Abstract
In the current study, the mtDNA D-Loop region was analyzed in South Anatolian Red (SAR, n=51), Anatolian Black (NB, n=50), Anatolian Grey (AG, n=54), Native Southern Anatolian Yellow (NSAY, n=51), East Anatolian Red (EAR, n=54) and Zavot (ZAV, n=19) cattle breeds (n=279) to reveal diversity of mitochondrial DNA, differentiation of breeds, and relevance between genetic differentiations and geographic distributions. Blood samples were collected from native cattle breeds. Genomic DNA was isolated using a standard phenol/chloroform method. MtDNA D-loop region was amplified by PCR. After mtDNA sequence analysis, sequence of the D-Loop region was aligned with reference sequence. Haplotypes were determined and phylogenetic tree was constructed using BioEdit version 5.0.6, DNAsp version 5.10.01, MEGA 4.0 Network, Arlequin, Phylip and TreeView software. The sequence data was examined for nucleotide and haplotypes diversity, genetic distance between breeds visualized with Neighbor Joining tree and Median Joining Network, evaluated with mismatch distribution analyses, neutrality tests and AMOVA analyses. As a result in comparison with cattle breeds throughout the world, the higher nucleotide (π=0.02240, ±0.0005) and haplotype diversity (H=0.9966, ±0.0006) higher haplotype number and also high genetic variation within and between the populations were determined in native Anatolian cattle breeds. These findings support the idea that Anatolia has been situated in a central position during the domestication process of the cattle species.
Highlights
Archaeological and primary genetic studies indicated that cattle were probably the first domesticated animal in the area of Fertile Crescent which involves Anatolia, 11,000 years ago [1]
The result of Hybridization studies on Anatolian native cattle breeds indicated that the genetic purity of the race began to disappeared
It has been identified that Anatolian native cattle breeds have a large number of polymorphic sites on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region
Summary
Archaeological and primary genetic studies indicated that cattle were probably the first domesticated animal in the area of Fertile Crescent which involves Anatolia, 11,000 years ago [1]. The result of Hybridization studies on Anatolian native cattle breeds indicated that the genetic purity of the race began to disappeared. For this reason, Turkey's indigenous cattle breeds’ genetic resources are in the process of extinction [12, 13]. The most commonly used genetic marker is the sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to determine the genetic difference and history of populations. MtDNA gives information about the maternal history, origin of the populations It became a key molecular marker for domestication studies, due to evolving rate is higher than nuclear DNA, its regions evolve even faster and does not undergo recombination. MtDNA D-Loop region sequence analysis has been a suitable diversity measure for phylogenetic studies [7]
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