Saponin Solution Research Articles

Spectrophotometry of solutions containing three components, with special reference to the simultaneous determination of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in human blood

A method for the spectrophotometric determination of a three-component system is presented. The method is applied to the simultaneous determination of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in human blood. The three-component system comprising oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin is determined by measuring the optical density at 4 wavelengths, using a layer thickness of 0.013 cm. Except for a drop of saponin solution to bring about hemolysis, no chemicals are added to the blood. A suitable method for calculating the results is described.

The stability of elementary emulsion drops and emulsions

The rates of coalescence of oil and water drops at the oil-water interface have been measured in the presence of soaps, cholesterol, saponin, serum albumin, and polyvinyl alcohol. Interfacial viscosity and tension data have been obtained for some of the systems. With potassium laurate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, or sodium desoxycholate as stabilizer, benzene and paraffin drops possess maximum stabilities at concentrations slightly greater than the critical micellar concentration (c.m.c.). Drops of the aqueous soap solutions in a continuous oil medium coalesce very rapidly, in accordance with the preferential oil-in-water emulsifying power of the above soaps. Mixed adsorbed films of cholesterol and potassium laurate at the paraffin—water interface have a greater stabilizing effect than either cholesterol or potassium laurate films alone. The stability of oil drops in aqueous solutions of saponin or serum albumin is very high, but drops of aqueous saponin or serum albumin in a continuous oil phase are stable for only a few seconds, despite the high viscosity of the adsorbed films. It is concluded that the main factor determining stability in all the systems examined is the resistance to wetting of segments of the adsorbed film by the discontinuous phase. An explanation is given for certain empirical rules relating emulsion type to preferential wettability or solubility of the stabilizing agent in oil and water.

蛙胃内に投与せるDigitalis剤の吸牧に及ぼす界面活性剤の影響

The experiment was carried out to study how effective the surface active agents for absorption of g-strophanthin and digitoxin administered in the stomach of a frog. The drug absorption from the alimentary tracts was estimated by measuring the time required for the cardiac arrest from the drug administration. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The absorption of g-strophanthin was promoted by Tween 80 and Tween 20 in concentrations under 0.05%, but was inhibited in the higher. (2) Saponin solution (below 0.1%) promoted the absorption of g-strophanthin. The heart was injured by saponin in a higher concentration, so that it was very difficult to judge the effect of saponin for the drug absorption. (3) Emulgen 408 (polyoxyethylen oleylether) and Aerosol IB prolonged the time to the cardiae arrest by g-strophanthin. (4) The absorption of g-stropanthin applied hypodermically was checked by adding Tween 80, Aerosol IB, and Saponin. (5) The absorption of digitoxin given gastrically was also checked by Tween 80 and Emulgen 408. Thus, the effect of Tween 80 to absorption of g-strophanthin by alimentary tracts differs from that of of digitoxin. It seems to be related with the fact that the former is not easily absorbed but latter is absorbed almost 100%. (6) The micellation phenomenon by Tween 80 (Tween 20) plays a role in the mechanism of the absorption of strophanthin, because the critical concentration promoting the drug absorption coincided with the critical micellation concentration (CMC).

Physicochemical Properties of the Surface of Aqueous Solutions. III. Mechanical Behavior of Surface of Micellar and Macromolecular Solution

Abstract 1. A torsion ring method using a suspension wire of low torsion constant was employed for the measurement of a surface viscosity and rigidity of aqueous solutions. 2. The mechanical behaviours of the surfaces of the solutions of saponin, polyvinyl alcohol, crystal violet and horse serum albumin aged for one hour were analysed and expressed using mechanical models. The corresponding rigidity and viscosity were estimated. 3. The mechanical models observed were the Newtonian flow, non-Newtonian flow, Maxwell model with Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow, Voigt model, and three para-meter model consisting of a series combination of a spring and a Voigt element.

サポニン溶液によるアオミドロ異状細胞について

サポニン溶液によるアオミドロ異状細胞について

Physicochemical Properties of the Surface of Aqueous Solutions. II. Foam Stability and Mechanical Properties of Surface

Abstract 1. The surface viscometer, the main part of which consisted of a fine vertical thread of glass carrying a horizontal platinum wire at its lower end, was devised for the measurement of the surface viscosity of solutions. 2. The measurements of the surface viscosity as well as some other surface properties of solutions of a number of dyes and saponin were carried out. The effect of coexisting alcohol and inorganic electrolyte for the saponin solution were also examined. The results showed a close correlation between the surface viscosity, the life of foam and so called membrane effect.

Some rheological measurements on the surface of saponin in water

By the use of new experimental techniques, values have been found for the shear modulus, Young's modulus, and the yield point of the adsorbed layer of solute on dilute aqueous solutions of saponin. These values are consistent with the concept that the surface consists of a stiff gel 10–40 μ thick. The viscosity studies were made in a rotational viscosimeter devised so that the flow properties of the surface alone could be obtained by extrapolation. The shear modulus was measured in an instrument for investigating resonance frequencies in shear at the surface. Also, a Langmuir surface balance was so arranged that the force corresponding to a given motion of the float could be recorded as a function of time. This latter instrument was used to measure Young's modulus of the surface and to study the bulk-surface interaction of the solution.

