Source Of Borrowing Research Articles

ЗАИМСТВОВАННАЯ ЛЕКСИКА С СЕМОЙ ‘СУХОЙ’ В ДИАЛЕКТАХ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО СЕВЕРА РОССИИ

The article deals with the Russian dialect vocabulary of foreign origin with the seme “dry”. The author considers the sources of borrowings to be the languages of peoples who have inhabited the European North of Russia from the earliest times (the Baltic-Finnic languages, the Sami language and the Komi language). The etymological analysis conducted led to the revision and updating of the current scientific etymology. For the majority of lexemes, the author suggests etymological solutions based on the latest sources in the Russian and Finno-Ugrian languages, which makes it possible to introduce into scientific use new data that extend the knowledge of interlingual contacts in the European North of Russia. The bulk of the borrowed lexemes with the seme “dry” is of the Baltic-Finnic or Sami origin. Komi and Nenets borrowings are uncommon. The loanwords have a broad geography – they occur over the entire territory of the region under study.

The Origin of the Article in Indo-European Languages of Western Europe

This paper is concerned with the origin of the article in Indo-European languages of Western Europe. Several hypotheses concerning the origin of the article are studied, including the hypothesis of spontaneous and independent development, the Arabic-origin hypothesis, the Hebrew-origin hypothesis and the Biblical-origin hypothesis. We suggest that the main source of article borrowing into the ancient languages of Western Europe (Germanic and Romance) was the Bible. Supposedly, the grammatical category in question penetrated into the languages when the Bible was translated into national languages. We present a historical analysis of literary monuments in Old French, Old Spanish, Old German, and Old English. This shows that these languages had acquired the article before the Bible was translated into the mentioned national languages. It allows us to suppose that Ulfilas’ Gothic Bible, which appeared earlier, was the source of penetration of the article into Western European languages. This assumption is based on the analysis of literary monuments in ancient languages spoken in Europe, as well as on the comparison of the geographical spread of the article in European languages and the map of Gothic conquests in the 6th century AD. Some of the research draws upon the electronic linguistic resources WALS (http://wals.info), the “Languages of the World” database of Institute of Linguistics of Russian Academy of Sciences, and the data of ASJP project (http://asjp.clld. org/). DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s4p61

Dzieje i pochodzenie zapożyczeń słownictwa z zakresu życia społecznego w Serbii i Czarnogórze do początku XX wieku

History and origin of language borrowings in social vocabulary of Serbia and Montenegro to the beginnings of 20th centuryThe article presents the main sources of language borrowings which developed the Serbian vocabulary within the scope of broadly defined social relationships and encompasses the period of time from the main sources of language borrowings till the beginnings of the 20th century. First of all the form of addressing family leaders and the most important family structures, the form of addressing of political, military and church leaders, the nomenclature of social layers’ members, officers as well as administration units have been included in the social vocabulary. Except the example of ways such borrowings were included into the Serbian language the article also presents history and politics background and socio-cultural conditioning in which the contacts and inter-language meetings took place. Some medieval borrowings from roman languages (Latin, Dalmatian dialects, and then Romanian) and Greek-Byzantine, and Turkish have been presented. We have tried to describe a wide stream of Turkish influence (with limited Italian and Albanian influence. Later periods were characterized by: German, Hungarian, Russian and later French. The work constitutes sort of supplement to the article of P. Ivić (Domaći i strani elementi u terminologiјi društvenog, ekonomskog i pravnog života u srednjovekovnoј Srbiјi as well as Razvoј terminologiјe u јeziku srednjovekovnikh Srba) which describes the influence of examined lexemes on social lexis, the ways of their adaptation and geography in the Serbian language area including especially history as well as socio-political background.

