Solution Treatment Aging Research Articles

Development of a Low-Density and High-Strength Titanium Alloy

Weight reduction is often considered the primary goal in the development of structure materials. A new Ti-8Al-1Cr-1V-0.5Fe-0.1Si (wt.%) alloy with a low-density and a high-strength was developed in this work. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the alloy were investigated in hot-rolled and solution-aging (STA) treatment conditions. The microstructures of the alloy in both states consist of the spherical αp phase, acicular αs phase, and a small amount of β phase. Attributed to such heterogeneous microstructures, the hot-rolled alloy exhibits an outstanding tensile strength of 1046.1 MPa, a total elongation of ~8.3%, and an impressive low density of 4.23 g/cm3. After heat treatment, the alloy also exhibits a similar strength and ductility. A detailed analysis of the deformation modes shows that the numerous dislocations slippages and deformation twinning in the αp phase are the main reasons for the high ductility, and the acicular αs phase provides the alloy with high strength after heat treatment. This newly developed alloy is a potential material for various structural applications.

Effect of heat treatment on CuCrZr alloy fabricated by selective laser melting: microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and fracture mechanism

In this work, the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CuCrZr alloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) was investigated. The results demonstrated that the optimal comprehensive performance of the tensile strength (569.7 MPa) and the hardness (160 HV) was obtained by direct ageing (DA) at 470 °C for 60 min. The tensile strength of the CuCrZr alloy in the case of the solution treatment (ST) was 281.0 MPa, and the tensile strength of the CuCrZr alloy in the case of the solution + ageing treatment (SAT) reached 356.5 MPa. As the ST temperature increases, the amount of particles inside the grains dissolving into the matrix increases, the precipitation phase decreases significantly. and the precipitated phase increases slightly at the grain boundary. Zr-rich phase precipitation was observed at the grain boundaries of SA and SAT samples. The SAT and DA samples underwent recrystallisation and an increase in grain size. The grain orientation in the XZ direction of the ST samples was mainly in the <110> direction; in the case of the SAT and the DA samples grains, the <100> orientation became stronger.

Evolution of segregation, microstructure and mechanical properties of a semisolid die casting Al–6Si–3Cu–0.4Mg alloy

Study on segregation, microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–6Si–3Cu–0.4Mg alloy was achieved by controlling the filling length in semisolid die casting. Results show that the microstructure is comprised of globular α–Al, eutectic Si, θ–Al2Cu, Q–Al5Cu2Mg8Si6 and Fe–rich phase. After solution–ageing treatment, abundant θ–Al2Cu and Q–Al5Cu2Mg8Si6 phases dissolve into the matrix. The liquid difference between the edge and middle area is 21.3% for 1/3 filling length, which is much higher than that of 15.0% for full filling length. As the filling length decreases, the increment of segregation degree at the bottom of the sample is detected. This segregation behavior leads to the strength and ductility both decreases from 425.0 MPa and 6.5% for 1/3 filling length to 405.3 MPa and 4.4% for full filling length, respectively. Besides, along with the formation of abundant fine θ–Al2Cu phase and higher liquid fraction at the edge area, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation reaches 443.5 MPa and 5.2%. While in center area, the occurrence of coarsen θ–Al2Cu phases leads to the tensile properties dramatically reducing to 378.7 MPa and 1.9%.

Brazing manufacturing technology of plate-fin heat exchanger for solid oxide fuel cells

The plate-fin heat exchanger (PFHE) is the core equipment used to achieve the high efficiency of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), however, the issues of high-performance brazed joints in the manufacturing of the PFHE have been a challenge due to the poor mechanical properties. This study proposes a brazing manufacturing technology of isothermal solidification with the optimized post bonding heat treatment strategy, to synergistically improve the strength-ductility property and homogenize microstructure of brazed joints, aiming at guaranteeing the high energy efficiency of SOFC. The results show that brazing at 1065 °C for 25 min achieves the complete isothermal solidification and an intermetallic-free joint centerline with numerous borides generating in the diffusion-affected zone. Solution treatment then dissolves large quantities of acicular and blocky borides. The uniformity of grain size and kernel average misorientation distribution is also improved due to recrystallization, which becomes more pronounced after solution aging treatment. In addition, solution aging treatment results in an improvement in the ultimate tensile strength of the brazed joint, which is more prominent than that after solution treatment. However, the increase in elongation after solution aging treatment is smaller than after solution treatment, while still much higher than the as-brazed joint due to the dissolution of boride precipitates and growth of twin boundaries. The results demonstrate that the proposed brazing manufacturing technology not only homogenizes microstructure, but also significantly improves strength and ductility, further promoting the long-life operation of SOFC.

