Sorption Time Research Articles

Granulated Sorption Material Based on Cellulose for Extracting Silver from Thiocyanate Solutions

The ability to apply granulated materials with cellulose as sorbents for silver extraction from thiocyanate solutions in industrial technological schemes is studied. Samples extracted from sulfite unbleached pulp from coniferous wood via preactivation, dilution, chemical modification, and extraction with successive curing of granules formed are studied. The granule surface is shown to possess a developed pore system with diameter of 2–5 μm. The optimum time of silver sorption from a potassium thiocyanate solution by a cellulose-containing sorbent with a weight of 500 ± 2 mg is found to be 120 min. The silver anion complexes can be completely extracted from thiocyanate solutions with a silver content of not higher than 1 g/L. The experimentally evaluated sorption capacity of a cellulose-containing material in relation to silver is 20 mg/g.

Preparation of magnetite/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/metal-organic framework composite for dispersive magnetic micro solid phase extraction of parabens and phthalate esters from water samples and various types of cream for their determination with liquid chromatography

In the current study, MMWCNTs@MIL-101(Cr) (Fe3O4/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/MIL-101(Cr)) was synthesized and utilized as a new sorbent for the first time. It was employed successfully for the extraction of parabens and phthalate esters (PEs) from water and cream samples prior to their quantification with HPLC-DAD. The prepared metal-organic-framework (MOF) was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), EDX mapping, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Three phthalate esters (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diallyl phthalate (DAP)) and two parabens (methylparaben (MP) and butylparaben (BP)) were chosen as model analytes. Several experimental factors affecting the extraction efficiency, including pH value, nanosorbent amount, sorption time, salt concentration, sample volume, type and volume of the eluent, and elution time were investigated. The optimization of the extraction method was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability function (DF) approach. Under the opted conditions, the method was linear in the range of 0.1–1500 μg L−1 with coefficients of determination > 0.9991. The limits of detection of PEs and parabens were found in the range of 0.03-0.15 μg L−1 (S/N = 3). The relative standard deviations were less than 7.5% and the extraction recoveries ranged from 38.04 to 70.62%. The present method was simple, rapid, inexpensive and environmentally friendly and was successfully utilized for the determination of PEs and parabens in water samples and various types of cream samples with satisfactory results.

A nanosized magnetic metal-organic framework of type MIL-53(Fe) as an efficient sorbent for coextraction of phenols and anilines prior to their quantitation by HPLC.

The authors describe the synthesis of a magnetic metal-organic framework (MOF) of type MIL-53(Fe) for coextraction of phenols and anilines from various environmental samples. A quick method for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μ-SPE) was developed for coextraction of the analytes 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 4-chloroaniline (4-CA), 1-amino-2-naphtol (1-A2N) and 2, 4-dichloroaniline (2, 4-DCA). The MOF was characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, EDS, thermogravimetry, VSM and XRD. The method was optimized by response surface methodology combined with desirability function approach, specifically with respect to pH value of the sample, amount of sorbent, sorption time, salt concentration, sample volume, type and volume of the eluent, and elution time. Following elution with acetonitrile, the analytes were quantified by HPLC with photodiode array detection. Responses are linear in 0.1-2000μg·L-1 concentration ranges. The limits of detection and relative standard deviations (for n= 5) are in the range of 0.03-0.2μg·L-1 and 3.5-12.6%, respectively. Enrichment factors are 113, 61, 87, 144 and 114 for 4-NP, 4-CP, 4-CA, 1-A2N and 2,4-DCA, respectively. Recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 39.5 to 93.3%. The magnetic sorbent was successfully applied to the coextraction and determination of the analytes in river, rain and hookah water samples. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation for the synthesis of (a) Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and (b) Fe3O4@MIL-53(Fe). Fe3O4@MIL-53(Fe) was employed as a new nanosorbent in dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of phenols and anilines. The limits of detection are in the range of 0.03-0.2μg·L-1.

Column and batch sorption investigations of nickel(II) on extractant-impregnated resin.