Rural banking system through credit and its effect on agricultural productivity in nagrota bagwan block in Kangra district of himachal pradesh

Present study was confined to Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. In this study Nagrota Bagwan block was selected randomly. A list of farmers, who had borrowed agricultural loan, was obtained from different banks and a sample of 50 beneficiaries was obtained from this block. The existing agricultural credit system in the study area showed that, Punjab National Bank, Himachal Gramin Bank,The Kangra Central Co-operative Bank and State Bank of Patiala, State Bank of India were operating.Overall % accessibility of sampled beneficiaries to the credit indicated that about 90 % of the loan applied was sanctioned by the institutions. Borrowing through Kisan Credit Card was the highest. State Bank of Patiala was the most important source of borrowings. Cost of borrowing was also found to be low. After availing the financial assistance, the investment on the farm machinery and implements increased substantially followed by investment on livestock. The overall change in investment was calculated to be about 28 %. Paddy and potato had the highest shift in area. The area under paddy increased by 30.76 % and 23.52 % in case of potato. Area under maize (HYV) increased by 10 % while in case of vegetable the increase was 14.28 %. Area under maize (local) and wheat decreased by 35.71 % and 14.63 % respectively. Maximum increase in fertilizer application was observed in potato (22.39 %), followed bymaize (21.62 %) and cucumber (18 %). The increase in productivity of cucumber was found to be highest (26.70 %), followed by paddy (15.01 %), potato (15.33 %), and vegetables (12.76 %). Productivity of maize (10 %) increased but in less proportion as compared to other crops. There was substantial increase in milk yield of Cross Bred Cow. The average annual income per household increased by about 10 %. The study recommends that there is a need for more awareness about lending among farmers from the institutional sources. Further, loans through Kisan Credit Card were quite high thus efforts should be made so that maximum farmers have Kisan Credit Card and can avail the bank loans without any difficulty.

Understanding financial inclusion in China

We use data from the World Bank Global Findex database for 2011 to analyze financial inclusion in China, including comparisons with the other BRICS countries. We find a high level of financial inclusion in China manifested by greater use of formal account and formal savings than in the other BRICS. Financial exclusion, i.e., not having a formal account, is mainly voluntary. The use of formal credit is however less frequent in China than in the other BRICS. Borrowing through family or friends is the most common way of obtaining credit in all the BRICS countries, but other channels for borrowing are not very commonly used by individuals in China. We find that higher income, better education, being a man, and being older are associated with greater use of formal accounts and formal credit in China. Income and education influence the use of alternative sources of borrowing. Overall financial inclusion does not constitute a major problem in China, but such limited use of formal credit can create a challenge for further economic development.

Brothers, household financial markets and savings rate in China

This study analyzes the effect of the number of brothers an individual has on that individual's household savings rate under the current underdeveloped household financial market in urban China. I show that having an additional brother reduces an individual's household savings rate by at least 5 percentage points. Brothers help households (1) by sharing risks, providing a source of informal borrowing, and (2) by sharing the cost of supporting parents. Sisters play a minor role in affecting a household's savings rate, mainly because of cultural norms. The decline in the average number of brothers in households induced by population policies explained at least one-third of the increased aggregate household savings rate in urban China.

Determinants of farmers’ choice of coping and adaptation measures to the drought hazard in northwest Balochistan, Pakistan

This study identifies the coping and adaptation behavior of the farm households and also examines the factors that influence farmers’ choice for drought-induced adaptation strategies. The study employs a multivariate probit model on 215 farm households’ survey data from northwest Balochistan, Pakistan. The findings reveal that the farmers have shown considerable fortitude in coping with the impacts of drought on their agro-based practices and employed several adaptation initiatives both at on-farm and off-farm levels. These include crop management, water management, adjustment in agricultural inputs, income diversification, economization of expenditure and consumption smoothing, migrating to other places to seek alternative sources of income, assets depletion, and borrowing. Empirically, it is depicted that landholding, annual income, livestock ownership, credit access, farmer-to-farmer extension, GOs/NGOs support increase the probability of farmers’ decision to cope and adapt better with drought hazard. This study implies for specific policy and practice-oriented solutions in order to cope with and adapt in drought situation.

Understanding Financial Inclusion in China

We use data from the World Bank Global Findex database for 2011 to analyze financial inclusion in China, including comparisons with the other BRICS countries. We find a high level of financial inclusion in China manifested by greater use of formal account and formal saving than in the other BRICS. Financial exclusion, i.e. not having a formal account, is mainly voluntary. The use of formal credit is however less frequent in China than in the other BRICS. Borrowing through family or friends is the most common way of obtaining credit in all the BRICS countries, but other channels for borrowing are not very commonly used by individuals in China. We find that higher income, better education, being a man, and being older are associated with greater use of formal accounts and formal credit in China. Income and education influence the use of alternative sources of borrowing. Overall financial inclusion does not constitute a major problem in China, but such limited use of formal credit can create a challenge for further economic development.