Improvement of mechanical properties and microstructural refining of cast titanium alloys by coupling of electropulsing and temporary alloying element hydrogen

The electric pulse treatment and hydrogen as temporary alloying element have been widely used to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium alloys, respectively. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Ti–6Al–4V alloy are improved by electric pulse treatment combined with temporary alloying element hydrogen instead of traditional thermo-mechanical treatment and heat treatment. In comparison to the traditional thermo-mechanical treatment, the microstructure of the as-cast Ti–6Al–4V alloy after solution-aging treatment in pulsed thermal hydrogen treatment is homogeneous and finer, which is due to the lamellar β phase decomposition after thermal hydrogen treatment, accordingly, the ultimate tensile strength and total elongation of the alloy are effectively improved after pulsed thermal hydrogen treatment. It’s the acceleration of atomic diffusion and phase transformation in titanium alloys by hydrogen as temporary alloying element and electric pulse treatment that leads to the decomposition of the lamellar β phase, thereby refining the microstructure and enhancing mechanical properties. Finally, a novel method for improving the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium alloys using hydrogen as temporary alloying element and electric pulse treatment is presented.

Potentiodynamic Corrosion Behavior and Microstructural Characteristics of Pulsed CMT-Welded AA2014-T6 Aluminium Alloy Joints: Effect of PWHT

AA2014-T6 is an Al-Cu-Mg-based precipitation-hardened aluminium alloy widely used in aerospace due to its high strength to weight ratio. This alloy is joined by a pulsed cold metal transfer (PCMT) arc welding process to overcome the high heat input related problems in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) such as a coarser dendritic structure in the fusion zone (FZ), wider heat affected zone (HAZ), solidification and HAZ liquation cracking, softening in HAZ, and poor corrosion resistance of welded joints in salt environment. The joints were subjected to PWHT of artificial aging (AA), solution treatment (ST), and solution treatment + aging (STA) conditions. The corrosion rate was determined using a potentiodynamic corrosion test in a solution of 3.56 wt.% NaCl with pH values of 4, 7, and 11. Results disclosed that the PCMT joints subjected to the potentiodynamic corrosion test in NaCl solution of pH-4, pH-7, and pH-11 disclosed very low, moderate, and extremely high pitting corrosion, respectively. The corrosion resistance of ST joints was improved by 53.34%, 15%, and 15.12% in pH-4, pH-7, and pH-11 NaCl solution compared to as-welded joints. The pitting potential of ST joints is comparable to BM. The BM showed the pitting potential of −175, −450, and −550 mV in pH-4, pH-7, and pH-11 NaCl solution. The ST joints showed 75.29%, 29.16%, and 27.85% lower corrosion potential compared to STA joints in pH-4, pH-7, and pH-11 NaCl solution, respectively. The ST joints disclosed the lower pitting potential of −105, −425, and −505 mV in pH-4, pH-7, and pH-11 NaCl solution, respectively, whereas the STA joints revealed greater pitting potential of −425, −600, and −700 mV in pH-4, pH-7, and pH-11 NaCl solution, respectively. The superior corrosion resistance of ST joints compared to AA and STA joints is attributed to the dissolution of precipitates in Al solid solution resulting in a lower potential difference in FZ. This minimizes the preferential sites for pitting corrosion to occur.

