Source Of Danger Research Articles

Object Detection for Hazardous Material Vehicles Based on Improved YOLOv5 Algorithm

Hazardous material vehicles are a non-negligible mobile source of danger in transport and pose a significant safety risk. At present, the current detection technology is well developed, but it also faces a series of challenges such as a significant amount of computational effort and unsatisfactory accuracy. To address these issues, this paper proposes a method based on YOLOv5 to improve the detection accuracy of hazardous material vehicles. The method introduces an attention module in the YOLOv5 backbone network as well as the neck network to achieve the purpose of extracting better features by assigning different weights to different parts of the feature map to suppress non-critical information. In order to enhance the fusion capability of the model under different sized feature maps, the SPPF (Spatial Pyramid Pooling-Fast) layer in the network is replaced by the SPPCSPC (Spatial Pyramid Pooling Cross Stage Partial Conv) layer. In addition, the bounding box loss function was replaced with the SIoU loss function in order to effectively speed up the bounding box regression and enhance the localization accuracy of the model. Experiments on the dataset show that the improved model has effectively improved the detection accuracy of hazardous chemical vehicles compared with the original model. Our model is of great significance for achieving traffic accident monitoring and effective emergency rescue.

Collapsibility of Gypseous Soil Treated with Pectin-Biopolymer through Leaching

Gypsum reinforcement in dry soil provides activity resistance. It quickly becomes a source of danger in the conditions of partial and complete soaking of gypsum soil as a result of the dissolution of gypsum, which poses a great danger to the structures built on this soil. The danger increases when water flows through it and works to leach the soil, which leads to the loss of its mass by leaching gypsum. The soil is chemically and mechanically improved to enhance its geotechnical properties, but despite its great advantages in strengthening, it has significant negative effects on the ecosystem, so the use of environmentally friendly materials is essential. Pectin was selected as an improved biopolymer and added at three different contents (0.5, 1, and 2)% to create a soil mixture and at four different gypsum contents (10, 20, 40, and 62%) to evaluate the chemical and mechanical properties of the improved mixture. Develop an engineering model to leach the soil and pectin mixture. The results showed a significant decrease in CH and CP. values due to biogel encapsulation of soil particles and pore filling properties. The percentage decrease in the values of (CH) reaches (0.67, 73, 75, and 68%) for soils 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. After soil (1, 2, 3, and 4), CP values decreased in percent (0.63, 0.63, 0.65, and 0.7%). TDS decreased at a biopolymer content of 2% from 1050, 1200, 2200, and 2500 mg/ml to 320, 540, 468, and 570 mg/ml of soils 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

Ecological threat caused by malathion and its chiral metabolite in a honey bee-rape system: Stereoselective exposure risk and the mechanism revealed by proteome

Honey bees play an important role in the ecological environment. Regrettably, a decline in honey bee colonies caused by chemical insecticides has occurred throughout the world. Potential stereoselective toxicity of chiral insecticides may be a hidden source of danger to bee colonies. In this study, the stereoselective exposure risk and mechanism of malathion and its chiral metabolite malaoxon were investigated. The absolute configurations were identified using an electron circular dichroism (ECD) model. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used for chiral separation. In pollen, the initial residues of malathion and malaoxon enantiomers were 3571–3619 and 397–402 μg/kg, respectively, and R-malathion degraded relatively slowly. The oral LD50 values of R-malathion and S-malathion were 0.187 and 0.912 μg/bee with 5 times difference, respectively, and the malaoxon values were 0.633 and 0.766 μg/bee. The Pollen Hazard Quotient (PHQ) was used to evaluate exposure risk. R-malathion showed a higher risk. An analysis of the proteome, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and subcellular localization, indicated that energy metabolism and neurotransmitter transport were the main affected pathways. Our results provide a new scheme for the evaluation of the stereoselective exposure risk of chiral pesticides to honey bees.

