High Potential Source Research Articles

Le Système énergétique agri-territorial : les bioénergies comme outil de développement local

La biomasse est une source d’energie renouvelable qui presente un fort potentiel et dont le developpement constitue l’un des objectifs prioritaires du Grenelle de l’Environnement. Parmi les projets qui se developpent aujourd’hui en France, on distingue deux logiques : d’une part des projets de grande envergure (production d’electricite, biocarburants industriels) et d’autre part des initiatives plus modestes, menees a l’echelle locale, en milieu rural. Cet article pose et illustre les fondements du Systeme Energetique Agri-Territorial (SEAT). Inspire du Systeme Productif Local et du Systeme Agro-alimentaire Localise (SYAL), le concept de SEAT a ete construit a partir de l’etude de projets territoriaux de valorisation energetique de la biomasse. Le SEAT se caracterise notamment par une dynamique d’ancrage local forte ainsi qu’un processus d’innovation organisationnelle entre acteurs heterogenes. L’illustration du concept a travers deux cas d’etudes, le projet miscanthus d’Ammerzwiller dans le Haut-Rhin (68) et le projet Bois Bocage Energie dans l’Orne (61), permet de mettre en evidence un autre resultat important : le caractere multifonctionnel des SEAT.

Potential of groundwater contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a sensitive bedrock aquifer (Canada)

It is necessary to understand the presence, movement, and persistence of contaminants in aquifers to develop adequate groundwater protection plans. Fractured bedrock aquifers with thin overburden cover are very sensitive to contamination, and little is known about transport processes from the ground surface to depth in this setting. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of groundwater contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are flame retardants, in a natural fractured bedrock aquifer in Canada proven to be sensitive to contamination. PBDEs, which had not been previously measured in groundwater in detail, were detected in the study aquifer at concentrations greater than those observed in surface-water bodies. Potential sources include manure, septic tanks, and the atmosphere. From this scoping study, it is evident that additional surveys of PBDE concentrations in groundwater are warranted, especially in settings with high potential source concentrations coupled with sensitive aquifers.

Public Debt of Vietnam: Risk and Challenges

The paper aims to analyse risks and challenges of Vietnam’s public debt. The analysis is a combination of statistical description and numerical simulation. It basically shows that the public debt sustainability and liquidity are still below the conventional safety thresholds but the macroeconomic conditions are quickly dete- riorating as a result of the recent highly-rising public debt. Given the Vietnamese government’s targets, the benchmark scenario implies that Vietnam’s public debt to GDP ratio will consistently increase to around 65% in 2015 and then 82% in 2020. Facing increasing risks of high public debt and limited potential revenue sources, the only way for the government to avoid an explosive path of public debt is to reduce public spending seriously and persistently.

African dust source regions for observed dust outbreaks over the Subtropical Eastern North Atlantic region, above 25°N

High mineral dust-laden air mass potential source regions affecting the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) of the Subtropical Eastern North Atlantic Region above 25°N (SENAR), directly or by means of gravitational settlement, were objectively identified. We introduced a new hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian receptor model, in which air mass residence time probability maps in the geographical domain latitude = [5°N, 60°N], longitude = [70°W, 30°E] were combined with TOMS-AI data (TAPI Index), and with simulated Total Suspended Particles (TSP) with the BSC/DREAM model (SDPI Index). Both approaches show a good agreement. For dust gravitational settlement episodes within the MBL, the dust sources are located in southernmost latitudes compared to those associated with lower air mass transport. A seasonal variability in potential dust sources is found with both approaches, TAPI and SDPI. In winter, most dust sources are located within the Sahara in an area bounded by latitude = [18°N, 35°N], longitude = [15°W, 15°E]. In summer, a high dust-laden air mass reservoir above the Atlantic Ocean has been found during episodes for low altitudes, and dust source regions in the Sahara have been identified for middle and upper altitudes. The Bodelé depression was found to have a minor impact on dust outbreaks affecting the SENAR.