Macroporous resin-supported reagents have been identified as potential adsorbents for removal of toxic pollutants. This article presents an experimental designed to evaluate the sorption and desorption of nickel(II) with the help of column and batch procedure using simple extractant-impregnated resin (EIR). Isonitroso-4-methyl-2-pentanone (IMP) as an extractant was impregnated on a solid support like Amberlite XAD-4 to prepare the EIR sorbent. Column experimental conditions such as pH, sample flow rate and volume, eluting solution, and interfering ions were studied to optimize the nickel(II) sorption and recovery from aqueous media. The column results suggest that the quantitative nickel(II) sorption was observed at pH 5-6, and the quantitative recovery (≥ 95%) was achieved by using 1.0 M HNO3. The high concentrations of cations and anions (except EDTA) present in the spiked binary and multi-element mixture solution show no interferences in both quantitative sorption and recovery of nickel(II), whereas the batch experiments were performed to evaluate nickel(II) sorption behavior using the linearized and non-linearized kinetic and isotherm models. By error function analysis, the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-first-order kinetic model were found to describe best the experimental data obtained over the studied concentration range and sorption time, respectively. The maximum sorption capacity of nickel(II) onto the EIR sorbent was found to be ~ 81 mg/g. The mean free energy (E = 10.1 kJ/mol) determined using Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm suggests chemical nature of nickel(II) sorption on EIR. The novelty of the EIR adsorbent lies in its potential for separation and recovery of nickel(II) at trace level in water samples of different origin.

Microplastic-Contaminant Interactions: Influence of Nonlinearity and Coupled Mass Transfer.

Microplastic particles are ubiquitously detected in the environment. Despite intensive public and scientific discussions, their potential to transport contaminants in rivers and oceans under environmental conditions is still under assessment. In the present study we measured sorption isotherms and kinetics in batch experiments using phenanthrene (as a typical hydrophobic wastewater contaminant) and microplastic particles of different sizes and materials. We observed a linear sorption isotherm for polyethylene, in contrast to nonlinear sorption of polyamide and polystyrene, which could be best described by the Freundlich and the Polanyi-Dubinin-Manes isotherms, respectively. We modeled sorption kinetics as a combination of external mass transfer governed by diffusion through an aqueous boundary layer and intraparticle diffusion within the plastic. Which of these processes controls the kinetics depends on the sorption strength, particle size, diffusion coefficients, and time. We used semi-analytical and numerical methods to simulate the coupled mass transfer for both linear and nonlinear sorption. We successfully applied the semi-analytical model to polyethylene and the numerical code to polyamide and polystyrene, reproducing the measured kinetics and obtaining reasonable values for mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion coefficients. Subsequently, we used these coefficients to estimate the transport potential and relevant time scales for microplastic-bound contaminants under environmental conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1635-1644. © 2019 SETAC.

Removal of Cesium Radionuclides from Aqueous Media with an Aluminosilicate Sorbent Prepared from Belaruskalii Production Waste

The sorption ability of an aluminosilicate sorbent prepared from clay-salt slimes (Belaruskalii production waste, Belarus) was studied. The 137Cs sorption is the most efficient at pH 2.5-10.5. At the sorbent dosage of 4 g dm3 and sorption time of 1 h, the degree of the 137Cs sorption from aqueous solution is 98.8%. The sorbent performance in the 137Cs removal is mainly determined by the kind (Na+, K+, Ca2+) and concentrations of macrocomponents in surface and groundwater. The aluminosilicate sorbent selectively takes up 137Cs from an aqueous solution in the presence of Na+ and Ca2+ cations, but in the presence of K+ cations the selective sorption of 137Cs is observed at K+ concentrations lower than 1 mM.

Silica-coated magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite based magnetic solid phase extraction of trace amounts of heavy metals in water samples prior to determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The silica-coated magnetic graphene oxide (Fe3O4-GO@SiO2) composites were synthesized by a simple procedure in this work. The nanocomposite was characterized and applied for the rapid magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), silver (Ag) ions at trace level in environmental water samples. Various experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the target metal ions by Fe3O4-GO@SiO2 were investigated and optimized, including sorbent dosage, pH of sample solution, sorption time, volume and eluent concentration, as well as elution time. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LODs, 3σ) for the target analytes were obtained in the range of 2.023–13.810 ng L−1. The recoveries of the target metals in four environmental water samples ranged from 83% to 109% and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were lower than 7%. Moreover, in batch adsorption experiments, the adsorption of these seven metal ions was relatively speedy and the equilibrium was established after shaking 35 min which kinetics followed the pseudo second-order model, indicating a chemisorption nature. The adsorption process was simulated by the Langmuir isotherm accurately, and the calculated maximum adsorption (qmax) capacities of Fe3O4-GO@SiO2 were 182.98 mg g−1, 116.35 mg g−1, 226.08 mg g−1, 149.59 mg g−1, 100.81 mg g−1, 168.55 mg g−1 and 141.09 mg g−1 for Cr (III), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Cd (II), Pb (II) and Ag (I), respectively. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for simultaneous and sensitive determination of target metals at trace level in environmental water samples.