Effects of solution aging on mechanical and microstructures properties of Al6092/SiCp/β-eucryptite composites

This paper studied Al6092/SiCp/β-LiAlSiO4 particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites as the main object. Different solution aging treatment processes were selected to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of the specimens. The effects of solution aging on the microstructure, precipitation phases, and dislocations of the composites were revealed. The results showed that the solution aging treatment improved the stiffness and strength of Al6092/SiCp/β-LiAlSiO4 composites. On the one hand, solution aging promoted the generation of high dislocation density zones and Mg2Si precipitation phases in the samples, which increased the stress required for plastic deformation of the composites. In addition, the high modulus property of micron-sized SiCp can spontaneously carry loads, and the introduction of β-LiAlSiO4 promotes the dispersion of the reinforcing phase. In conclusion, the solution aging treatment and the particle-reinforced phase can jointly improve the deformation resistance of Al6092.

Tuning microstructure and improving the corrosion resistance of a Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo alloy via solution and aging treatments

Herein, the influences of solution-aging treatments on the corrosion behaviors of a wrought Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo alloy are investigated. The solution-aging treated alloys exhibit a better corrosion performance than the wrought alloy, stemming from the alleviated galvanic corrosion. In artificial seawater, all alloys display a spontaneous passivation behavior, and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), affected by diffusion and charge-transfer processes, performs as the prominent cathodic reaction. However, in 5 M HCl, the activation-passivation transition occurs, and the cathodic reaction is mainly related to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) controlled by the Volmer reaction. Furthermore, we illustrate the relevant ORR and HER mechanisms.

High power laser powder bed fusion of 18Ni300 maraging steel: Processing optimization, microstructure and mechanical properties

A 2000 W high power laser powder bed fusion technique (HP-LPBF) was used to fabricate 18Ni300 maraging steel in this study. The densification feature, microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-fabricated specimens were studied, as well as the influence of solution-aging heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties. The results show that dense samples (relative density >99.5%) can be obtained when the laser energy density (Ev) is higher than 80 J/mm3. A large quantity of columnar prior-austenite grains (PAGs) are observed within the as-fabricated samples, and a typical dendritic microstructure is shown inside the PAGs. Some ordered Ni(Al, Fe) intermetallics precipitates with diameters of 3–5 nm have formed as the result of the intrinsic heat treatment effect. With the increase of Ev, the average width of the PAGs and the average dendrite arm spacing are increased. The sample fabricated with the Ev of 111 J/mm3 (short for HP-AF) has the best trade-off between build rate and mechanical properties among the as-fabricated samples. The build rate of the HP-AF sample is up to 18 mm3/s, which is about 3 times higher than that of the previous studies based on low power laser powder bed fusion. The yield strength (YS) (983 ± 10 MPa), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) (1100 ± 11 MPa) and elongation (El) (9.8 ± 0.7%) of the HP-AF sample are comparable to those of the wrought 18Ni300. After solution-aging treatment, the austenite fraction increases from 4.4% (HP-AF) to 5.3%, whilst the Ti/Al rich nano precipitates with size 30–45 nm can be observed in the matrix. After solution-aging treatment, the YS and UTS of the sample (short for HP-ST + AT) are dramatically increased to 1945 ± 12 MPa and 1865 ± 8 MPa, though the elongation is decreased to 5.4 ± 0.5%. The mechanical property of the HP-ST + AT samples is comparable to that of the wrought-aged 18Ni300. The high strength of the HP-ST + AT 18Ni300 sample is mainly attributed to precipitation strengthening as well as dislocation strengthening, followed by grain boundary strengthening.

Effect of heat treatment patterns on porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties of selective laser melted TiB2/Al–Si–Mg composite