Extraction of dietary fiber from Citrus junos peel with subcritical water

The juice processing by-product of Citrus junos is a high potential source of valuable compounds such as essential oils and a high amount of dietary fiber, consisting of pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. The residues obtained from supercritical CO2 extraction of C. junos peel was used as a starting material for hydrothermal treatment to separate pectin and hemicellulose. The experimental apparatus used was a semi-continuous flow extractor. Treatment conditions were in the temperature range of 160–320°C and water flow rates of 2.1, 3.5, and 7.0mL/min under a pressure of 20MPa. Approximately 78% of the pectin was contained in the fraction collected at 160°C at each flow rate. Most of the hemicellulose was separated from cellulose up until the fraction obtained at 200°C. The proportion of cellulose in the residue obtained after hydrothermal treatment at 200°C reached about 80%. Moreover, the characteristics of recovered cellulose were expected to exhibit greater crystallinity and lower impurity than that of the raw material based on the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transmission infrared (ATR-FTIR), and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analyses (TG-DTA).

Characterization of the sources and processes of organic and inorganic aerosols in New York city with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass apectrometer

Abstract. Submicron aerosol particles (PM1) were measured in-situ using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer during the summer 2009 Field Intensive Study at Queens College in New York, NY. Organic aerosol (OA) and sulfate are the two dominant species, accounting for 54% and 24%, respectively, of the total PM1 mass. The average mass-based size distribution of OA presents a small mode peaking at ~150 nm (Dva) and an accumulation mode (~550 nm) that is internally mixed with sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. The diurnal cycles of both sulfate and OA peak between 01:00–02:00 p.m. EST due to photochemical production. The average (±σ) oxygen-to-carbon (O/C), hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C), and nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) ratios of OA in NYC are 0.36 (±0.09), 1.49 (±0.08), and 0.012 (±0.005), respectively, corresponding to an average organic mass-to-carbon (OM/OC) ratio of 1.62 (±0.11). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the high resolution mass spectra identified two primary OA (POA) sources, traffic and cooking, and three secondary OA (SOA) components including a highly oxidized, regional low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA; O/C = 0.63), a less oxidized, semi-volatile SV-OOA (O/C = 0.38) and a unique nitrogen-enriched OA (NOA; N/C = 0.053) characterized with prominent CxH2x + 2N+ peaks likely from amino compounds. Our results indicate that cooking and traffic are two distinct and mass-equivalent POA sources in NYC, together contributing ~30% of the total OA mass during this study. The OA composition is dominated by secondary species, especially during high PM events. SV-OOA and LV-OOA on average account for 34% and 30%, respectively, of the total OA mass. The chemical evolution of SOA in NYC appears to progress with a continuous oxidation from SV-OOA to LV-OOA, which is further supported by a gradual increase of O/C ratio and a simultaneous decrease of H/C ratio in total OOA. Detailed analysis of NOA (5.8% of OA) presents evidence that organic nitrogen species such as amines might have played an important role in the atmospheric processing of OA in NYC, likely involving both acid-base chemistry and photochemistry. In addition, analysis of air mass trajectories and satellite imagery of aerosol optical depth (AOD) indicates that the high potential source regions of secondary sulfate and aged OA are mainly located in regions to the west and southwest of the city.

Characteristics of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the typical industrial areas of Tangshan City, China

The ambient air in vicinity of different industrial sources for PCDD/PCDFs was sampled by TSP/PM 10 active samplers and passive PUF disk samplers in Tangshan City, a metropolis containing clusters of various industrial plants. The ΣTEQ concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs ranged from 44.2 to 394.1 fg I-TEQ/m 3 with an average of 169.9 fg I-TEQ/m 3. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to (TEQ, contributing 41% (12% to 55%), while 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, OCDD and OCDF were the major congeners for the total concentrations. The ratios of Σ(PCDF/Σ(PCDD reached 2.54 on average, suggesting that de novo synthesis in thermal processes played an important role to the airborne pollution of PCDD/PCDFs. The similarities congener profiles indicated that TSP and PM 10 active sampling methods are comparable for the determination of the PCDD/PCDFs in ambient air, and the ratios of concentrations determined by the two methods suggested that the PCDD/PCDFs tended to stay in fine particles. It was found that 2,3,7,8-TCDF and OCDD were the dominating congeners in the passive PUF disks samples. Through principal components analysis, the coke industry was suggested to be a relatively high potential emission source for PCDD/PCDFs in the ambient air of Tangshan, which was possibly formed by de novo synthesis mechanism. In this study, the atmospheric impacts to the environment from different industrial sources could be ranked as follows (from high to low): coking, iron sintering, steel making, power generation and chlorinate alkali chemical production industries.