"Transport is the Most Dangerous Adverse Source of Air and Noise Pollution in Big Cities"

"Transport is the Most Dangerous Adverse Source of Air and Noise Pollution in Big Cities"

'Difficult Patient': A Reflective Essay

'Difficult Patient':A Reflective Essay Daniel McFarland The patient who sat across from me knew too much about all brain tumors. According to her, she would never know enough about the one sitting uncomfortably close to her brain's temporal lobe. In her quest for the 'right' answer to her meningioma problem, she became certain that its surgical removal would upend her life, leaving her in neurological taters. She was a small business owner of a practice dedicated to medical massage. Indubitably, she had helped countless clients heal themselves of medical mishaps and avoid or recover from the tyranny of [End Page E13] a medical community that did not always provide respectable, hospitable care. She was certain a craniotomy would end her business, nullifying everything she had spent her life building. She became fluent in the legalese needed to transfer or sell her business in anticipation of surgery. To stave off losing her life's work from a surgical mishap, she sought opinions from a dozen neurosurgeons. They reassured her that a routine surgery like this would be effective with little chance of neurological collateral damage. She did not believe them. In her business she had treated numerous exhausted professionals. Many surgeons with whom she worked professionally frequently referred patients to her. She had seen the poor self-care that many surgeons and doctors brought on themselves in the form of unrelenting stress, drinking, bad eating habits, and even drugs. This made her nervous and untrusting about the care she could receive at the hands of an overworked or impaired surgeon. She scheduled appointments with every neurosurgeon she could find and interviewed them relentlessly, looking for the slightest sign of incompetence, unprofessionalism, antipathy, or lapse in compassion. Given her insistence and dogged nature, she usually found what she was looking for. She would bring her research to the appointments and interview the neurosurgeons on what other doctors had opined. If they were incredulous of research she brought or a technique on which she inquired, they were summarily dismissed. At first glance, which is likely all that she got from many of her visits, these encounters put a spotlight on a 'difficult' patient refusing care. The deeper look that my patient deserved revealed a personal narrative of the oldest child who survived a broken home riddled with drug use and prostitution. She learned to rely on only herself for protection. She took unapologetic control of her fate. Her own mother had at one time offered my patient work as a prostitute. Her father was no better in providing protection and a decent upbringing. He had left her as an eight-year-old with the neglectful mother and four younger siblings to fend for herself, which she did against the odds. She suffered physical, emotional, and spiritual abuse. As an adult, her strong sense of selfhood and boundaries allowed her to have a guarded relationship with both of her parents at a comfortable emotional distance. Her mission and passionate drive to help others heal saved her life. In healing others, she was healing herself. Importantly, her experience marked for her indelibly that while she could do this for herself, others were not reliable and could not heal her. She had only ever trusted and relied upon herself. She was the only one who had never let her down. She was terrified that this might be the first time. The potential surgery risked her cognition, physical capacities, and ability to care for herself. The risk was too great. We met numerous times, uncovering her past, reliving the stories of her tumultuous background, and examining how she established her place in the world away from the horrors of her insecure childhood. She took in my reaction to her stories and saw the horror on my face when I tried to imagine a world where one's parents were not only neglectful but the source of danger. Through my reaction, she may have begun to have some compassion for her own story and put the pieces together. One several occasions, she became enraged when I didn't meet her expectations, or I didn't entertain the diatribe of neurosurgical scholarly work. On one of those...

Arsenic in Drinking Water Resources in Six Cities Located in the Western Coastal Strip of Libya

Water used for drinking and food preparation is the most dangerous source of long-term human exposure to arsenic. The study aimed to identify arsenic level in samples of domestic groundwater, public water supply, bottled water, and water from purification shops in five locations along the coastal strip of Libya. The efficiency of removing arsenic in water by reverse osmosis (RO) unit in two water bottling plants was also investigated. Arsenic was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results show that arsenic in domestic groundwater, public water supply systems, bottled water, and water from purifying shops range respectively: 6.06-70.48, 2.66-22.76, 1.20-11.20, 2.022-9.55 ug/L. The results revealed that 83% of groundwater samples and 5% of bottled water samples exceeded 10ug/l the maximum permissible level in drinking water by Libyan standards. Meanwhile, water samples from purifying shops are below 10ug/l. Public water supply samples from two sites contained arsenic > 10ug/l. The RO unit is able to reduce arsenic in water by 75%, which means that arsenic in unpurified water should not exceed 35 ug/l. The study highly recommends that households who rely on domestic groundwater should install household RO units to be saved from the health risk of chronic arsenic exposure.