Selective laser melted (SLM-ed) pre-alloyed TiB2/Al–Si–Mg composite reports tremendous engineering application potential. However, systematic research on its heat treatment (HT) patterns is scarce. This paper utilizes direct aging (DA), annealing treatment (AT), and solution-aging treatment (SAT) to investigate porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties. The porosities of as-deposited (AD), DA, and AT samples remained at <1.1%, while the nanopores at the molten pool boundary of AD sample expanded into the molten pool inner of DA and AT samples. For the condition SAT, the porosity exceeded 4.8% accompanied by large-sized micropores. Porosity development resulted from the entrapped hydrogen diffusion along the eutectic Si interface. The HT had little effect on the TiB2 particles and near-equiaxed grains. The eutectic networks of AD and DA samples broke into separate particles after the AT and transformed into coarser particles in the SAT sample. The nanoscale (Si + β′′) and β′ precipitates were exhibited for the DA and SAT samples, respectively, while there are also a few composite precipitates. The evolution of eutectic and precipitates was related to the diffusion of supersaturated solutes. Due to the significant contribution of Orowan strengthening (∼213.1 MPa), a superior combination of the ultimate tensile strength (∼521.6 MPa) and yield strength (∼389.9 MPa) was realized after the DA. The excellent elongation (∼19.3%) of AT sample was attributed to the eutectic spheroidization. However, the high porosity of SAT sample severely compromised mechanical properties. This work provides essential guidance for HT selection of SLM-ed particle-reinforced Al–Si–Mg composites.

Effect of Q235 Hot-Dip Galvanized and Post-Casting T6 Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Interfacial between AZ63 and Q235 by Solid-Liquid Compound Casting

AZ63 sacrificial anode is widely used to protect buried metal pipelines and reinforced concrete structures and so on. The interfacial metallurgical bonding between AZ63 sacrificial anode and Q235 wiring terminal directly affects its cathodic protection performance. Therefore, microstructure and mechanical properties of interfacial between AZ63 and Q235 by solid–liquid compound casting with hot-dip galvanized and post-casting solution-aging treatment (T6) were investigated. The results indicate that hot-dip galvanizing on the surface of Q235 is beneficial to the formation of intermetallic compounds at the interface. At the same time, it can promote the metallurgical bonding of the interface between AZ63 and Q235. After T6 heat treatment, the intermetallic compound at the interface between AZ63 and galvanized Q235 was refined. The electron-probe microanalyzer (EPMA) revealed that the intermetallic compounds at the interfaces between AZ63 and galvanized Q235 were Fe2Al5 before and after T6 treatment. Push-out testing and microhardness were used to investigate the mechanical properties of interface between AZ63 and Q235. It is shown that the hot-dip galvanization of the Q235 surface and T6 treatment were beneficial to improve the metallurgical bonding shear strength and microhardness of the interface. After T6 heat treatment, the highest shear strength at the interface between AZ63 and galvanized Q235 was up to 31.9 ± 1.9 MPa.

Effect of Ti5Si3 on the wear properties of Ti–3Si-1.5Fe–1Mo titanium alloy with ultrahigh hardness

In this work, Ti–3Si-1.5Fe–1Mo titanium alloy reinforced with in-situ synthesized Ti5Si3 was prepared, and ultrahigh hardness (55.6 HRC) was achieved by solution aging treatment. The effects of Ti5Si3 on the friction and wear behavior of the alloy were investigated. Results show that the wear rate of the alloy after hot treatment increases from 3.51 × 10−4 mm3 N−1 m−1 to 3.93 × 10−4 mm3 N−1 m−1, yet the ultrahigh hardness alloy exhibits poor wear resistance. A series of the wear tracks characterizations and thermodynamical calculations were performed to elucidate its wear mechanism: during the reciprocating sliding, the reduction of the Ti5Si3 content leads to the increase of the friction pair force on the matrix, TiO2 and SiO2 wear debris are generated then fall off, both the oxidative wear and adhesive wear aggravated, which seriously impair the wear resistance of the alloy.

Microstructural characteristics and tribological behavior of an additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy under direct aging and solution-aging treatments

Direct aging and solution-aging treatments were implemented on a laser powder bed fusion-processed Ti-6Al-4V alloy to enhance its tribological performance. Dry sliding wear tests over a wide range of normal loads (2.5–40 N) and sliding velocities (50–800 rpm) were employed to investigate their comprehensive wear behavior. The results indicate that high-density Ti3Al precipitates were formed, and the decomposition of α'→α + β occurred during the aging treatments. A higher aging-hardening response of the studied alloy was achieved after the β solution treatment relative to the as-built state. The worn morphologies and wear mechanisms depend significantly on the microstructural characteristics, applied loads, and sliding velocities.