Inclined slot-excited annular electron cyclotron resonance plasma source for hyperthermal neutral beam generation

An inclined slot-excited antenna (ISLAN) electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma source is newly designed and constructed for higher flux hyperthermal neutral beam (HNB) generation. The developed ISLAN source is modified from vertical slot-excited antenna (VSLAN) source in two aspects: one is the use of inclined slots instead of vertical slots, and the other is a cusp magnetic field configuration rather than a toroidal configuration. Such modifications allow us to have more uniform arrangement of slots and magnets, then enabling plasma generation more uniform and thinner. Moreover, ECR plasma allows higher ionization rate, enabling plasma density higher even in submillitorr pressures, therefore decreasing the collision rate and∕or the reionization rate of the reflected atoms while passing through the plasma, and eventually getting higher flux of HNBs. In this paper, we report the design features and the plasma characteristics of the ISLAN source by doing plasma measurements and electromagnetic simulations. It was found that ISLAN source can be a high potential source for larger flux HNB generation; the source was found to give higher plasma densities and better uniformities than inductively coupled plasma source, particularly in low pressure ranges. Also, it is important that using ISLAN gives easier matching and better stability, i.e., ISLAN shows similar field patterns and good plasma symmetries irrespective of the variations of the mean diameter of the ring resonator and∕or the presence of a limiter or a reflector, and the operating pressures.

Biomaqua project: Energetic valorisation of microalgae

Introduction: Microalgae have been described as high potential source of biomass for energy production especially considering their lipid content and the high yield of production. Biomaqua is a collaborative project developed by the technological centres Ainia, Cidaut and Gaiker, which aims to evaluate integrated alternatives for sustainable microalgae production and its energetic valorisation. The project considers the use of gas and liquidwastes streams for producing microalgae and different alternatives of energetic valorisationofmicroalgaebyusingnot only the lipids but thewhole biomass components. Methods: Microalgae has been selected from collections and natural environments. Wastewater and digestate have been evaluated as main sources of nutrients for microalgae cultivation. Batch cultures have been conducted in 2 and 5 L photobioreactors. Continuousmicroalgae cultures have been developed in tubular (270 L) and bags (100 L) photobioreactors (both of them designed and constructedwhiting theproject). Assays ofmicroalgae biomethanation potential have been carried out in 2.0 L batch digesters. All along the project a Life Cycle Analysis (ACV) has been conducted in order to evaluate the global sustainability of the compared alternatives. Results: 13 microalgae strains have been evaluated and 3 selected including Chlorella and Scenedesmus. Under the defined conditions, noneof the continuousmicroalgae cultures have shown higher densities than 0.6 g dm/L or lipid contents higher than 8.0% dm. However, medium productivities have been measured about 13.5 g dm/day. Main culturing bottlenecks have been found in avoiding contaminations and increasing lipid productivities. The results of biomethanation potential have shown a medium biogas production (228 NL/kg SV) with elevated methane content (67.4%) and 90.0% of total the biogas production reached before 20 days. Discussion: Among major results, ACV indicates that under integrated defined scenario, biogas could be considered as interesting alternative for complementary microalgae valorisation.

