAV and SAY populations, respectively. TGLA122 was the most polymorphic locus; however, only 7 different alleles were observed for INRA005. A total of 40 different private alleles were determined. The general FIS values were between 0.034 and 0.123. Due to the close location to the domestication center, higher genetic diversities were observed. The observed genetic diversities and the results of the phylogenetic analyses were in agreement with evolutionary history and the geographical origins of Turkish native cattle breeds.

Analysis of Polymorphisms on GH-MspI and IGF1-SnaBI Loci in Five Turkish Native Cattle Breeds

Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin like Growth Factor-I (IGF1) are members of somototrophine axis pathway. They play a role in key on several mechanisms such as postnatal growth, cell differentiation and metabolism. Due to their vital importance, polymorphisms on the genes coding are worth to be understood. In this study five native cattle breeds (Native Southern Yellow (NSY), South Anatolian Red (SAR), Anatolian Grey (AG), Native Black (NB), East Anatolian Red (EAR) were investigated by PCR-RFLP method for GH-MspI and IGF1-SnaBI loci. 198 and 194 samples were analyzed for GH-MspI and IGF1-SnaBI loci, respectively. In both two loci two alleles and three genotypes were observed. Predominant alleles were A and B for GH-MspI locus IGF1-SnaBI loci, respectively. Frequencies of A and B alleles were calculated between 0.400-0.875 and 0.846-0.903 for GH-MspI locus IGF1-SnaBI loci, respectively. While among investigated population only EAR population was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for IGF1-SnaBI locus, for GH-MspI only, in SAR population no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Maternal Phylogenetics of Some Anatolian Cattle Breeds

In the current study, the mtDNA D-Loop region was analyzed in South Anatolian Red (SAR, n=51), Anatolian Black (NB, n=50), Anatolian Grey (AG, n=54), Native Southern Anatolian Yellow (NSAY, n=51), East Anatolian Red (EAR, n=54) and Zavot (ZAV, n=19) cattle breeds (n=279) to reveal diversity of mitochondrial DNA, differentiation of breeds, and relevance between genetic differentiations and geographic distributions. Blood samples were collected from native cattle breeds. Genomic DNA was isolated using a standard phenol/chloroform method. MtDNA D-loop region was amplified by PCR. After mtDNA sequence analysis, sequence of the D-Loop region was aligned with reference sequence. Haplotypes were determined and phylogenetic tree was constructed using BioEdit version 5.0.6, DNAsp version 5.10.01, MEGA 4.0 Network, Arlequin, Phylip and TreeView software. The sequence data was examined for nucleotide and haplotypes diversity, genetic distance between breeds visualized with Neighbor Joining tree and Median Joining Network, evaluated with mismatch distribution analyses, neutrality tests and AMOVA analyses. As a result in comparison with cattle breeds throughout the world, the higher nucleotide (π=0.02240, ±0.0005) and haplotype diversity (H=0.9966, ±0.0006) higher haplotype number and also high genetic variation within and between the populations were determined in native Anatolian cattle breeds. These findings support the idea that Anatolia has been situated in a central position during the domestication process of the cattle species.

Determination of Genetic Variations of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 2, 4, and 6 with Next-Generation Sequencing in Native Cattle Breeds of Anatolia and Holstein Friesian

In recent years, the focus of disease resistance and susceptibility studies in cattle have been on determining patterns in the innate immune response of key proteins, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR). In the bovine genome, there are 10 TLR family members and, of these, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 are specialized in the recognition of bacterial ligands. Indigenous cattle breeds of Anatolia have been reported to show fewer signs of clinical bacterial infections, such as bovine tuberculosis and mastitis, and it is hypothesized that this might be due to a less stringent genetic selection during breeding. In contrast, Holstein-Friesian cattle have been under strong selection for milk production, which may have resulted in greater susceptibility to diseases. To test this hypothesis, we have compared the TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 genes of Anatolian Black (AB), East Anatolian Red (EAR), South Anatolian Red (SAR), Turkish Grey (TG), and Holstein (HOL) cattle using next-generation sequencing. The SAR breed had the most variations overall, followed by EAR, AB, TG, and HOL. TG had the most variations for TLR2, whereas SAR had the most variations in TLR4 and TLR6. We compared these variants with those associated with disease and susceptibility traits. We used exon variants to construct haplotypes, investigated shared haplotypes within breeds, and proposed candidate haplotypes for a disease resistance phenotype in Anatolian cattle breeds.

