Source Of Difficulty Research Articles

Педагогическо предметно знание в природонаучното образование: трудности по органична химия

Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is a critical factor for education quality. This study identifies PCK of students’ difficulties in learning the basics of Organic chemistry, the sources of difficulties and ways to overcome them. An inquiry was conducted with 53 teachers and interview – with 3 prominent teachers. According to the teachers, the most difficult areas are “Chemical processes” and “Experiment and research”. The difficulties are due to: specific subject content (formulae, terminology, logic, representation); curriculum; school settings and students’ characteristics (pre-knowledge, motivation, habits, ways of learning and action). The most effective instruction methods are: problem solving, laboratory activities, discourse, demonstration of experiments and models, problem-based learning. PCK of students’ difficulties is related to other elements of the PCK (КSC, KIRS, KAs) and to subject content, pedagogy and context knowledge. Our research findings can help improve the curricula and teaching practice, and to supplement research on specific topics in science education.

The structure of the notation system in adults' number line estimation: An eye-tracking study.

Research on rational numbers suggests that adults experience more difficulties in understanding the numerical magnitude of rational than natural numbers. Within rational numbers, the numerical magnitude of fractions has been found to be more difficult to understand than that of decimals. Using a number line estimation (NLE) task, the current study investigated two sources of difficulty in adults' numerical magnitude understanding: number type (natural vs rational) and structure of the notation system (place-value-based vs non-place-value-based). This within-subjects design led to four conditions: natural numbers (natural/place-value-based), decimals (rational/place-value-based), fractions (rational/non-place-value-based), and separated fractions (natural/non-place-value-based). In addition to percentage absolute error (PAE) and response times, we collected eye-tracking data. Results showed that participants estimated natural and place-value-based notations more accurately than rational and non-place-value-based notations, respectively. Participants were also slower to respond to fractions compared with the three other notations. Consistent with the response time data, eye-tracking data showed that participants spent more time encoding fractions and re-visited them more often than the other notations. Moreover, in general, participants spent more time positioning non-place-value-based than place-value-based notations on the number line. Overall, the present study contends that when both sources of difficulty are present in a notation (i.e., both rational and non-place-value-based), adults understand its numerical magnitude less well than when there is only one source of difficulty present (i.e., either rational or non-place-value-based). When no sources of difficulty are present in a notation (i.e., both natural and place-value-based), adults have the strongest understanding of its numerical magnitude.

Surface Mapping and Functional Interactions of GPx4, a Cytoprotective Peripheral Membrane Protein

The study of peripheral membrane proteins (PMPs) has long been fraught with difficulty due to the need for reliable and robust membrane models. Many PMPs are soluble in an inactive state and recruited to the membrane to perform their respective function. This is the source of difficulty: the small size of the proteins and their inherent dynamic interactions with membranes and specific lipids make them incredibly challenging to characterize using X‐ray crystallography or cryo‐EM. Using protein NMR and better optimized membrane mimics, a robust study of PMPs may proceed.Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) is a PMP with the unique function of protection of membranes from lipid hydroperoxidation. This enzyme prevents cell death from ferroptosis by engaging the membrane and reducing lipid hydroperoxides. GPx4 has emerged as a high‐profile therapeutic target due to the ability of inhibitors to leverage ferroptosis against certain types of cancer cells.We utilize a wide variety of membrane models and native substrates to map the binding interaction of the GPx4 with the membrane and substrate lipids. Electrostatic interactions of the cationic patch are also found to be important in the moonlighting function of GPx4 as a cross‐linker of DNA‐bound protamines. Finally, our experimentally determined membrane interface using DPC micelles to formulate and confirm a novel DLPC:DPC reverse micelle system that can act as a membrane model for future PMP studies. The novel DLPC:DPC formulation is the first step in developing reverse micelles as more biologically accurate membrane models that can be tuned depending on membrane chemistry.

“The Course of Love Never Did Run Smooth”: Ex-Inmates’ Attitudes Toward Heterosexual Romantic Relationships

This study examines the attitudes of 15 male ex-inmates toward heterosexual romantic relationships during imprisonment as viewed retrospectively. The interviewees expressed ambivalence regarding these intimate partnerships, which were a source of difficulty in prison and upon reentry into society. We conclude that prison services could better help inmates to improve these relationships, thus reducing the pains of imprisonment and enhancing their successful social reintegration.