Sorption of Methylene Blue by Alternative Adsorbents

Abstract The presence of dyes in effluents is a major concern due to their adverse effects to many forms of life. Dyes are generally removed by conventional sorbents. This article discusses the use of adsorbents from the waste metal production (low-cost sorbents), red mud (RM) and black nickel mud (BNM), to remove methylene blue solution (MB) under different test conditions, such as time and temperature of sorption and weight of sorbent samples. From the obtained data, we can claim that the highest achieved sorption efficiency was achieved by a RM sorbent at 60 °C after 48 hours of sorption with all three weights of samples (83.01 – 83.72%).

Sorption of Tonalide, Musk Xylene, Galaxolide, and Musk Ketone by microplastics of polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride

The effects of time, temperature, and salinity on the adsorption of Tonalide (AHTN), Musk Xylene (MX), Galaxolide (HHCB), and Musk Ketone (MK) by microplastics of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are studied. Results indicate that the equilibrium sorption time was about 10 h and the adsorption kinetics model conformed to the first-order adsorption kinetic model and pseudo-second order kinetic model, this indicates that the main adsorption mechanism might be chemical adsorption and physical absorption. Adsorption reached a nadir at 15 °C and 14% salinity. The adsorption capacity gradually increases, and then decreases, finally increases with an increase in NaCl concentration. Due to the specific surface area and the pore volume of PVC was larger than PE, the adsorption capacity of PVC was higher than that of PE in the equal conditions.

Sustainable Removal of Cr(VI) by Lime Peel and Pineapple Core Wastes

The search for efficient and environmentally friendly adsorbents has positioned lignocellulosic materials as attractive and low-cost alternatives instead of synthetic materials. Consequently, the present work investigates the efficacy of untreated lime peel (LM) and pineapple core (PP) as biosorbents for Cr(VI) removal. The maximum adsorption capacities (acquired at 24 h) of these sorbents were 9.20 and 4.99 mg/g, respectively. The use of these sorbents is expected to offer a rapid and efficient solution to treat effluents containing Cr(VI). Pineapple core showed the best biosorption properties and good distribution coefficients (distribution coefficient KD 8.35–99.20 mL/g) and the optimization of the adsorption was carried out by a response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken design. Thus, the effect of pH, biosorbent dosage, and temperature were assessed during the whole procedure. Three different responses were studied—Cr(VI) removal, Cr biosorption, and distribution coefficient—and the optimal conditions for maximizing the responses were identified by numerical optimization applying the desirability function. The resulting optimal conditions were: initial solution pH 2.01, biosorbent dosage 30 g/L, and temperature 30.05 °C. Finally, the process scale-up was evaluated by the simulation of the process working with a column of 100 L using the Fixed-bed Adsorption Simulation Tool (FASTv2.1). This research presents the obtained environmental benefits: i) reduction of pineapple waste, ii) Cr(VI) reduction and biosorption, iii) shortest sorption time for Cr, iv) properties that allow the biosorption process on the flow system, and v) low-cost process.

Synthesis and characterization of egg-albumen-formaldehyde based magnetic polymeric resin (MPR): Highly efficient adsorbent for Cd(II) ion removal from aqueous medium

In this study, egg-albumen-formaldehyde based magnetic polymeric resin (MPR) was synthesized and used for the removal of Cd(II) ion from aqueous solution. Different variables affecting the adsorption of Cd(II) ion such as sorption time, pH of the solution, initial concentration of Cd(II) ion and temperature were also examined. The percentage removal of Cd(II) ion was increased with increasing contact time and temperature. The highest removal of Cd(II) ion was observed at pH 7 and the equilibrium was achieved within 4 h. Thermodynamic factors such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were also evaluated from graphical interpretation of the experimental results. Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, which fitted well with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity which was obtained using Langmuir equation was found to be 149.3 mg g−1 at 298 K which was increased with increasing temperature. Regeneration studies were also performed using 0.1 M HCl solution to examine the reusability characteristics of MPR. Consequently, it was concluded that the MPR could be successfully used for the removal of the Cd(II) ion from aqueous medium.

Dynamics of Sorption—Desorption of 223Ra Therapeutic α-Emitter on Granulated Hydroxyapatite

The dynamics of the 223Ra distribution in the volume of spherical hydroxyapatite (HAP) granules in the course of the 223Ra sorption from aqueous solutions onto sorbent particles and desorption was studied by α-track radiography. The optimum time of contact of the sample with a detector (exposure) was found, and a procedure for preparing experimental samples was suggested. Taking into account the density of the porous sorbent, the ranges of the α-particles emitted by 223Ra and its daughter products and of the recoil nuclei were estimated. The averaged effective range of the α-particles in HAP is ∼35 μm. A mathematical model of the Ra diffusion into the depth of the porous sorbent, taking into account the sorption, was developed on the basis of the parameters obtained. The effective diffusion coefficient was estimated at ∼3 × 10–5 cm2 s–1. Correlation be¬tween the sorbent particle size, radionuclide sorption time, and the absorbed dose produced by the particle in a biological tissue was demonstrated.