Oral submucous fibrosis: A review on current treatment approaches

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is caused by aberrant collagen deposition in the oral mucosa. A chronic, creeping, scarring disease of the oral cavity often involving the pharynx and upper oesophagus is how it's been described for centuries. It is the most dangerous oral premalignant condition and evolve into malignant tumours in 1.5% to 15% of cases. It is found primarily in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. Submucous fibrosis, ulceration, xerostomia, a burning feeling, and a restricted opening of the mouth are some of the signs and symptoms to look out for. A patient's quality of life is severely affected by all of these factors. Chewing on areca nuts is the most significant source of danger. Efforts to improve management have been ongoing due to the disease's high mortality and high malignant transformation rate, respectively. Understanding the precise involvement of etiological agents in pathogenesis will aid in management and therapy methods. From a molecular standpoint, this paper provides an overview of background of OSF, including its underlying processes, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapy options. Prevention of OSF is just as crucial as rigorous therapy. For future studies to be effective, oral health literacy has to be improved among people at risk for OSF.

‘Cycling is good’ but ‘cyclists are reckless’

Urban mobility choices and policies are not a common object of study for linguistics. These policies and choices actually generate forms of discrimination by creating reified identities of ‘drivers’ against ‘cyclists’ against ‘pedestrians’. Through the prism of ‘mobility justice’ this paper shows how detrimental discursive choices contribute to the normalisation of a mobility system which is highly discriminatory and a source of toxicity and danger to humanity. The discriminations imposed by the hegemonic system of automobility reinforce other forms of intersectional discrimination. By looking at journalistic texts that employ road-user identities to fuel narratives of conflict, this study highlights the need for linguists to contribute to language-focused investigations already being carried out from the perspectives of other disciplines such as Geography, Sociology or Transport Studies. It also shows how these investigations can provide answers to broader questions concerning climate inaction.

Determination The Infertility by Impacts of Alpha Emitters on Women Urine

This research describes of the results that have been obtained from alpha particles after carrying out the present study. The study was conducted on 30 urine samples taken from women, who were either infertile, had weak fertility or had uterus tumor. The age of those women ranged between (21 - 43) years. The results showed that the low level of alpha emitters and the higher level of alpha emitters, values calculated in 20 ml of female urine samples were 0.726 ppm in Sedakan and 0.065 ppm in Shorsh respectively. Thus, these areas don't represent a source of danger to human life. This denotes that there is no evidence of health problems. Significant difference found in participants’ laboratory outcomes between Erbil and Sulaymania. Significant correlations (p < 0.001) found between participants’ demographic data and their laboratory outcomes.

Identifikasi Bahaya Dan Pengendalian Risiko Sebagai Upaya Mencegah Dan Mengurangi Risiko Kecelakaan Kerja Pada Tambang Batubara Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

Occupational safety and health is a problem that has always been related to the world of work since the beginning of the industrial world began is the emergence of work accidents in their activities that have the potential to cause hazards and work accidents such as property damage, lost time injury to cause fatality . The purpose of this study is to determine the identification of hazards and control the risk of work accidents based on the determination of the risk value of the source of hazard and appropriate control to reduce and eliminate the risk of hazards. The research method carried out is to descriptively describe the situation or object in facts with direct observation. The first thing to do is to find the source of danger using hazard source data, potential hazard data, and K3LH performance report data, then hazard identification and risk assessment based on OHSAS references. Hazards that have been identified are evaluated for risk level. The results of the study found the source of danger that often occurs, namely the concentration of very thick dust and the absence of warning signs. Based on the results of the study, the evaluation carried out is to identify hazards based on the source of hazards obtained in the field and assess and control the source of hazards to reduce the risk of work accidents. From the assessment results, 4 types of risks were obtained, namely four near-miss risks, four property damage risks, three lost time injury risks, and three fatality risks. Conclusions Based on the results of hazard identification and risk control, the hazards that must be prioritized are the risk of fatality and the risk of lost time injury.