News Translation as a Source of Syntactic Borrowing in Italian

In this article, I present results from an investigation of translation in the press from English into Italian. The investigation combines fieldwork carried out in an international news agency with the linguistic analysis of a corpus of translated news dispatches. The investigation revolves around three case studies concerning adjective position, passive constructions, and verbal -ndo forms. I use the case studies to determine whether (and to what extent) news translation could be a source of syntactic borrowing in contemporary Italian. The results are interpreted in the context of a larger project on syntactic borrowing in French and Italian. By situating the results in this broader context, I am able to draw theoretical conclusions about news translation as a source of linguistic change, and more generally about the linguistic outcomes of language contact.

Impact of microcredit on poverty reduction among rural women in Ghana: The case of Upper East Region

The literature on microfinance reveals that microcredit is a powerful tool in reducing poverty. In consonance with this, the main objective of this study was to verify the impact of microcredit on poverty reduction among rural women in the Upper East Region of Ghana, using the Heckman method of estimation. In pursuance of this, data was collected from 500 women engaged in agro-processing of whom 250 were beneficiaries of microcredit and 250 non-beneficiaries. The results showed the existence of spatial differences in the levels of poverty in the Region. Respondents from Builsa, Kasena-Nankana, Bongo and Bawku West Districts had higher levels of weekly consumption expenditures and for that matter are better off than their counterparts from the Talensi/Nabdan District. Also the number of income generating activities and the number of sources of borrowing have a positive impact on poverty. The predicted weekly mean consumption expenditure indicated that respondents who received microcred: > are better off than those who did not receive microcredit as the.beneficiaries spend more per week than the non-beneficiaries. By implication, microcredit has a positive impact on poverty reduction among rural women engaged in agroprocessing in the Upper East Region. In the light of this, microcredit intervention should be strengthened in the Upper East Region since it has a positive impact on poverty reduction.

Financial literacy and its consequences: Evidence from Russia during the financial crisis

The ability of consumers to make informed financial decisions improves their ability to develop sound personal finance. This paper uses a panel data set from Russia, an economy in which household debt has grown at an astounding rate, to examine the importance of financial literacy and its effects on behavior. The paper studies both the financial and real consequences of financial illiteracy. Even though consumer borrowing increased very rapidly in Russia, only 41% of respondents demonstrate an understanding of interest compounding and only 46% can answer a simple question about inflation. Financial literacy is positively related to participation in financial markets and negatively related to the use of informal sources of borrowing. Moreover, individuals with higher financial literacy are significantly less likely to report experiencing a negative income shock during 2009 and have greater availability of unspent income and higher spending capacity. The relationship between financial literacy and availability of unspent income is higher in 2009, suggesting that financial literacy may better equip individuals to deal with macroeconomic shocks.

Comparison of In Situ and Laboratory Shear Wave Velocity Measurements in Compacted Backfill

Abstract The construction of a new nuclear power plant requires an excavation over 27.4 m (90 ft) deep. The excavation is backfilled with compacted sandy soils. The power plant is embedded about 12.2 m (40 ft) below grade; thus bearing on about 15.2 m (50 ft) of compacted backfill. During licensing and design of the plant, the shear wave velocity profile of the proposed backfill was estimated using results from laboratory testing [combined resonant column and torsional shear (RCTS)] and in situ shear wave velocity measurements. RCTS tests were conducted on representative samples of potential borrow sources. In situ velocity measurements, which included spectral-analysis-of-surface waves (SASW) and cross-hole seismic testing methods, were conducted on a 6.1-m- (20-ft-) thick embedded test pad of the potential borrow. During construction of the production backfill, in situ shear wave velocity measurements, using SASW methods, were taken at four levels during backfill placement, spaced nominally 6.1 to 7.6 m (20 to 25 ft) apart. The fourth and final level of testing was conducted nominally at plant grade. Cross-hole seismic testing through the backfill was also conducted at this level. This paper compares the results of estimated values made during the licensing and design phases of the project, based primarily on laboratory test results, with in situ shear wave velocity measurements made during the actual construction. In particular, SASW results from the first two levels of backfill tested [about 7.6 and 15.2 m (25 and 50 ft) of backfill] are evaluated. Results from the final two test levels of backfill, along with results of cross-hole testing, were not available at this writing. The comparison of laboratory results and in situ testing provides good agreement. The assumptions made to develop the estimated values during the licensing phase are compared to the as-built measurements of shear wave velocity accounting for actual backfill materials and construction practices reflected in the in situ values.