Comparison of Some Body Measurements of South Anatolian Red and Native Southern Yellow Cattle

Bu calisma, ulkemizde genellikle ayni isim altinda degerlendirilen Guney Anadolu Kirmizisi (GAK) ve Yerli Guney Sarisi (YGS) sigirlarin bazi vucut olculeri arasindaki farkliliklarin belirlenmesi amaciyla yurutulmustur. Calismada, hayvan materyali olarak yerli hayvan genetik kaynaklarin yerinde (ciftci sartlarinda) korunmasi amaciyla 2005 yilinda GAK sigirlar icin Hatay ilinde olusturulmus surudeki 92 bas inek ile YGS sigirlar icin Adana ilinde olusturulmus surudeki 100 bas inek kullanilmistir. Calismada, bu sigirlara ait dort farkli vucut olcusu (Vucut Uzunlugu: VU, Cidago Yuksekligi: CY, Sagri Yuksekligi: SY ve Gogus Derinligi: GD) kullanilmis ve bu ozellikler yonunden sigirlar karsilastirmali olarak incelenmistir. Istatistik analizler sonunda, GAK ineklerde vucut uzunlugu, cidago yuksekligi, sagri yuksekligi ve gogus derinligi genel ortalamalari (±SH) sirasiyla 141.37±1.26 cm, 123.22±1.06 cm, 128.38±1.13 cm ve 64.06±0.53 cm olarak bulunurken, YGS ineklerde bu ozellikler icin genel ortalamalar sirasiyla 119.29±0.84 cm, 103.29±0.68 cm, 105.70±0.79 cm ve 55.63±0.39 cm olarak bulunmustur. Bagimsiz iki orneklem t-testi, incelenen bu ozellikler bakimindan bu sigir tipleri arasinda istatistiksel olarak onemli fark oldugunu gostermistir (P

Determination of Toll-Like Receptor 1 Gene Polymorphisms in Zavot, Turkish Grey, East Anatolian Red, Anatolian Black and South Anatolian Red Cattle Breeds

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in non-specific immunity against different infectious agents such as bacterium or parasite. The aim of this work was to investigate the allele and genotype frequencies of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in bovine TLR1 gene in native Turkish cattle breeds. DNA samples were extracted using the phenol chloroform protocol from 77 Zavot, 60 Turkish Grey, 51 East Anatolian Red, 69 Anatolian Black and 46 South Anatolian Red cattle. Target regions of the TLR1 gene were digested BsII and HpyI88III restriction enzymes. Results showed that the (A) allele frequency had higher in all native Turkish cattle breeds of the TLR1-G1409A locus. The (F) allele frequency was found to be higher compared to (E) allele in the TLR1-G1550A site. The frequencies of both (C) and (T) alleles were close to each other in the TLR1-C632T site. In conclusion genetic polymorphisms exist in Turkish native cattle populations in terms of known TLR1 variants.

Investigation of STAT5A, FSHR, and LHR gene polymorphisms in Turkish indigenous cattle breeds (East Anatolian Red, South Anatolian Red, Turkish Grey, Anatolian Black, and Zavot)

Investigation of STAT5A, FSHR, and LHR gene polymorphisms in Turkish indigenous cattle breeds (East Anatolian Red, South Anatolian Red, Turkish Grey, Anatolian Black, and Zavot)

Güney Anadolu Kırmızısı ve Doğu Anadolu Kırmızısı Irkı Sığırlarda Stearoil-Koenzim A Desatüraz 1 Geni Varyantlarının Belirlenmesi

Fat composition in ruminant’s milk is one of the factors that can affect human health in positive or adverse ways. Optimizing ruminant feed to achieve ideal fatty acid composition in milk has been an ongoing area of research in recent years, without satisfactory results to date. It has been argued that in addition to changes in feed, genetic information can also be utilized to improve milk fatty acid composition. The aim of the study is to investigate the incidence of stearoyl-CoA-desaturase 1 (SCD) gene variants, which are claimed to affect fat content and quality of milk in Turkish native cattle breeds. Fifty South Anatolian Red (SAR) and 50 East Anatolian Red (EAR) cattle were used in the study. The 5th exon of SCD gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR products were subjected to sequencing analysis. Among the samples sequenced polymorphism at three nucleotide positions have been observed on the 5th exon of the SCD gene, namely A702G, T762C and C878T. Of these three, the polymorphic position C878T was utilized to determine peptide variants of A (293Ala) or the V (293 Val) of individual samples. Frequency of A variant and AA genotype in SAR and EAR cattle breeds was 0.91 and 0.77 as well as 0.43 and 0.29, respectively. In particular the SAR exhibits a very low frequency of the V allele, believed to have been an ancestral allele. In both samples, 2 individuals were identified to have the VV genotype. The results suggested that high frequency of A allele and AA genotype which confers great advantage on milk composition and meat fatty acid composition was present in SAR and EAR cattle breeds

INVESTIGATION OF STAT5A, FSHR AND LHR GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN TURKISH INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS (EAST ANATOLLAN RED, SOUTH ANATOLIAN RED, TURKISH GREY, ANATOLIAN BLACK AND ZAVOT).