Lag effects in grammar learning: A desirable difficulties perspective

AbstractThis paper examined lag effects in the learning of second language (L2) grammar. Moreover, following the Desirable Difficulty Framework for L2 practice, the present study investigated whether lag effects could be explained by other sources of difficulty. Using digital flashcards, 117 English language learners (aged 10–18) learned two grammatical structures over two different sessions at a 1-day or 7-day intersession interval (ISI). Learners’ performance was analyzed at two retention intervals (RIs) of 7 and 28 days, respectively. Linguistic difficulty was compared by examining two different structures, while learner-related difficulty was analyzed by comparing learners who differed in terms of age, proficiency, and time required to complete the training. Results showed no main effect of ISI, a main effect of RI, and a small but significant ISI × RI interaction. Linguistic difficulty and age did not interact with ISI or RI. However, longer lags led to significantly higher scores for faster learners and learners of higher proficiency, while shorter lags promoted significantly higher scores for slower learners and learners of lower proficiency. The findings provide some support for the Desirable Difficulty Framework in its potential to explain L2 lag effects.

Perasaan kompeten sebagai orang tua: Pengalaman ibu dari remaja pelaku kekerasan seksual

Juveniles are also involved in behaviors that violate the law, such as in cases of sexual violence. This study aims to describe the experiences of mothers whose children are perpetrators of sexual violence. The study used a qualitative phenomenological method. Five mothers of a sexual offender charged by the juvenile court participated in this study. They were interviewed about their parenting experiences using in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Thirteen subordinate themes were found and grouped into three superordinate themes, including (1) feeling like a mother, (2) role of mothers, (3) maternal sense of competence. The mothers of juvenile sexual offenders perceived that they had failed as parents and that parenting competence was lacking. They considered peer influence and uninvolved partners in parenting practice as the source of difficulties in managing their child’s problematic behavior.

Nurses' Use of Ultrasound Location for Puncturing Arteriovenous Fistulas in Hemodialysis.

Puncturing an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients is a source of difficulty even for experienced dialysis nurses. The objective of this study was to compare the failure rate of AVF puncture by the usual technique (visual or by palpation) and after ultrasound location. This nonrandomized prospective single-center study was carried out at the Safi HD Hospital Center for 16 weeks in two successive phases, with the time between each phase dedicated to training nurses in locating punctures by ultrasound. We first evaluated 30 HD patients (300 HD sessions, i.e., 600 punctures) without ultrasound location, then the same patients (300 sessions, i.e., 600 punctures) using ultrasound location for all punctures. Ultrasound location carried out by a single nurse did not show a significant reduction in the rate of failure to puncture the AVF compared with the standard method (2.6% vs. 4%, P = 0.07). However, the rate of complications at the puncture site, recourse to medical advice, or mobilization of a second nurse were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). This single-center study showed no advantage of this approach for the effective cannulation of AVF in HD patients known to be not difficult to cannulate.

Ծնողական դեպրիվացիա ունեցող անձանց կենսա-իմաստային կողմնորոշումների և ինքնագնահատականի փոխհարաբերակցությունը/The Interrelationship of Meaning-Life Orientations and Self-Esteem among People with Parental Deprivation

The article discusses the results of our research on correlations between meaning-life orientations and the level of self-esteem among people with parental deprivation. People who experienced parental deprivation as children are thought to have law self-esteem and a variety of issues with the existence of life objectives and judgments of meanings. We undertook studies to shed light on this problem. The goal of the study was to determine the connection between meaning of life and self-esteem among those who experienced parental deprivation. The problems of the study were to find out the expressiveness of meaning-life orientations and the level of self-esteem among research groups. The methodologies used in the study were D. Leontiev's “Meaning-life orientations” test and T. Dembo, S. Rubinstein “Self-esteem” test. The primary conclusion from this study is that, despite that parental deprivation has been a source of difficulties, privation, dissatisfaction in the lives of people, who experienced it in childhood, in terms of the formation of the meaning of life and adequate self-esteem, the picture is almost the same in comparison with those without deprivation.