Micro-structure and morphology of tailings sand under different oxidation and acidification degree

The tailings pond is a dangerous source of man-made debris flow with high potential energy. The oxidative acidification of tailings may cause the instability of the pond and induce serious safety accidents. The influence of oxidation and acidification degree on macro mechanical properties of tailings is discussed from the aspects of mineral composition and microstructure. The results show that as the degree of oxidation and acidification of tailings sand increases, the overall structural performance and load-bearing capacity decrease, and its cohesion (c) and internal friction angle (φ) show a decreasing trend. In fact, the engineering properties of tailings with different oxidation and acidification degrees are dominated by the physicochemical composition and structural characteristics. On the one hand, as the degree of oxidation increases, acidic substance will neutralize with CaCO3 and CaMg(CO3)2, resulting in the loss of cemented substance and the decrease of cementation force between tailing sand particles as well as the gradual destruction of the integrity of tailing sand. On the other hand, the increase of oxidation and acidification degree of tailing sand leads to a gradual reduction of outline (2D) fractal dimension and gray surface (3D) fractal dimension of surface laminated structure as well as the obvious reduction of laminated structure and its roughness of tailings sand.

The Impact of GRBs on Exoplanetary Habitability

Can high-energy transient events affect life on a planet? We provide a review of the works that have tried to answer this question. It is argued that that gamma ray bursts, specifically those of the long class, are among the most dangerous astrophysical sources for biotic life and may exert evolutionary pressure on possible life forms in the universe. Their radiation can be directly lethal for biota or induce extinction by removing most of the protective atmospheric ozone layer on terrestrial planets. Since the rate of long gamma ray bursts is proportional to the birth rate of stars but is reduced in metal rich regions, the evolution of the “safest place” to live in our galaxy depended on the past 12 billion years of evolution of the star formation rate and relative metal pollution of the interstellar medium. Until 6 billion years ago, the outskirts of the galaxy were the safest places to live, despite the relatively low density of terrestrial planets. In the last 5 billion years, regions between 2 and 8 kiloparsecs from the center, featuring a higher density of terrestrial planets, gradually became the best places for safe biotic life growth.

Образ моря в романе А. Мердок "Море, море": к проблеме авторской и переводческой интерпретации

The article examines the central sea image of Iris Murdoch’s novel The Sea, the Sea. The image of sea, as one of the key ones in the world literature, is considered on the material of the original novel and in its translation into Russian by Maria Lorie. The aim of the study is to analyze the linguistic means of embodying the image of sea and their text-forming potential in the above-mentioned novel and its translation into Russian. The study is based on the method of modeling the author’s image by analyzing various ways of its linguistic representation and metaphorization. The translation analysis is based on the study of shifts as the consequences of interlingual asymmetry. The authors note that the modeling of the author’s image of sea is carried out in the novel in different ways: the description of sea through the prism of different channels of perception (visual, auditory, olfactory); organization of the text on the basis of such key metaphors as “sea – life”, “sea – death”, “sea – creator”, etc. The analysis of various ways of linguistic representation of perceptual images of sea, which are closely related to thinking and the subconscious, associative memory and imagination, has shown the special importance and semantic loading in the text of lexical groups of the sphere of perception. The authors stress that visual perception is in first place in terms of the importance and volume of information received by a person; followed by hearing, touch, smell and taste. The dominant feature of sea from the point of view of perception is visual (color, light, size, shape, etc.). Thanks to visual features, a unique image of sea is created – frosted glass, a mirror that emits light, reflects human experiences and is reflected in a person. Before the reader there is the image of sea as a living being, habitat, a protector, a refuge, medicine, a source of danger and death, a creator. Sea is often alive; it smiles, jumps, splashes; sea can be a threat. Sometimes it serves as a background against which the characters experience a wide range of feelings and emotions (jealousy, hatred, struggle). It makes the reader think about eternity. However, sea does not accompany a person, but lives its own life. On the one hand, in sea, as in a mirror, emotions and experiences of a person are reflected. On the other hand, a person adapts to sea, which can be good or evil, can caress or kill. The analysis of the Russian translation of the text indicates a fairly high degree of equivalence in the translation of metaphors and reflection of all shades of the image of the sea. All translation shifts are justified in terms of conveying the emotional background of the work.

The Removal of Damage Caused by the Necessity: Theoretical Basis and Judicial Practice in Ukraine

The article is devoted to various issues related to the removal of damage caused by the necessity. We have determined the place of removal due to lawful actions in the system of non-contractual obligations. The history of the institution of necessity and the definition contained in the current Civil Code of Ukraine is given. The concepts provided in Ukrainian Civil and Criminal legislation are compared. The article highlights the features of the emergence of necessity, in particular the mandatory presence of real and existing danger, as well as the special situation of committing actions. The question of what exactly can become a source of such danger is studied based on judicial examples. It is specified that the actions causing harm are lawful if they have the following composition: special purpose, proactive behaviour, the object of harm, timeliness, and proportionality. The subjects from which damage can be recovered in this case are allocated. It is determined that they can only be natural or legal persons. Examples of judicial practice for each of the cases are given, with examples of problematic issues that may arise during the appointment of the recovery. In the end, there is a certain contradiction of views regarding the necessity and possibility of removal of moral damage in a situation when the guilty person acted because of necessity.