The objective of this study was to examine the allelic and genotypic profiles of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5A (STAT5A), Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptors (FSHR), and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (LHR) genes in five indigenous cattle breeds in Turkey. For this purpose, a total of 329 cattle from East Anatolian Red (EAR), South Anatolian Red (SAR), Turkish Grey (TG), Anatolian Black (AB), and Zavot were genotyped using by PCR-RFLP method. A215 bp fragment of STAT5A, a 306bp fragment of FSHR, and a 303 bp fragment of LHR were amplified and digested with AvaI, AluI, and HhaI restriction enzymes, respectively. In this study two types of alleles C and Tfor STAT5A, C and G for FSHR and C and T for LHR were observed. The highest frequencies for STAT5A-C and STAT5A-T alleles were estimated for the Zavot and TG breeds (0.86) and the EAR breed (0.29), respectively. The highest frequency for FSHR-C and FSHR-G alleles was estimated for the Zavot breed (0.72) and the AB and SARbreeds (0.35), respectively. The highest frequency for LHR-C and LHR-T alleles was estimated for the EAR breed (0.75) and the AB breed (0.39), respectively. According to FT values, a small level of genetic diversity was found among five cattle breeds. The F(ST) value was calculated 0.019 between AB and Zavot. And, the value was significant (p < 0.001), while the other F(ST) values were not significant. According to the genetic distance values (Nei), the highest genetic distance was found between AB and TG while the smallest genetic distance was found between Zavot and TG. The chi-square test showed that the TG and Zavot breeds were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for STAT5A gene; the EAR, SAR, TG, and Zavot breeds were in HWE for FSHR gene and the EAR, SAR, and TG breeds were in HWE for LHR gene. In conclusion, further investigation is required to determine the correlation of the FSHR and LHR genes with early puberty for the improvement of sexual precocity, and it is considered that the STAT5A gene may be used to improve the milk yield and milk yield traits of local cattle breeds, including those indigenous to Turkey.

Genotype and allele frequencies of polymorphisms in ABCG2, PPARGC1A and OLR1 genes in indigenous cattle breeds in Turkey

Abstract This study was carried out to determine polymorphisms of four genes in South Anatolian Red (SAR) and East Anatolian Red (EAR) indigenous cattle breeds in Turkey. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) monitored in this study are Y581S in ATP binding cassette sub family G member 2 (ABCG2) gene, c.1892T&gt;C and c.3359A&gt;C in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A) gene and g.8232C&gt;A in oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1) gene. The frequency of the ancestral allele A of the ABCG2 gene Y581S polymorphism was found to be very high (SAR: 0.63; EAR: 0.64) in both cattle breeds. The CC genotypes of PPARGC1A gene c.1892T&gt;C (SAR: 0.65; EAR: 0.80) and OLR1 gene g.8232C&gt;A polymorphisms (SAR: 0.82; EAR: 0.86), which are associated with high milk fat percentage, had higher frequencies than those of the other genotypes. In conclusion, we might suggest that the allele distribution of the ABCG2 gene Y581S polymorphism can be the evidence indicating autosomal gene flow from zebu cattle to SAR and EAR cattle breeds.

FASN gene polymorphism in indigenous cattle breeds of Turkey.

The aim of this study was to determine the variants of the thioesterase (TE) beta-ketoacyl reductase (KR) domains of the Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) gene, in the East Anatolian Red (EAR) and South Anatolian Red (SAR) cattle breeds. It has been suggested that the FASN gene is effective on fatty acid composition of meat in cattle. In this study, the genotype and allele frequencies of g.17924 A>G, g.18440 G>A and g.16024 G>A, g.16039 T>C in TE and KR domains, respectively, were detected by using polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The g.18663 T>C polymorphism of the TE domain was determined by direct sequencing. The GG genotype of the g.17924 A>G polymorphism, which affects unsaturated fatty acid composition positively, has a high frequency in EAR and SAR breeds. The frequencies of the two haplotypes g.16024 G>A and g.16039 T>C in the KR domain were found to be significantly high in both breeds. These haplotypes also have positive effects on unsaturated fatty acid composition. The AA genotype of the g. 18440 G>A polymorphism, which is suggested to be absent in Bos taurus breeds, was detected in SAR and EAR breeds with frequencies close to those in Bos indicus breeds. In conclusion, we suggest that SAR and EAR cattle breeds have an advantage in terms of genotype and haplotype distribution of the polymorphisms in TE and KR domains of the FASN gene. Additionally g.18440 G>A polymorphism might be a potential marker for breed discrimination.