Abstract
This paper is concerned with the origin of the article in Indo-European languages of Western Europe. Several hypotheses concerning the origin of the article are studied, including the hypothesis of spontaneous and independent development, the Arabic-origin hypothesis, the Hebrew-origin hypothesis and the Biblical-origin hypothesis. We suggest that the main source of article borrowing into the ancient languages of Western Europe (Germanic and Romance) was the Bible. Supposedly, the grammatical category in question penetrated into the languages when the Bible was translated into national languages. We present a historical analysis of literary monuments in Old French, Old Spanish, Old German, and Old English. This shows that these languages had acquired the article before the Bible was translated into the mentioned national languages. It allows us to suppose that Ulfilas’ Gothic Bible, which appeared earlier, was the source of penetration of the article into Western European languages. This assumption is based on the analysis of literary monuments in ancient languages spoken in Europe, as well as on the comparison of the geographical spread of the article in European languages and the map of Gothic conquests in the 6th century AD. Some of the research draws upon the electronic linguistic resources WALS (http://wals.info), the “Languages of the World” database of Institute of Linguistics of Russian Academy of Sciences, and the data of ASJP project (http://asjp.clld. org/). DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s4p61
Highlights
IntroductionThe article as a grammatical category of a language is tightly connected with its case system (system of actant relations), fixed word order, and topic-comment information structure of the sentence
The article as a grammatical category of a language is tightly connected with its case system, fixed word order, and topic-comment information structure of the sentence
We suggest that the main source of article borrowing into the ancient languages of Western Europe (Germanic and Roman) was the Gothic Bible translation
Summary
The article as a grammatical category of a language is tightly connected with its case system (system of actant relations), fixed word order, and topic-comment information structure of the sentence. It allowed us to suppose that it was Ulfilas’ Gothic Bible (written in the middle of the IV-th century) which made Gothic the first language to borrow the article from Koine Greek, and that Gothic became a mediator in the process of borrowing of the article from Koine Greek into Indo-European languages spoken in Europe during the Middle Age (along with the Vulgate, Ulfila's Bible was one of the first translations of the Bible into national languages – Latin and Gothic) This assumption is based on the analysis of literary monuments in ancient languages spoken in Europe, as well as on the comparison of the geographical spread of the article in European languages and the map of Gothic conquests in the 6th century AD. Following the introduction to this paper is a section dedicated to the function of the article in general, an excursus into the history of the development of the article in Indo-European languages, an overview of the hypotheses on how the article could be borrowed into Indo-European languages of Western Europe, and, a section with conclusions
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