Arabic Learners’ Production of Regular English Past Tense Verbs

Previous studies show that second language (L2) learners of English sometimes produce the verb with proper past tense inflectional morphology as in help[t] and sometimes repair the cluster, as in helpø or hel[pəd]. Complicating matters, these studies focused on L2 learners whose native languages disallowed codas or had very restricted codas. Thus, it is difficult to tell whether any problems in producing past tense morphology are due to first language L1-transferred coda restrictions, or an inability to acquire the abstract feature of past tense. To rule out native language syllable structure interference, this paper aims to examine the production of the English regular past tense verb by Arabic L1 ESL learners, a language that allows complex codas. The paper also examines the role of a phonological universal, the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) that disallows two adjacent similar sounds, and its effect on learners’ production. The data come from twenty-two English as a Second Language (ESL) students at three levels of proficiency. The task was a sentence list eliciting target clusters in past tense contexts that violate manner in OCP: fricative + stop ([st], [ft]) vs. stop + stop ([pt], [kt]). Results show that L1 Arabic speakers have difficulty in producing past tense morphology, even though their L1 allows complex codas. Fricative + stop clusters are repaired (epenthesis/deletion) at a lower rate (low =25.71%, intermediate = 6.6%, high=11.11%) than stop + stop clusters (low=57.14%, intermediate = 40.27%, high=22.91%). The higher rate of repair is clear in stops + stop clusters suggesting that learners abide by phonological universals and prefer not to violate OCP. Finally, proficiency level has an effect on target-like production, as higher-proficiency learners produce past-tense morphology at a higher rate than lower-proficiency learners. Together, these results indicate that L1 transfer is not the only source of difficulty in the production of past tense morphology, and that the abstract feature of tense is problematic, particularly at the early stages of ESL development.

Sources of difficulties and selection of strategies in translation of socio-political terms

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the most common difficulties faced by students in translating socio-political terminological units from English and Ukrainian and the strategies they choose to overcome these difficulties. To achieve this goal, two lists of terminological units had been compiled in English and Ukrainian. The total number of units per a testee was one hundred and fifteen words and word combinations in each language. The testees were third and fourth year students of the School of Foreign Languages at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, who had mastered specialized courses in the socio-political field of translation during several semesters, and therefore had gained some experience in translating the relevant terminology. They were asked to translate the above mentioned terms within seventy minutes. Then their translations were analyzed: the types of difficulties that caused errors were identified and systematized. The analysis of erroneous answers showed that most errors were caused by: unjustified word-for-word translation, which was caused by faulty selection of a translation equivalent; interlingual and intralinguistic interference; semantic modification; structural complexity; low frequency of the terminological unit and lack of subject knowledge. The sources of difficulties that students have in translating socio-political terminology, and the strategies they choose to overcome them, are generally the same as in other fields of translation. These sources and strategies should be considered in designing training courses for future translators.

On the Critical Exponent for k-Primitive Sets

A set of positive integers is primitive (or 1-primitive) if no member divides another. Erd\H{o}s proved in 1935 that the weighted sum $\sum1/(n \log n)$ for $n$ ranging over a primitive set $A$ is universally bounded over all choices for $A$. In 1988 he asked if this universal bound is attained by the set of prime numbers. One source of difficulty in this conjecture is that $\sum n^{-\lambda}$ over a primitive set is maximized by the primes if and only if $\lambda$ is at least the critical exponent $\tau_1 \approx 1.14$. A set is $k$-primitive if no member divides any product of up to $k$ other distinct members. One may similarly consider the critical exponent $\tau_k$ for which the primes are maximal among $k$-primitive sets. In recent work the authors showed that $\tau_2 < 0.8$, which directly implies the Erd\H{o}s conjecture for 2-primitive sets. In this article we study the limiting behavior of the critical exponent, proving that $\tau_k$ tends to zero as $k\to\infty$.

