Solar Cell Panels Research Articles

MONITORING KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN DALAM UPAYA IMPLEMENTASI PENGELOLAAN DAN PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN DI PT XYZ

The global decline in environmental quality includes direct and indirect impacts from industries that meet individual needs or complementary facilities. Industrial development is one of the support systems that plays a role in meeting these needs. One of the industries located in the bonded area in the Cikarang area produces sheet plastic goods industry in the form of Polycarbonate roofing. Related to this, PT XYZ (the initiator) in the implementation of its daily operations makes efforts to manage and monitor the quality of the environment so that it can be controlled and managed if it exceeds the permitted capacity or quality standards as regulated in the applicable laws and regulations in accordance with the affected environmental components or humans, in this case workers who are directly related to the production process. The purpose of this study is to provide information on the company's operational conditions during a certain period so that environmental quality can be continuously monitored and corrected if any exceed the predetermined quality standards. The research was conducted at PT XYZ which is located in the Industrial Estate, Cicau Village, Central Cikarang District, Bekasi Regency, West Java. The object of research is industrial environmental quality monitoring. The research method is experimental, including environmental quality sampling at several monitoring points that can represent the impacts resulting from industrial activities, laboratory analysis, then the results of the analysis are compared with applicable regulations to be used as a basis for decision making for no further or correction of environmental quality that has the potential to decline and needs improvement. The noise level at PT XYZ for monitoring semester 2, year 2022 where the noise level at 1 (one) monitoring point exceeds the quality standard but is still within the noise level tolerance of ± 3 dBA, namely the Crusher Area, 85.9 dBA respectively. The measured work environment climate in semester 2, year 2022 has increased for the Fisnish Good area and Crusher Area and has not increased significantly so that control efforts are needed, currently the installation of environmentally friendly solar cell panels has been carried out and is awaiting permission to be operationalized

Design and Fabrication of Setup for Harvesting Water from Atmospheric Air- A Review

In numerous nations like India, accessing water resources for irrigation or other needs, particularly in arid regions, poses a significant challenge. Water scarcity is a prevalent issue worldwide, often stemming from insufficient rainfall. Conversely, in highly humid locales such as coastal areas, water can be procured through condensing atmospheric water vapour. This paper introduces a method for developing a water condensation system utilizing thermoelectric cooling technology. The system comprises cooling elements, a heat exchange unit, and an air circulation mechanism. Powered by a solar cell panel unit with a substantial output, the cooling elements are regulated through a control circuit. An Atmospheric Water Generator, a device capable of converting atmospheric moisture directly into potable water, operates on the principle of latent heat to transform water vapour molecules into water droplets. Although introduced earlier, it remains relatively uncommon in India and other regions. However, given the contemporary emphasis on renewable energy sources, its potential applications are considerable. Key words :Water condensation, Thermoelectric peltier, Dew condensation (latent heat), Solar energy, AWGs.

An Increasing the Output Power of PLTS by Using Cooler on the Panel Surface

A Growth in Indonesia is increasing and the energy sources needed by humans are also increasing. Therefore, more environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources are needed. One source of renewable energy is solar panels which use the sun as a source to produce electrical energy for human needs. Renewable energy that is now widely loved is solar energy, which can be converted into electrical energy with the help of solar panels. Solar panels are made of semiconductor silicon which absorbs photons from the sun's energy. However, the sun does not only produce photons which can be converted into electrical energy, but there is also heat energy which can increase the temperature of the solar panels which can reduce the performance of the solar panels. Therefor researchers conducted research to reduce the temperature of solar panels by using the monocrystalline solar panel cooling method using mineral oil with the immersion cooling technique. However, the solar panel itself has a maximum body temperature which affects the output of the solar panel. Solar cell panels experience a decrease in their ability to produce electricity if they get too hot or exceed their effectiveness limit. Therefore, a cooling system is needed to cool or reduce the temperature of the solar cell panels, so that they can produce electricity effectively and efficiently. If you look at the cooling process, solar cells remain good and stable at a temperature of 25ºC -35ºC because at this temperature the solar panels can produce the best power. Keywords: Solar Cell Cooler, Power Efficiency, and Panel