Optimal site selection for heap leaching structures by the analytic hierarchy process (case study: taft heap leaching structure, Iran)

Streszczenie Lokalizacja składowiska odpadów z procesów hydrometalurgicznych ma bardzo duży wpływ na koszty jego budowy i ryzyka związane ze środowiskiem. Wybór miejsc ługowania hałdy zależy od różnych parametrów technicznych (topograficznych, hydrologicznych, hydrogeologicznych i innych) oraz od uwarunkowań ekono­micznych i ekologicznych. W wielu przypadkach wybór optymalnych miejsc ługowania hałdy dokonywany jest z uwzględnieniem szeregu kryteriów za pomocą metod ELECTRE, TOPSIS i AHP. W artykule, w pierwszej kolejności określono kryteria do lokalizacji miejsc ługowania (o charakterze technicznym, finansowym i środo­ wiskowym) i zbadano ich wpływ na wybór lokalizacji miejsc ługowania. Następnie korzystając z metody AHP problem decyzyjny rozpatrywano na trzech poziomach, wykorzystując oprogramowanie „Expert Choice". W celu sprawdzenia metody wybrano hałdę w okolicy Taft, prowincji Yazd w Iranie. Analiza wrażliwości, która bada reakcję całego przedsięwzięcia została przeprowadzona dla głównych kryteriów technicznych, ekono­micznych i środowiskowych.

Evolution of India's government debt market: challenges and opportunities

Existence of well-developed government (govt.) debt market is critical for investors, market participants and policy makers. Administered interest rates, artificially low coupon rates were some of the dominant features of the market until 1990. Starting 1992, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has taken several reform initiatives to build a vibrant liquid, competitive and integrated govt. debt market with the purpose of: 1) providing a benchmark yield curve whose information content could guide policymakers and investors; 2) making transmission mechanism of monetary policy impulses effective; 3) making a constant source of government borrowing to finance the fiscal deficit. Over the past two decades, the govt. debt market has demonstrated a steady improvement in terms of liquidity and infrastructure enhancements which should convince the investors that it does not function under the manipulation of RBI. The study by Kanjilal (2011) shows that movements in govt. debt market are still a reflection of RBI's policy change. Separation of 'debt management' from 'monetary management', widening both domestic and foreign investors' base and consolidation of regulatory bodies are some vital steps to make govt. debt market globally competitive.

International banking during the Global Financial Crisis: U.K. and U.S. perspectives

We provide insights into international bank lending and borrowing, taken from the perspective of banks domiciled in the United Kingdom and the United States. Banks based in these countries are the major recipients and source of international bank lending and borrowing. We also show how these flows have been affected by the Global Financial Crisis. The results have particular interest for regulators, since much of the debate on the scale and scope of international banking concerns the absolute level of exposures, rather than net exposures.

Source text borrowing in an integrated reading/writing assessment

Source-based writing is becoming more common in tests of academic English, in part to make tests more reflective of authentic academic writing. However, the concern has been raised that over-reliance on language from the source texts in essays may mask gaps in proficiency and thus lead to an inaccurate assessment of writing skill. In this paper, we present results of a study designed to determine the extent to which students borrow source text language in an integrated reading/writing test. Sixty-three essays were transcribed verbatim and coded for source text borrowing using a scheme adapted from Shi (2004). The sample was selected to represent two different writing topics, two student groups (undergraduate and graduate), and four levels of proficiency. Each incidence of textual borrowing was coded for length (number of words), whether it was quoted, referenced, or not referenced, and whether it was copied, modified, or reformulated. Results suggest that only a small percentage of students borrowed extensively from the source texts and that there were only minor differences in patterns of borrowing across topics, student groups and proficiency levels.