Terminology as a source of difficulty in translating international legal discourses: an empirical cross-genre study

Abstract Despite the persistent focus on terminology in legal translation studies, to date, no large-scale research has empirically explored the difficulty of terminology in translating legal genres. Approaches to translation difficulty in translation studies more broadly remain limited in scope. To fill this gap, a study was conducted to measure the difficulty associated with the translation of legal terminology and phraseology, as well as with terminology of other domains, in the LETRINT 1+ corpus, including nine representative genres of three institutional settings (the European Union, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization). For comparative purposes, four levels of translation difficulty were assigned to multiple terminological features by a group of specialized translators through a consensus-building process of annotation based on the cognitive effort estimated for translation decision-making. The difficulty scores obtained confirm the correlation between legal singularity and higher translation difficulty, as well as the connection of more commonly used legal terms and phrasemes, and core economic terms, with lower difficulty levels. The findings also provide evidence of the prominence of non-legal specialized terminology in institutional legal discourses, and the aggregate terminological difficulty levels of each genre examined, which can be particularly useful for informing translation quality assurance, project management and translator training.

Child and caregiver experiences and perceptions of asthma self-management

Asthma is the most common chronic condition of childhood. Self-management is integral to good asthma control. This qualitative paper explores how children with asthma and their parents perceive asthma, their experience with asthma, and how they manage symptoms, preventions and medications within and outside the home. We undertook 15 focus groups with 41 school-aged (6–11 years) children with asthma and 38 parents. Parents and their children attended the same focus groups. We used thematic analysis to analyse the transcripts. Our findings show the impact asthma can have on children’s social and emotional wellbeing and highlight how reliant school-aged children are on their parents to effectively manage their asthma. Parents reported being unsure when their child’s symptoms warranted visiting their doctor or hospital. Schools were identified as a source of difficulty regarding asthma management; families reported that children may be self-conscious about their asthma and using their inhaler at school. School policies and teachers’ lack of asthma knowledge were reported to exacerbate children’s reluctance to use their inhaler at school. Our results have implications for the design and implementation of children’s self-management interventions for their asthma, particularly when they are at school and away from their parents.

The Implementation of Interactive Planning To Propose Strategic Solution For Tourism Promotion

Information distribution through digital platform helps business owner improve their performance in promotion to broader market without geographical barriers. Unfortunately, the use of digital platforms still does not meets success performance as marketing tools. Information in digital platform has not provided the update and accurate information of destination. Moreover, it effects in rising potential tourist awareness and experience satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the promotional problem that effects tourist awareness of tourism destination and recommend the strategic solution to improve performance by concerning tourism stakeholder involvement. This study introduces creative problem solving as an approach to identify probability source of difficulties and recommend strategy solution of problems faced. Interactive Planning (IP) is proposed to investigate the problem and find the strategic recommendation related to destination promotional activities. A comprehensive strategic based study will enhance strength to previous study. Interview and Focus Group Discussion conducted to fill the information needed qualitatively. Wide-ranging roles by diverse backgrounds from five elements Penta Helix (government, academic, media, business, and community) able to strengthen promotion in integrated information manner. The proposed result that might be able to give effect positive in the long term in promotion of tourism sector.

Pseudo-feasible solutions in evolutionary bilevel optimization: Test problems and performance assessment

This work presents a study about a special class of infeasible solutions called here as pseudo-feasible solutions in bilevel optimization. This work is focused on determining how such solutions can affect the performance of an evolutionary algorithm. After its formal definition, and based on theoretical results, two conditions to detect and deal with them are proposed. Moreover, a novel and scalable set of test problems with characterized pseudo-feasible solutions is introduced. Furthermore, an algorithm designed to solve bilevel optimization problems (BOP) is adapted with the above mentioned conditions and tested in already known test problems and also in the new testbed so as to analyze its performance when compared with state-of-the-art evolutionary approaches for BOPs. The obtained results suggest that the presence of pseudo-feasible solutions can be considered as a source of difficulty in this type of optimization problems, since their presence may lead to incorrect comparisons among algorithms.

Body Trouble: Some Sources of Difficulty in the Progressive Realization of Manual Action

ABSTRACT This report examines interactional troubles that find their source, not in talk, but in manual action. First, we introduce the intertwined character of two fundamental features of most, if not all emergent human conduct: The ongoing structural projection of an action-in-progress along with its continuing progressive realization. We then identify two sources of body-behavioral trouble that interfere with the action implication of emerging manual action, and result in remedial action by its recipient. Manual actors sometimes 1) foreshorten the “preparation phase” of emerging manual action, or 2) interrupt manual action before it comes to completion. Additionally, we demonstrate how misconstruing the action implication of emerging manual action can also result in body trouble that leads to recipient remediation, even when there is no reduction of its structural projectability or interruption of its progressive realization. For each circumstance, we describe the adjusting actions that remediate such body troubles. [Occasionally, English is spoken.]