Source of BOP Business and High Potential of Japanese Companies

Source of BOP Business and High Potential of Japanese Companies

Probabilistic Ecological Risk Assessment of OCPs, PCBs, and DLCs in the Haihe River, China

The Haihe River is the most seriously polluted river among the seven largest rivers in China. Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and PCBs (noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls) in the Haihe River, Tianjin were determined using a gas chromatograph – electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) were determined using Chemically Activated LUciferase gene eXpression (CALUX) bioassay. HCH and DDT levels were, respectively, 0.06–6.07 μg/L and ND (not detected) to 1.21 μg/L; PCB levels ranged from 0.12 to 5.29 μg/L; and the total DLCs in sediment were 4.78–343 pg TEQ (toxic equivalency)/g. Aquatic ecological risk assessment was performed using the joint probability curve method and the Monte Carlo-based HQ (hazard quotient) distribution method. The combined risks of similar chemicals and the total risk of dissimilar categories of chemicals were assessed based on the principles of joint toxicity. Due to the adjacent industrial activities, the risk levels of PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs were relatively high. The risk order was as follows: PCBs > DDTs ≈ HCHs > DLCs. The risk of HCHs approximated that of DDTs, which is different from the fact that risk of HCHs is usually much lower in the other Chinese rivers. The total risk caused by these pollutants was very high. Due to their high persistence and potential source from land, the high risks of such pollutants are likely to last for a long period of time.

Identification and Antiproliferative Activity Evaluation of a Series of Triterpenoids Isolated from Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.)

Problem statement: Medicinal plants derived anticancer were now being subjects of many research groups especially, the secondary metabolite triterpenoids trees which had enormous potential to inspire and influence modern antiproliferative research. The study aimed to investigate the chemical constitution and their potential use as antiproliferative activity of purified compounds derived from F. virosa. Approach: The F. virosa was selected and percolated with hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. The extracts were purified and elucidated chemical structures. Furthermore, the isolated compounds were tested for biological activity. The bioassays were performed on two cancer cell lines, adriamycin-sensitive erythroleukemia cells (K562) and adriamycin-resistant erythroleukemia cells (K562/Adr) which overexpressed P-glycoprotein (MDR1/ABCB1). Results: Friedelin (1), epifriedelanol (3), stigmasterol (4) and betulinic acid (5) were isolated from the leaves and twigs of F. virosa. The molecular structures of these compounds were determined using several spectroscopic methods. The compounds i.e., 1, a chemically modified compound 1 heptanolide (2), 3 and 4 showed a limited cytotoxic activity towards human cancer cell lines mainly due to a low aqueous solubility which prevented their use in cell viability assays. Interestingly, compound 5 exhibited a high cytotoxicity characterized by an effective concentration value (IC50) equal to 9.7±2.1 µg.mL-1 (21.2±4.6 µM) and 7.1±0.7 µg.mL-1 (15.5±1.5 µM) for K562 and K562/Adr, respectively. Moreover, the antiproliferative activity of compound 5 was independent of the multidrug resistance phenotype exhibited by the K562/Adr cell line suggesting that compound 5 was not the effluxes out of the K562/Adr cells by MDR1 (ABCB1). Conclusion: The results clearly showed that the betulinic acid of the four isolated compounds from F. virosa could be considered as high potential source of cytotoxic activity.

Critical evaluation of the use of bioinformatics as a theoretical tool to find high-potential sources of ACE inhibitory peptides

A bioinformatics analysis to screen for high-potential sources of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides was conducted in the area of insect muscle proteins. Vertebrate muscle proteins are reported as good sources of ACE inhibitory peptides, while the research on invertebrate muscle proteins is limited. A phylogenetic tree constructed with actin sequences of both vertebrate and invertebrate species indicated a high homology. Furthermore, a quantitative in silico ACE inhibition analysis suggested that actin proteins of invertebrates have potentials as new sources of ACE inhibitory peptides. On one insect, Bombyx mori, a more detailed in silico analysis was done followed by a small experimental study. The in silico analysis indicated B. mori as a high-potential source of ACE inhibitory peptides and this was supported by the ACE inhibitory activity of the partially purified actin preparation. In conclusion, in food science, in silico analysis can be used as fast initial screening tool to look for high-potential sources of ACE inhibitory peptides and other peptidic bioactivities.