A real-time augmented reality system to see through forklift components

Limited visibility during the operation of forklifts is one of the most significant sources of danger in in-plant material handling. Existing systems record concealed areas via cameras and display them directly on monitors in the operator's cab. The operator has to temporarily turn his attention to a screen and is unable to perceive the real information necessary for the driving task. We developed the first augmented reality based driver assistance system for safety improvement in intralogistics. The results show the capability to eliminate view restrictions directly in the operator's field of view and create the illusion of transparent vehicle components.

Sex‐dependent habitat selection modulates risk management by meadow voles

AbstractForaging involves a trade‐off between food and safety. Most research into the trade‐off invokes safety from predation. But danger and its associated risk arise from multiple causes that cannot be assessed solely with reference to predators. A more complete assessment of risk management requires experimental designs that attempt to modify and measure risks, regardless of the source of danger. I aimed to do so by adding shelter (mulched straw) and time‐varying supplemental food (rabbit chow), while measuring foraging behavior and habitat use by a seminatural population of meadow voles. Voles foraged more intensely under safety, recognized least risk when given access to both food and shelter, but altered their risk management through time: management included a novel form of sex‐dependent habitat selection in which male–male pairs occupied risky areas without shelter while female–female pairs occupied habitats sheltered by straw. The pattern is consistent with a sex‐dependent evolutionary game in which female territoriality and tolerance of other females limit conflict with, and space use by, males. Voles' array of interacting strategies demonstrates that ecologists must be wary of ascribing risk only to predation, and particularly so if experiments are blind to other dangers and processes that alter foraging behavior and habitat selection.

ЗАГРОЗИ ЕКОНОМІЧНІЙ БЕЗПЕЦІ ДЕРЖАВИ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ПЕРЕТВОРЕНЬ

Global transformations caused by the pandemic and the largest conventional war on the European continent in several decades determine the need to ensure the economic security of the state as the fundamental basis of the national security of each country. Threats to the economic security of the state that arose during the pandemic and whose residual impact is significant in the post-crisis period were identified. The prevailing influence of Russian aggression in generating threats to the economic security of the state was established. The most dangerous global risks in the short- and medium-term period were studied based on the results of the generalization of The Global Risks Perception Survey by the World Economic Forum, including the increase in the cost of living, natural disasters, and geo-economic confrontation. It was established the relationship and interdependence of the specified global risks with the most dangerous threats to the economic security of Ukraine, in particular, the Russian war against Ukraine, the acute crisis of commodity supply, large-scale forced migration, cyber risks in terms of information access, etc. It has been proven that in the conditions of globalization, threats to the economic security of a separate subject of international economic relations are a source of danger for the global political, economic and humanitarian environment. The ways of countering threats to the economic security of Ukraine at the international level were characterized, including lending, militarytechnical assistance, investment, guarantees of further support. The inflationary threat to the economic security of Ukraine was analyzed as a significant catalyst for a number of other risks and threats in war conditions. It was proven the prevailing influence of exogenous threats on the state economic security under global transformations, which is significantly strengthened by the presence of internal threats to the state economic security. Internal systemic threats to the economic security of Ukraine were highlighted. It was substantiated the need to improve and implement a proactive approach to ensuring the state economic security in the conditions of global transformations and a growing number of external and internal threats.