Numerical investigation and optimization of a multi-stage Tesla-valve channel based photovoltaic/thermal module

As an essential form of solar energy utilization, photovoltaic/thermal modules (PV/T) have higher efficiency than solely photovoltaic or photothermal. With regard to the heat recovery issues of PV/T, a novel thermal management method by utilizing a Tesla-valve channel is proposed. Besides, the effect of channel number, Tesla-valve number, solar irradiation, water inlet velocity, as well as water inlet temperature are analyzed using a thermal-electrical-flow coupling CFD simulation. In comparison to the straight channel and zig-zag channel PV/T, reverse multi-stage Tesla-valve channel based PV/T (MSTV-PV/T) can further enhance the solar cell panel efficiency and reduce thermal stress with decreasing max and average temperature of solar cell panel by over 4.5 % and 3 %, respectively. Utilizing response surface methodology, the optimization of MSTV-PV/T performance is conducted with respect to both single and multi-objective criteria. Channel number 8 is the optimal design parameter for all optimization objectives, the maximum output thermal energy, output thermal exergy, and output electrical energy/exergy of the proposed MSTV-PV/T module can be achieved to 1376.34W, 76.74 W, and 432.86 W, respectively.

Enhancement of solar panel power generation performance with a passive sun tracking system

In this paper, a solar tracking device that can continuously track the sun by adjusting the direction and angle of the solar panel in real time is designed and fabricated to improve the power generation efficiency of the solar cell panel. The mechanical parts as well as the automatic control part of the passive sun-tracking system are described, and the efficiency enhancement with the sun-tracking solar panel is characterized in comparison with the fixed panel system. The test results show that in the spring season in Qingdao city of eastern China, the sun-tracking system can improve the solar cell power generation efficiency by 28.5%–42.9% when comparing to the direction and elevation angle fixed system in sunny days. Even in partly cloudy days, the PV power output can increased by 37% with using the passive sun-tracking system. Economic analysis results show the cost-benefit period is about 10 years, which indicates that the passive sun tracking device can substantially contribute to the solar energy harvest practices.

Increasing the Efficiency of Solar Cells by Combining Silicon- and Dye Sensitized Devices

This paper presents new integration techniques to combine silicon- and dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The idea of this work is to install DSSCs on the back side of silicon solar cell panels to make use of the reflected radiation from the ground or from solar cells arranged behind. It has been shown that the architecture of the combined solar cells can be designed as monolithic structure by depositing the DSSC layers one after the other on the back side of Si-cells or as hybrid structure by combining Si-cells with foil-DSSCs. To enhance the current efficiency the different kinds of cells were connected in parallel. The TiO2 nano particles, dissolved in dispersion, were coated on foil- or glass substrates. Here, it was possible to enhance the efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells by treating the semiconducting layer with pulsed UV radiation. As a result of the UV light treatment the short circuit current has more than tripled. Nevertheless, the cells maintain their low-cost characteristics, because synthetic dyes have not been used to coloured the nano particles. Additionally, the DSSCs were connected in series. Thus, it was possible to adapt the voltage of the DSSC to the voltage of the Si-cells

Integrating self-powered disaster recovery networks with environmental monitoring for enhanced disaster preparedness and response