The "Sound of Silence": Sensitivity to Silent Letters in Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder.

Purpose Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) demonstrate general spelling difficulties. This study investigated accuracy on and sensitivity to silent letters in spelling in children with and without DLD. Investigating silent-letter production provides a window into orthographic and morphological knowledge and enhances understanding of children's spelling skills. Method A group of children with DLD (M age = 9;11 [years;months]) and two control groups of typically developing children (n = 30 in each group) were given a dictated spelling task of 44 words that each contained a derivational or a nonderivational silent letter. We coded the silent letter in each word and counted 1 point for each correctly spelled letter in order to examine accuracy on silent letters. Two error patterns were distinguished to analyze sensitivity to silent letters: silent-letter substitutions and silent-letter omissions. Results Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that children with DLD produced significantly more errors on silent letters than did both control groups. Both control groups showed a greater sensitivity to silent-letter endings, as they tended to substitute incorrect silent letters where they made errors. In contrast, children with DLD tended to omit silent letters in their spelling attempts. Conclusions Our results suggest that silent-letter production is a major source of difficulty for spellers, especially for those with DLD, who appear to lack sensitivity to silent letters. These results highlight the importance of promoting spelling instruction to enhance orthographic knowledge in children with DLD.

Is There Any Racial Difference in Term of Anatomical Variations of Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Structures.

The aim of our study was to determine the anatomical variations detected on computed tomography radiological imaging of the paranasal sinus between citizens and refugees patient groups and to reveal the differences between the two patient groups. In this study, the data from the files of 38 TurkishCitizens (Group 1), 41 Syrian Refugees (Group 2), a total of 79 patients who were admitted to the ENT Clinic of Adana City Training and Research Hospital due to rhinological complaints between 01.01.2019 and 01.01.2020 and had paranasal sinus tomography, were analyzed retrospectively. Due to the Syrian Civil War that started in 2011, more than 10 million Syrian have left their countries and immigrated to neighboring countries as refugees. The paranasal sinus area has a wide variety of variations. Congenital anomalies and normal anatomical variations in this area are important, although rarely, as they may have pathological consequences or may be a source of difficulty during surgery. In the study, 38 of 79 patients were in Group 1 (48.1%) and 41 were in Group 2 (51.9%). Of the patients, 30 were female (38%) and 49 were male (62%). The ages of the patients ranged from 9 to 78years, with a mean age of 32.52years. In our study, we could not find a statistically significant difference between TurkishCitizens and Syrian refugees in terms of anatomical variations detected on paranasal radiological imaging. We consider the number of patients in our study as a limitation of our study and we think that it is important to conduct studies with larger populations.

Technical Writing as Tralanguage in Favor of a Translation and Productemiccompetence of the Word

In translation and traductology, specialists recognize the undeniable relationship between the act of transiting, technical writing and the meaning of the words. However, considerations regarding the problems presented by culture and realia (untranslatable terms) in particular are frequent. It is at the same time the raison d’etre of translation and the source of difficulties. In other words, building a sense of a word or even producing it in case of a failure in the target language is not easy, but is this exercise impossible? If not, what should be done to overcome these pitfalls and cultural difficulties for realia via a translation operation in general and a legal one in particular? Answers to these questions can be found in a proposal entailing a strategic approach, calling on four major factors that the “trauthor” should take into account for the production of the meaning of a word. Finally, a reflection on said factors is made to access the process of ways of teaching for the production of word meaning.

Identification of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis eligible for high-efficacy therapies.

Relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) presents a highly variable clinical evolution among patients, and its management should be personalized. Although there is no cure at present, effective disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available. Selection of the most appropriate DMT for each patient is influenced by several clinical, radiological and demographic aspects as well as personal preferences that, at times, are not covered in the regulatory criteria. This may be a source of difficulty, especially in certain situations where so-called 'high-efficacy DMTs' (usually considered second-line) could be of greater benefit to the patient. In this narrative review, we discuss evidence and experience, and propose a pragmatic guidance on decision-making with respect to the indication and management of high-efficacy DMT in adult patients with RMS based on expert opinion.