Анализ опасностей и оценка риска аварий на объектах хранения нефтепродуктов

Introduction. The high level of accidents at oil and gas industry enterprises necessitates the development of a concept for preserving the health of the working population based on a system for assessing, monitoring and forecasting the risks of accidents. Risk is present in almost all areas of activity. Its existence is associated with decision-making in conditions of incomplete information and uncertainty. It is the analysis of the risk of accidents at such facilities and the subsequent development of measures in accordance with the identified causes that will reduce the danger and preserve the health and life of employees. Goals and objectives. Assessment of the risk of accidents at the fuel depot of LLC "Gazprom Dobycha Noyabrsk", analysis of ways to prevent emergencies and justification of the proposed measures to reduce the risk of threats to the life and health of employees. Research methods. Based on the analysis of the risk of accidents at the fuel depot of LLC "Gazprom Dobycha Noyabrsk", an analysis of the "event tree" was applied. Scenarios of possible accidents have been developed in accordance with the safety data sheet, which are summarized in a general scheme of the development of accidents at the facility under consideration. The paper considers and identifies the main sources of danger and, taking into account all components, identifies 6 of the most dangerous scenarios for the development of emergency situations in the territory of the fuel and lubricants warehouse. Results and their discussion. Taking into account the types of hazards, their characteristics and other components, the most dangerous scenarios of accidents in the territory of the fuel and lubricants warehouse were identified. The calculation results showed that the average annual probability of the most dangerous accident scenario possible in the fuel warehouse, in terms of risk and consequences, is C1 (associated with depressurization of the flexible hose of the fuel pump) and is RA = 8,43∙10-3. The calculation of the zones of action of the main damaging factors and calculations of quantitative indicators of the expected consequences in the further development of the scenario, taking into account the physico-chemical properties of hazardous substances, were also carried out. Conclusion. To ensure safety, a list of relevant measures is provided that will help reduce the risk of accidents at the object under study. Keywords: fuel and lubricants warehouse; safety; danger; probability of accidents; event tree; risk.

Electric scooters as a silent source of danger in increasing use among young people: a single-center in-depth accident analysis.

The reasons for the increase in accidents involving shared stand-up e-scooters in recent years may be the wide-spread use of e-scooters among young people, especially in metropolitan areas with heavy traffic, non-compliance with traffic rules, and insufficient legal regulations. In this study, we analyzed in detail the typical features of rider-sharing e-scooter-related injuries brought to the emergency department of our hospital in the light of current literature. The clinical and accident characteristics of 60 patients with surgical requirements who were brought to the emergency department of our hospital due to e-scooter-related accidents between 2020 and 2020 were analyzed using statistical methods ret-rospectively. The majority of the victims were university students and the number of victims of the male gender was slightly higher and the mean age was 25.3±13.0 years. Most e-scooter accidents occur on weekdays. Most of the e-scooter-related accidents happen on weekdays and are non-collision type accidents. The majority of e-scooter-related accident victims were in the minor trauma group (injury severity score <9), predominantly had extremity and soft-tissue injuries and needed radiological examination (44 patients, 73.3%), and only eight victims (13.3%) required surgical operation and also all of the e-scooter victims were discharged fully healed. Among the more common collision-free e-scooter-related accidents that have a lower trauma severity score or cause minor soft-tissue injury, mono-trauma occurs more commonly than multisystem trauma; likewise, radius and nasal-weighted monofractures occur more commonly than multiple fractures, according to this study. Besides, effective measures and legal regulations should be put in place to prevent e-scooter-related accidents.

Comparison of Dental Anxiety Between Aerosol and Non-Aerosol Dental Procedures in Children Aged Between 5-13 Years

Background Fear is an unpleasant emotional state consisting of psychological and physiological changes in response to real external threats or dangers. In contrast anxiety is an emotion similar to fear but arising without any objective source of danger. Dental treatments are well known to trigger anxiety and fear in children as most commonly used instruments such as airotor and suction create a sense of fear and anxiety in them. This impacts not only the quality of outcome of treatment but also the attitude of a child towards dentists and dental care.Objective The aim of the study was to compare the levels of anxiety during various aerosol and non-aerosol dental treatments in children.Method One hundred and twenty children aged 5 to 13 years were evaluated for anxiety levels by undergoing various dental treatments aerosol and non-aerosol techniques. The level of dental fear was measured before during and after the treatment with a pulse oximeter Animated Emoji Scale AES and Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability FLACC scale.Results Subjects belonging to the non-aerosol technique group showed least anxiety levels. Maximum relaxation was seen in children undergoing atraumatic restorative treatment ART followed by the HALL technique group and then the conventional restorative procedures. Least comfort was seen in the conventional stainless steel crown group. Conclusion Non-aerosol techniques generate least anxiety in children and should be considered for treatment procedures involving children with higher anxiety levels.