Effect of solution aging treatment on microstructure and properties of Fe‐0.5C‐11Cr corrosion resistant alloy by laser cladding

Fe‐0.5C‐11Cr corrosion resistant alloy coating was prepared on the surface of 3Cr13 stainless steel by powder feeding laser cladding, and the microstructure of the coating layer was controlled by solution aging treatment. The microstructure of the coatings was measured by scanning electron microscopy, and phase composition was determined by X-ray diffraction. The hardness and corrosion resistance of coatings before and after heat treatment were evaluated on microhardness tester and electrochemical workstation, respectively. The results show that the morphology, size and quantity of dendrite carbides in the cladding layer of Fe‐0.5C‐11Cr alloy can be improved by solution and aging treatment. The eutectic carbides in the cladding layer can be changed from block, bone, continuous network of grain boundaries to round granular and discontinuous short rod by solution and aging treatment, which greatly improves the uniformity of the microstructure. There is a dynamic equilibrium and critical time for the melting and growth of carbides at 1050 °C. When the holding time is less than 20 min, the size of carbide decreases with time. After 20 min, fine carbides agglomerate and grow with time. The hardness of the cladding layer after heat treatment is about 9% higher than that of the cladding layer without heat treatment and the uniformity of the hardness is improved. The corrosion resistance of the sample kept for 20 min at 1050 ℃ is the superior because the pitting potential and passivation zone width of the coating kept at 1050 ℃ for 20 min increased by 21.5% and 19.2% compared with the cladding laser without heating, respectively.

Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy by Extrusion and Heat Treatment

Herein, composite extrusion deformation and heat treatment process at various temperatures were studied on a new type of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy billet. The influence of pre-deformation and the final forming of extrusion and heat treatment of annular channel corner extrusion on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were explored. The results show that the extrusion process could further refine the structure and break the coarse θ phase. The grains can be refined again after the deformed sample was treated by solution-aging treatment. At the same time, a fine, dispersed second phase is precipitated around the fine recrystallized grains. This is the main reason for the increase in alloy elongation and tensile strength. The best heat treatment process parameters for the formed cup-shaped structure are 480 °C × 1 h solid solution and 120 °C × 24 h aging. The strengthening of the alloy mainly includes three mechanisms: fine grain strengthening, precipitation strengthening, and dispersion strengthening.

Effect of treatment mode on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloy fabricated by selective laser melting

Combined with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction, the effects of three treatment modes consisting of as-deposited, solid solution and solution aging state on mechanical structure-properties of a nickel-based superalloy fabricated by selective laser melting were studied. Grains have preferred orientation, i.e. strong texture along {100}. The phase transformation processes during post-heat treatments include dissolution of Laves phase, precipitation of strengthening phases γ′, γ′′ and δ, and size reduction of δ phase. Especially for solution aging treatment, the refined grains, high dislocation density and added high-angle grain boundaries cause a significant increase in strength and a decrease in ductility, which is consistent with the results of the tensile tests. The interior cracking behavior related to the micro-voids and microcracks formed by dislocation pile-ups and uncoordinated deformation around harder δ phase in a vacuum environment becomes a typical ductile failure mode.

The synergistic effect of Re and W on the evolution of TCP phases in Nickel-based superalloys

In this work, the synergistic effect of Re and W on the evolution of the topological close-packed phases (TCP) in Nickel-based superalloys were studied by means of Thermo-Calculation (TC), solidifying slowly, Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), and solution-aging treatment. The specimens were analyzed by means of SEM-EDS, TEM-SADP, and EPMA. The calculated results indicated that the P phase precipitated prior to the μ phase with the temperature decrease, and both phases μ and P coexisted in a certain temperature range when the content of Re was higher ( Re: 5–7 wt%) and the content of W was lower ( W:4–6 wt%); Only phase μ precipitated from the alloy when Re content was less than 4 wt% and W content was higher than 7 wt%. The experimental results showed that the μ phases were slats-like and distributed in parallel in different orientations; and the μ/P intergrowth phases with coherent relationship were short rod-like. In addition, the gathered μ/P intergrowth phases around the big blocky-like γ' phases were found in alloys solidified slowly, which was prone to cause holes. Based on phase-transition temperature obtained by combining calculation and DTA, the solution-aging process of the alloys were determined. After solution-aging treatment, the long strip shape μ phases and short rod-like μ/P intergrowth phases distributed uniformly in the matrix, and the big blocky-like γ' phases and holes disappeared. The experimental results showed that the total amount of TCP phase decreased and the P phase gradually disappeared when the content of Re decreased and the content of W increased. The research results had a guiding role in optimizing the composition of alloys and predicting the safety performance of aerocraft during the flight cycle.