Identification of source locations for atmospheric dry deposition of heavy metals during yellow-sand events in Seoul, Korea in 1998 using hybrid receptor models

Elemental dry deposition fluxes were measured using dry deposition plates from March to June 1998 in Seoul, Korea. During this spring sampling period several yellow-sand events characterized by long-range transport from China and Mongolia impacted the area. Understanding the impact of yellow-sand events on atmospheric dry deposition is critical to managing the heavy metal levels in the environment in Korea. In this study, the measured flux of a primarily crustal metal, Al and an anthropogenic metal, Pb was used with two hybrid receptor models, potential source contribution function (PSCF) and residence time weighted concentration (RTWC) for locating sources of heavy metals associated with atmospheric dry deposition fluxes during the yellow-sand events in Seoul, Korea. The PSCF using a criterion value of the 75th percentile of the measured dry deposition fluxes and RTWC results using the measured elemental dry deposition fluxes agreed well and consistently showed that there were large potential source areas in the Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia and industrial areas near Tianjin, Tangshan, and Shenyang in China. Major industrial areas of Shenyang, Fushun, and Anshan, the Central China loess plateau, the Gobi Desert, and the Alashan semi-desert in China were identified to be major source areas for the measured Pb flux in Seoul, Korea. For Al, the main industrial areas of Tangshan, Tianjin and Beijing, the Gobi Desert, the Alashan semi-desert, and the Central China loess plateau were found to be the major source areas. These results indicate that both anthropogenic sources such as industrial areas and natural sources such as deserts contribute to the high dry deposition fluxes of both Pb and Al in Seoul, Korea during yellow-sand events. RTWC resolved several high potential source areas. Modeling results indicated that the long-range transport of Al and Pb from China during yellow-sand events as well as non-yellow-sand spring daytimes increased atmospheric dry deposition of heavy metals in Korea.

Comparison of hybrid receptor models to locate PCB sources in Chicago

Results of three hybrid receptor models, potential source contribution function (PSCF), concentration weighted trajectory (CWT), and residence time weighted concentration (RTWC), were compared for locating polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) sources contributing to the atmospheric concentrations in Chicago. Variations of these models, including PSCF using mean and 75% criterion concentrations, joint probability PSCF (JP-PSCF), changes of point filters and grid cell sizes for RTWC, and PSCF using wind trajectories started at different altitudes, are also discussed. Modeling results were relatively consistent between models. However, no single model provided as complete information as was obtained by using all of them. CWT and 75% PSCF appears to be able to distinguish between larger sources and moderate ones. RTWC resolved high potential source areas. RTWC and JP-PSCF pooling data from all sampling sites removed the trailing effect often seen in PSCF modeling. PSCF results using average concentration criteria, appears to identify both moderate and major sources. Each model has advantages and disadvantages. However, used in combination, they provide information that is not available if only one of them is used. For short-range atmospheric transport, PSCF results were consistent when using wind trajectories starting at different heights. Based on the archived PCB data, the modeling results indicate there is a large potential source area between Joliet and Kankakee, IL, and two moderate sources to the northwest and south of Chicago. On the south side of Chicago in the neighborhood of Lake Calumet, several PCB sources were identified. Other unidentified potential source location(s) will require additional upwind/downwind field sampling to verify modeling results.

The economic importance and control of cane-rat (Thryonomys swinderianus Temminck)

Cane-rat/grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus Temminck) is both a pest of crops in Nigeria and a source of animal protein especially in Western and Central Africa. Cane-rat damages several crop species including rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), cassava (Manihot spp.), yam (Dioscorea spp.), sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), pineapple (Ananas comosus), sugarcane (Saccharium officinarum), guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor), millet (Eleusine coracana) and palm tree (Elaeis guineensis), in the savanna and in the rainforest ecological zones of Nigeria. Rice and cassava were found damaged in both wet and dry seasons of the year. Maize, millet, and guinea corn were usually damaged during wet periods. The annual production of meat of cane-rat exclusively from hunting in Benin is valued at 500 tons, this being about 200,000 heads and does not represent more than 65% of the estimated demands of the Beninese populations. Total revenue from bush meat in 1997 in Ghana was $247m, while cane-rat accounted for 70% of this. The cane-rat can be reared in captivity with minimal capital outlay. Its high prolificacy and fecundity makes it a meat source of high potential to bridge the gap in animal protein deficiency which currently averages 4.82g/head/day in Nigeria as compared to a recommendation of 35g/head/day for an adult. During the pesting activities of cane-rat, they were readily cropped in an attempt to control the pesting problems. The animals were cropped in farmlands during the rainy season and from wild land during the dry season. Fencing, trapping, dog hunting, shooting, clubbing, pitfalls, and use of charms were some of the various methods used by rural people to control pesting activities of cane-rat on farms. There is need to develop both a strategy for effective control of the cane-rat and improving the management in captivity for breeding purposes.