The measurement of surface tension and interfacial tension of saponin solutions

Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-BasVolume 65, Issue 8 p. 580-584 Articles The measurement of surface tension and interfacial tension of saponin solutions R. Ruyssen, R. Ruyssen Gent, Laboratorium voor biologische physico-chemie der RijksuniversiteitSearch for more papers by this author R. Ruyssen, R. Ruyssen Gent, Laboratorium voor biologische physico-chemie der RijksuniversiteitSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1946 https://doi.org/10.1002/recl.19460650806Citations: 21AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume65, Issue81946Pages 580-584 RelatedInformation

Da ação da saponina sobre peixes: Guarus (Poecilia sp.) e Acarás (Geophagus sp.)

A experimentação foi efetuada quer com soluções de saponina quer com macerado aquoso de saboneteira (Sapindus saponaria). A atividade deste, em soluções equivalentes à solução a um por mil de saponina J. D. RIEDEL, mostrou-se muito maior não evidenciando o envelhecimento das soluções, alterações do efeito tóxico. Observaram que a ação tóxica de tal veneno sobre certos gêneros de peixes (Geophagus sp. e Poecilia sp.) se manifesta por cinco fases sucessivas — excitacão; asfixiamento; depressão inicial; depressão adiantada; morte —e que o tempo decorrente entre elas é variável. Tais variações demonstraram-se influenciáveis pela concentração da saponina ou do macerado de saboneteira, sendo igualmente dependentes do porte do animal. A temperatura mais elevada, segundo observações feitas a 15°,20° e 25°C, implica num encurtamento dos períodos das diversas fases, enquanto o estado de jejum não parece ter significado para a mais pronta evidenciação dos efeitos esperados. A capacidade de restabelecimento dos peixes só é possível se retirados na primeira fase das manifestações tóxicas; quando retirados em qualquer das outras quatro fases subsequentes, não houve sobrevivência de nenhum deles.

The Change of Surface Tension with Time. II. The Surface Tension of Saponin Solutions

The Change of Surface Tension with Time. II. The Surface Tension of Saponin Solutions

Ichthyometric Comparison of Cobra Venom, Morphine and Saponins

1. An ichthyometric study of the effects of cobra venom and morphine on goldfish revealed a marked difference between the two drugs, morphine in certain concentrations depressing and killing the fish in 12 hours while both crude cobra venom and cobra neurotoxin solutions, far from inducing death in 24 hours, depressed but little and usually stimulated goldfish activity. 2. An ichthyometric comparison of cobra venom solutions with solutions of saponin (Merck), and digitonin reveals that while the saponins are extremely toxic for goldfish, cobra venom is not, a finding which discountenances the sapotoxin hypothesis with regard to its chemistry.

On the Nature of Foam. VII. Foam Formation of Mixed Aqueous Solution of Saponin and Ethyl Alcohol

Abstract (1) The foam formation of mixed aqueous solution containing saponin in a constant amount and ethyl alcohol in varying concentration was studied. Life of the foam produced in aqueous solutions of saponin (concentrations being 0.009085 g./l. and 0.001820 g./l.) is remarkably increased in length by the addition of alcohol within the region of concentration covering over from 0.0026 mol/l. to 0.77 mol/l. Addition of alcohol in concentration exceeding 0.77 mol/l. again renders the foam unstable. (2) Attempts were made to explain the mechanism of foam formation relating to the above phenomena. (3) Foam and hydrosol were compared with respect to their properties as a disperse system, from which some resemblances as well as differences were pointed out between them.

Existence of Micellae in Aqueous Solutions of Saponin

It is well known that if certain surface active substances are adsorbed into a surface to form a monolayer, there are certain critical concentrations in which the static surface tension is at a minimum, these corresponding to the concentrations in which the molecules at the surface form regular patterns. Granted certain assumptions, it is possible to determine from the values for these critical concentrations the dimensions of the molecule of the surface active substance, and in this way du Nouy1 has determined the mean length, breadth, and thickness of such molecules as that of sodium oleate and serum albumin.This note concerns the result obtained when similar experiments are carried out with saponin in aqueous solution. The technique of du Nouy was followed in detail, dynamic and static surface tension measurements being made on solutions of quillia saponin contained in Petrie dishes with a surface area of 63.6 cm.2 Each dynamic surface tension measurement is the average of 15 separate determinations, a...