Electrochemical dissolution and passivation of laser additive manufactured Ti6Al4V controlled by elements segregation and phases distribution

The electrochemical dissolution and passivation of laser additive manufactured Ti6Al4V were investigated through Tafel polarization, potentiostatic polarization and AC impedance measurements. The results show that the solution treatment−aging (STA) process aggravates the element micro-segregation compared to the annealing process, leading to varied Al and V contents of the phases from different samples. It is proven that either Al-rich or V-rich condition can highly affect the electrochemical dissolution behaviors due to thermodynamical instability caused by element segregation. The dissolution rate in the metastable passivation process is controlled by the stability of the produced film that is affected by phases distribution, especially the difficult-to-dissolve phase. And then, the dissolution rate of the phases in the transpassivation region is consistent with the rank in the activation process because the dense film is not capable of being produced. Compared to the annealed sample, the higher dissolution rate of the STA sample is beneficial to the electrochemical machining (ECM) of Ti6Al4V.

Influence of excess silicon phase on the thermal expansion behaviours of Al-Si binary casting alloys

Al-Si casting alloys are the most commonly used materials for piston alloys. The coefficient of thermal expansion is the key property of a piston material for improving the overall performance and service life of an engine. In the present study, the relationship between the morphology of the excess silicon phase and the coefficient of thermal expansion of Al-Si binary casting alloys was discussed. Optical and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to observe the morphology of the excess silicon phase in the Al-Si binary casting alloys before and after solution aging treatment. The results showed that the morphology of the excess silicon phase significantly influenced the coefficient of thermal expansion of the Al-Si binary casting alloys. After solution aging treatment, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the Al-Si binary casting alloys increased due to the rounding and granulating of the excess silicon phase precipitated during the casting process and decreased due to the precipitation of the finely dispersed Si phase in the α-Al matrix. The change in the coefficient of thermal expansion depended on which of the two kinds of morphological transformation of the excess silicon phase is dominant.

Effect of process parameters and heat treatment on the properties of stainless steel CX fabricated by selective laser melting

The present work envisages the effects of three heat treatment processes, i.e. solution treatment (ST), aging treatment (AT) and solution aging treatment (ST+AT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a new type of martensitic stainless steel CX (SS-CX) alloy formed by selective laser melting (SLM) with Cr and Ni as the main components. The results revealed that the densest parts with a few tiny pores were fabricated at optimized laser process parameters (laser power 340 W, scanning speed 850 mm/s, hatch spacing 0.1 mm). The SS-CX that underwent the SLM process was mainly composed of the martensite and retained austenite, and has a tensile strength of 1058 MPa and an impact toughness of 57.7 J. After ST at 900 °C for 1 h, the micro-segregation disappeared, the retained austenite of the as-built transformed into martensite, Ni and Al dissolved in the matrix to form supersaturated solid solution, and a reduction of the mechanical properties of the SS-CX was observed. When the SS-CX was aged at 530 °C for 3 h (AT), part of the martensite in the as-built recovered to austenite, and the precipitated particles with the mechanical properties strengthened. When the SS-CX was solution-aged at 900 °C for 1 h and then 530 °C for 3 h (ST+AT), the retained austenite of the as-built transformed completely into martensite, and the dissolved elements in the solution treatment precipitated again, forming the precipitation particles composed of β-NiAl. The precipitated particles increased rapidly the tensile strength and the surface hardness of the SS-CX with values of 1683 MPa and 50.4 HRC, respectively, thereby indicating that the SS-CX exhibited a good comprehensive property.