NATIVIZATION AND USE OF BORROWING WORDS IN BAHASA INDONESIA

Bahasa Indonesia, the national language of Indonesia, has traditionally borrowed items from the world’s classical languages, Sanskrit and Arabic. However, elements from European languages, especially English, have also massively influenced the expansion of Bahasa Indonesia’s lexicons. Massive influx of the latter has caused a controversy among Indonesia’s linguists and other experts. Should greater loan be made from the former, as traditional source of borrowings, or should Bahasa Indonesia borrow more from the latter, as the language of modernity symbol in Indonesia? The controversy has been cleverly resolved with the adaptation and combination of elements of seemingly conflicting sources to serve specifically Indonesian objectives. In the lexical modernization of Bahasa Indonesia, despite the apparent irreconcilability of the two approaches to the use of foreign borrowings, Indonesians are effectively utilizing in a systematic manner the diverse foreign languages that their rich and varied history has made available to them.<br />Keywords: Lexical Borrowing, Nativization, Bahasa Indonesia, Language Modernization<br /><br />

Financial Literacy and the Financial Crisis

The ability of consumers to make informed financial decisions improves their chances of having sound personal finance. This paper uses a panel dataset from Russia, where consumer loans grew at an astounding rate -- from about US$10 billion in 2003 to over US$170 billion in 2008 -- to examine the importance of financial literacy and its relationship with behavior. The survey asked questions on financial literacy, consumer borrowing (formal and informal), and spending behavior. The paper studies the consequences of greater financial literacy on the use of financial products and financial planning. Even though consumer borrowing rose rapidly in Russia, only 41 percent of the survey respondents understood how interest compounding worked and only 46 percent could answer a simple question about inflation. Financial literacy is positively related to participation in financial markets and negatively related to the use of informal sources of borrowing. Individuals with higher rates of financial literacy are significantly more likely to report having more unspent income at the end of the month and higher spending capacity. The relationship between financial literacy and the availability of unspent income is more evident during the financial crisis, suggesting that better financial literacy may better equip individuals to deal with macroeconomic shocks.

The Effect of Gender-Based Returns to Borrowing on Intra-Household Resource Allocation in Rural Bangladesh

Summary Income from rural microcredit borrowing can empower women and consequently lead to investments in children’s education and health. This article examines the effect of male and female self-employment returns to borrowing in rural Bangladesh on intra-household resource allocation and decision making abilities and how these effects differ with different borrowing sources. Household expenditure patterns measure intra-household allocation. The results show that female borrowers are better able to allocate their income toward goods more valuable to them and make major household decisions when their income increases. This serves as evidence of increased empowerment or bargaining power of rural women in Bangladesh.

Structure of Indebtedness of Households in Semi-Arid Tropics of India

The credit delivery system in India comprises both formal and informal institutions. The formal system comprises commercial banks, regional rural banks and cooperatives, while the predominant informal sources of credit are commission agents, traders, friends and relatives, chit funds and more recently, self-help groups. This paper has examined aspects like (i) who gets cheaper and who gets costly loans? (ii) How different borrowers and lenders are matched to each other? (iii) For what purpose households borrow (production, consumption, investment, social)? and lastly, (iv) Are informal sources exploitative? The paper has used Village Dynamic Studies in South Asia data for 18 Semi-Arid Tropics villages in India comprising 857 households for the year 2009. The study has found that informal borrowings from relatives, friends, traders and commission agents continue to form a major source of total borrowings in the rural India. Generally, borrowings from formal sources are for large amounts at a lower interest rate compared to from informal borrowings. However, the majority of formal borrowings are skewed towards large landholders, and upper caste households who can offer collateral securities and also benefit from crop loans, for which basic eligibility criteria for getting loans is land. The borrowings from informal sources have been found distributed across all class and caste groups uniformly as these are mostly inter-personal borrowings with no collateral securities. About half of the borrowings from friends and traders carry no interest rate, but for very small amounts and for a shorter duration. However, on average informal sources have been found charging three-times interest rates that of formal sources if we account for product input-credit market linkages.