Influence of Saponin upon Bacterial Flora, H-ion Concentration and Permeability of the Intestinal Tract

Kaufman1 showed that the oral ingestion of small doses of saponin caused a sudden alteration in the bacterial flora and the acid-base equilibrium of the contents of the stomach and small intestine of mice. His work was part of a study upon the increased susceptibility of rodents to enteritides infections. We have extended Kaufman's experiments to dogs. In addition to the intra-intestinal changes we have studied the distribution of B. coli in the organs of these animals.Thirty-four dogs were used. Two cm. of a 20% aqueous solution of saponin was administered by stomach tube. The animals were killed at various time intervals. The hydrogen-ion concentration of the contents of the stomach, duodenum, upper and lower jejunum was determined by Heilig's capillary comparator, and the distribution of B. coli was obtained by culture upon Endo media. The lymph glands of the splanchnic region, liver, kidney, spleen and lungs were also examined for the presence of B. coli by taking pieces from these organs, putting the...

Susceptibility of Rodents to Gastro-Intestinal Infections

Kisskalt1 found that the susceptibility of mice to enteritides infections was increased after the administration of saponin. He concluded that this was due to the lowering of surface tension and increasing the spaces between the cells lining the mucosa. We have investigated this problem from the viewpoint advocated by Arnold.2Half-grown mice were given 0.1 cc. of a 20% aqueous solution of saponin by stomach tube. The animals were killed at various time intervals and the bacterial flora and hydrogen-ion concentration of the contents of the stomach, duodenum and jejunum were determined. The time intervals varied from 15 minutes to 12 hours. There were 180 mice used in the experiment recorded in the accompanying graph. The graph illustrates the changes produced within a 6-hour period of time after the introduction of saponin. There was little variation found in the 20 mice used for each time interval experiment. There is a sudden change in the hydrogen-ion concentration and the bacterial flora following intr...

A METHOD FOR ELIMINATING WATER MARKS FROM TABLEWARE1

Water marks are eliminated from decorated tableware by washing in a solution (1 part to 4000) of Saponin as it comes from the “decal” machines, or by adding a defoaming agent such as turkey red oil to the saponin solution in the machine tank.

On the diagnostic value of L.G. Peretz's lipoid reaction in the recognition of certain neoplasms

In Zeitschrift fur Immunitatsforschung und experiment. Therapie, volume No. 49, 1926, and in the Medical Gazette, No. 2, 1926, an article by L. G. Peretz "Experience in developing a biological response to lipoids" was published. According to the author, the principle of the method he proposes, the biological method, is as follows: Back in 1901, Ramson showed that saponin gives a strong connection with cholesterol. Another well-known fact is that saponin causes hemolysis. The reason is its connection with erythrocyte lipoids and the resulting destruction of their stroma. Combining these two phenomena in that they have something in common, that is, saponin, we get the basis for the reaction to cholesterol, and if it turned out that saponin gives a connection with other lipoids, then other lipoids. An experiment that can prove the correctness of this reasoning consists in the following: a solution of saponin is added to the cholesterol solution, and after a certain period of time, a suspension of erythrocytes. Hemolysis does not occur. In the control tube (without cholesterol), hemolysis is obtained.

The hydrolysis of sulphur in relation to its fungicidal activity

1. It is suggested that the fungicidal action of sulphur upon the Erysiphaceae is due primarily to hydrolysis.2. The presence of alkali, which brings about an acceleration of this hydrolysis, should enhance the fungicidal properties of sulphur.3. An explanation is thus afforded of the inhibition of the fungicidal action of sulphur against the hop powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca humuli) by gelatine or saponin solutions when employed as the spreader and of the promotion of fungicidal action in the presence of soft soap and alkali casein solutions.4. Attention is drawn to analogies between the action of sulphur upon the mildew and upon copper.5. Current views relative to the fungicidal action of sulphur are discussed from the standpoint of the hydrolysis hypothesis.

The action of certain chemical substances on the zoospores ofPseudoperonospora Humuli(Miy. et Takah.) Wils

1. BothPseudoperonospora HumuliandPhytophihora infestansare extremely susceptible in the zoospore stage to the action of weak solutions of soap or saponin. The zoospores are caused to disintegrate suddenly, apparently by changes in surface tension, within 60 seconds, in solutions containing over 0·1 per cent, soft soap. Those ofP. Humuliare more vulnerable than those ofP. infestans.2. The fungicidal action of soap and saponin mixed with certain adherent substances was tested on hop plants.3. The power of adhesion and the fungicidal efficiency of the mixtures were tested by allowing single drops to dry on the surface of watch glasses and by then adding drops of water containing zoospores.4. Other substances,e.g.aluminium-lime mixture, glycerine, iodine, bromine, were also found to kill zoospores rapidly.

Cytolysis and Protoplasmic Structure

ABSTRACT The starfish (Asterias forbesii) egg is unusual in that it is very resistant to cytolysis by Quillaja saponin but possesses little resistance to hypotonic solutions (Page and Clowes1). Inasmuch as the point of attack of saponin and hypotonic solutions is quite unknown, the fact that the effect of hypotonic solutions is related to the fixing action of saponin in different kinds of protoplasm becomes of much interest. Such a selective increase in resistance to hypotonic solutions is conferred by saponin as the following experiments demonstrate.