Polypyrrole‐modified magnetic nanoparticles and high‐performance liquid chromatography for determination of glibenclamide from biological fluids

In this research, the successful application of polypyrrole (PPy)-modified magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) is described as an efficient adsorbent for the extraction and the preconcentration of glibenclamide (GB). To measure it in biological fluids samples, HPLC-UV detection was used. First, iron oxide NPs were prepared by coprecipitation procedure and then their surface was modified by PPy monomers. Characteristics of Fe3O4@PPy NPs were investigated by FTIR technique and NP size studied with scanning electron microscopy. The vibrating sample magnetometer was used to characterise the magnetic properties of the prepared modified NPs. The affecting parameters in extraction including analyte sorption time, analyte desorption time, ionic strength, sample volume, pH, eluent type, eluent amount, and amount of Fe3O4@PPy NPs were investigated and optimised. The linear range of the proposed method is 0.2–700.0 μg l−1 and the limit of detection is 0.1 μg l − 1. The relative standard deviation for five replicate analyses was 3.9. Finally, the proposed procedure was successfully employed for preconcentration and determination of GB in biological fluids.

Synthesis and characterization of zeolite-based composites functionalized with nanoscale zero-valent iron for removing arsenic in the presence of selenium from water.

We studied the sorption of As(V) in single and multi-component (As(V)-Se(VI)) aqueous systems using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and nZVI-functionalized zeolite (Z-nZVI) adsorbents. Morphological and physico-chemical characterization of the adsorbents was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface area and electrophoretic mobility measurements. SEM and XRD analyses showed that Fe-nanoparticle size and crystallinity were better preserved in Z-nZVI than nZVI after As(V) sorption. Highly efficient As(V) removal was achieved for all tested adsorbents with a minimal competition effect of Se(VI). In the single-component system, the equilibrium As(V) sorption time on nZVI and Z-nZVI was 40 and 60 min, respectively, while in the multi-component system, this time was 90 min for both the adsorbents. The Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models provided good fittings for the experimental sorption data (r2>0.96). The As(V) removal capacity was higher using Z-nZVI than nZVI both in the single and multi-component systems, suffering minimal differences in removal in both cases. The results suggested that Z-nZVI had more specific surface sites for As(V) than nZVI and zeolite, which makes Z-nZVI a more effective adsorbent than nZVI for the removal of As(V) from aqueous solutions in the presence of other oxyanions.

Lysozyme sorption by pure-silica zeolite MFI films

Nanostructured, porous materials, like zeolites, have been suggested as possible materials for biomedical applications in implantable device coatings, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems due to their unique interactions with biomolecules and biological environments. Here, the fundamental sorption interactions between a pure-silica zeolite (MFI) with lysozyme, a positively charged enzyme, are discussed. Lysozyme sorption is considered a model for innate immunological processes in the body; high lysozyme sorption has been correlated with materials that are naturally antibiotic and act as cell guardians. The impact of three different parameters on the sorption of lysozyme was evaluated via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and bicinchoninic acid assays (BCA assays), including the orientation of the film’s crystal structure (b-oriented or randomly-oriented), the lysozyme incubation volume (200 μL, 400 μL, 600 μL, 800 μL), and the lysozyme incubation time (1, 6, and 24 h). Additionally, the films were characterized via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In this work, we demonstrated that MFI films are capable of lysozyme sorption. Further, our observations suggested that, while crystal orientation did not play a significant role in the sorption process, incubation volume and time both impact sorption. The highest amounts of sorbed lysozyme were detected when films were incubated at intermediate volumes (400 and 600 μL) and shorter incubation times. The films’ ability to sorb differing amounts of lysozyme, depending on uptake parameters, make MFI films and coatings tailorable candidates for supports and/or coatings for implantable devices.