Aptian-Turonian palynology of the Ghazalat-1 Well (GTX-1), Qattara Depression, Egypt

Palynomorphs were studied in nineteen Cretaceous samples obtained from the Ghazalat-1 Well, Qattara Depression, northwestern Egypt. Well-preserved and diverse assemblages comprise at least 125 species of spores, pollen, dinocysts and other phytoplankton. Five new pollen species are described: Droseridites baculatus, Foveomorphomonocolpites rashadi, Retimonocolpites eckarti, R. saadii and Dichastopollenites ghazalatensis. Five palynological assemblage zones, with ages ranging from Aptian to early Turonian, are recognized; these correlate well with other contemporaneous associations. The palynological results confirm previous datings of the Alamein, Kharita, Bahariya and Abu Roash Formations. Palynofacies analysis shows that the chlorococcalean-rich basal part of the Abu Roash Formation (G and F Members) was deposited in restricted shallow brackish water; it is considered as a high-potential source rock for oil in the site of Ghazalat-1 Well.

Paleoseismicity of the North American-Caribbean plate boundary (Septentrional fault), Dominican Republic

The Septentrional fault zone, the major North American-Caribbean plate-boundary fault in Hispaniola, is a likely source of large earthquakes in the Dominican Republic. An excavation into a Holocene alluvial fan deposited across the fault in the central Cibao Valley, Dominican Republic, provides evidence that it has been at least 430 yr and probably more than 730 yr since the last ground-rupturing earthquake along this segment of the fault. On the basis of these data and published estimates of the plate-tectonic slip rate, we propose that the Septentrional fault is a source of high seismic potential in the densely populated and rapidly developing Cibao Valley in the northern Dominican Republic.

Simple apparatus for capillary zone electrophoresis and its application to protein analysis

The construction of a simple apparatus for capillary zone electrophoresis is described, consisting of an optical system allowing direct absorbance measurement in the capillary in UV light, an evaluating electronic modle and a high-potential source. An attempt was made to achieve maximum sensitivity with a simple construction. In the electronics, care was taken to obtain a quiet baseline and to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio. That part of the noise which is of the frequency band of the signal is filtered off. Both suction and electrophoretic sample introduction are possible. According to operator's choice, the apparatus can be run under constant voltage or current and is protected against overloading. The high-potential electrode chamber contains separate buffer and sample compartments and its construction offers an easy interchange between the running and sampling positions. The applicability of the system to the separation of amino acids as phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives, peptides and both artificial and naturally occurring protein mixtures is demonstrated.

Evaluation of winter wheat as a source of high yield potential for the breeding of spring wheat

Grain yield components of high yielding European winter wheat varieties and of the best spring varieties grown in Israel were compared and their growth was analyzed. F1- and F2-populations of crosses between winter and spring varieties were tested. Under conditions in which winter wheat attained its normal kernel size which was similar to that of the spring varieties tested, it markedly outyielded spring wheat by means of its greater number of spikelets per spike. This advantage was also expressed in the F2-populations and, was apparently, not linked with cold requirement. Winter wheat had a longer growing period and a greater leaf-area but a lower net assimilation rate than spring wheat. The higher total dry matter yield of winter wheat was owing to its longer growing period. The higher grain yield, however, was induced by a higher ratio of grain to total dry matter accumulated during the period of kernel development. The inheritance of several characters is discussed and it is concluded that winter wheat should be able to contribute to an increase in yield of progenies of its crosses with spring wheat.