An efficient 2-mercapto-5-phenylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole functionalized magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite for preconcentrative determination of mercury in water and seafood samples

In this work, an efficient 2-mercapto-5-phenylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (2-MPATD) modified magnetic graphene oxide was synthesized and utilized to preconcentrative determination of inorganic mercury (Hg(II) ions) in water and seafood samples. At first graphene oxide sheets were decorated with Fe3O4 NPs to obtain magnetic graphene oxide, and then magnetic graphene oxide sheets were coated with a silica layer. Afterwards, magnetic graphene oxide@SiO2 was functionalized by 2-MPATD (mGO@SiO2@2-MPATD nanocomposite). FT-IR, SEM, elemental analysis and vibrating sample magnetometry techniques were employed to characterize the nanosorbent. Experimental design was performed to monitor and find the parameters that affect the extraction performance. After sorption and elution steps, the concentration of Hg(II) was measured by employing cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. The highest extraction performance was achieved under the following conditions: sorption time (10.0 min), pH value (6.3), sorbent amount (16 mg); eluent (HNO3 solution; 1.25 mol L-l; 1.7 mL), and elution time (14.0 min). The obtained detection limit was 0.008 ng mL−1. Finally, the method was utilized for rapid determination of mercury ions in various real samples, satisfactorily.

Fast and sensitive determination of heavy metal ions as batophenanthroline chelates in food and water samples after dispersive micro-solid phase extraction using graphene oxide as sorbent

A preconcentration procedure is presented for the dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) of trace amounts of Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Cr(III), Mn(II), and Fe(III) as their batophenanthroline chelate complexes on the graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique. The influence of analytical parameters including pH, type and concentration of eluent, amount of complexing reagent, sorption time and sample volume on the quantitative recoveries of analytes were investigated in order to obtain the optimum conditions. The experiment shows that metal ions can be simultaneously preconcentrated at pH of 8 with high recoveries (in the range of 90–97%) and excellent precision (RSDs within 1.6–3.0%). The detection limits are 0.25, 0.06, 0.16, 0.06, 0.12 and 0.21 ng mL−1 for Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Cr(III), Mn(II), and Fe(III), respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination trace amounts of analytes in food and water samples.

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using polyaniline/graphene oxide or polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide composites

ABSTRACT The polymeric nanocomposites polyaniline/graphene oxide (PANI/GO) and polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide (PANI/RGO) were synthesized for effective dye removal through the adsorption process. Synthesized composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR analyses. The sorption of methylene blue dye (MB) on the PANI/GO or (PANI/RGO) composites were studied as a function of contact time, concentration, temperature, adsorbent dosage and pH, and the results showed that MB sorption was dependent on pH value. The optimum concentration of the dye and the contact time for sorption of MB on PANI/GO or PANI/RGO was determined to be 270 min and 50 mg/L, respectively while the adsorbent dosage of PANI/GO and PANI/RGO were determined to be 0.4 and 0.3 g, respectively. At optimum conditions, the nature of the adsorption process have been investigated by kinetic and isotherm models. The results showed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics this noticed from the higher value of correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.991) and was best suited to the Langmuir model. The maximum dye adsorption capacity of PANI/GO and PANI/RGO were estimated to be 14.2 and 19.2 mg g−1 respectively. From the results, it can be assured that the PANI/RGO is more effectively than PANI/GO for the removal of dye pollutants in water.

Optimizing process parameters for the adsorption of phosphorus from synthetic wastewater on coconut shell based activated carbon

AbstractActivated carbon was prepared from coconut shell, an agricultural waste, for the removal of phosphorus from synthetic phosphorus‐containing wastewater. The activated carbon obtained from the coconut shell was characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, particle size, adsorbent dosage, and sorption time on the adsorptive potential of the prepared activated carbon. Response surface methodology was employed to study the interactions among the variables and to optimize the process conditions for the maximum removal of phosphorus using the coconut shell–based activated carbon (CNS). The characterization results from the FTIR showed the presence of variety of functional groups, such as −OH, −NH, C=O, C−H, C−N, CH3, and CH2, which explains the CNS's improved adsorption behavior on the colloidal particles. A maximum performance of 95.22% was obtained for CNS at the optimum conditions of adsorbent dosage = 1,000 milligrams (local variable), pH 2 (local variable), particle size = 0.2 millimeters (local variable), and sorption time = 4.2 hours (global variable).

Development of magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the simultaneous determination of biphenyl and biphenyl oxide in water samples

A new and sensitive method, termed magnetic solid phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextracton (MSPE–DLLME), has been developed for the simultaneous determination of biphenyl and biphenyl oxide in water samples. Different parameters influencing the extraction efficiency, including the amount of sorbent, sorption time, type of elution solvent and its volume, type of extraction solvent and its volume, and elution time were optimized. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5–100 μg/L for both of them. The limits of detection (LODs) were achieved, 0.03 μg/L for biphenyl and 0.07 μg/L for biphenyl oxide, respectively. Ultimately, the applicability of the method was successfully confirmed by the extraction and determination of biphenyl and biphenyl oxide in sea, river, tap, and water well.