This paper investigates a comprehensive approach to enhancing environmental monitoring services within a self-powered Disaster Recovery Network (DRN) infrastructure. The study introduces a variety of solutions aimed at overcoming logistical challenges associated with establishing an environmentally conscious DRN infrastructure. Moreover, the research explores the intrinsic factors governing the system’s behavior, defines essential evaluation metrics, and delineates performance measurements. The Wireless Solar Router (WSR) is specifically introduced using the Ubicom IP 2022 platform to realize the Ad hoc wirelessly networked nodes of the DRN infrastructure. To advance the field further, the paper proposes an experimental platform for comprehensive evaluation, assessing network performance, practicality, power efficiency, and resilience to various scenarios. A comprehensive design process is illustrated, and the required values of the system elements, i.e., the number of solar cell panels, the capacity of the battery cells, etc., are adjusted to fulfill the design purposes. In order to reduce the power utilization of the recommended WSR and to lengthen the duration of their batteries, a new distributed power management scheme called Duty Cycle Estimation-Event Driven Duty Cycling (DCE-EDDC) was suggested and installed locally in the WSRs in order to decrease their power consumption and extend the lifetime of their batteries. The suggested method is compared with other duty cycling methods, and the proposed DRN system is also compared with other real-world implementations to show its usefulness in building a green DRN infrastructure.

Flutter and divergence zones of perovskite solar cell-based panels of aircraft wings in subsonic airflow

Solar-powered aircraft have advantages such as quite long flight time and resource conservation. In recent years, with the improvements in solar cell efficiency, lightweight structural design, microelectronics, and automation control technology, more and more countries and organizations have conducted research on solar-powered aircraft. Solar cells are an important component of solar-powered aircraft systems. Perovskite solar cells have the advantages of high flexibility, lightweight, and high specific power, making them the ideal material for solar-powered aircraft wings. To receive as much sunlight radiation as possible and improve the lift-to-drag ratio of the entire aircraft, solar-powered aircraft have a high aspect ratio, making them more sensitive to changes in airflow. Therefore, the stability zones and vibration of perovskite solar cell (PSC) panels in subsonic airflow were studied for the first time. Additionally, to enhance the novelty of the paper and present more comprehensive results, the effect of the nanomaterial properties of one-layered perovskite solar cell substrates reinforced by carbon nanotubes and graphene platelets on the flutter and divergence phenomenon was investigated. To accurately simulate the displacement field after the composite perovskite panel is bent, Reddy's high-order shear deformation theory was adopted. The PSC panel's aerodynamic-elastic coupling motion equations were established by combining Hamilton's principle with the linear potential flow theory and the Bernoulli equation. The dynamic equations were discretized using a meshless numerical method to obtain the generalized multi-parameter characteristic equations. The obtained natural frequencies and critical divergence speeds were compared with published literature to validate the correctness of the aerodynamic model and laminated board model. The divergence instability and flutter instability of the PSC nanocomposite panel were investigated for changing the thickness, nano-fillers, porosity, laying angle, and aspect ratio of the substrate. We showed, that the PSC panel has a divergence instability state first, and then flutter instability appears. Additionally, the substrate nanomaterial parameters of the PSC panel significantly affect shifting divergence and flutter zones. Interestingly, the corresponding natural frequency increases when flutter occurs with an increase in the porosity volume.

A Hybrid Solar-RF Energy Harvesting System Based on an EM4325-Embedded RFID Tag

This paper presents the deployment of a hybrid energy harvesting system that combines a wireless energy harvesting (EH) system and a 6 V, 170 mA monocrystalline solar energy derived from the Sun’s rays. The hybrid energy harvesting (HEH) system comprises the rectifier, the solar cell panel, the charging circuit, and the EM4325 embedded RFID tag. This study aims to design an efficient EH system capable of increasing the read range of an active RFID tag. The proposed approach integrates a meandered line radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with an EM4325 IC chip as the receiver antenna. A halfwave doubler RF rectifier circuit is connected to the antenna using a 50 Ω SMA connector to convert the captured RF waves into usable electrical power. A solar energy charging module equipped with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system, a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, and a DC-DC converter is configured to manage and store the harvested energy efficiently. The UHF tag antenna operates at 919 MHz, achieving a peak gain of 3.54 dB. The proposed rectenna achieves a maximum measured harvested power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 55.14% for an input power (Pin) of 15 dBm at a distance of 5.10 cm, while the solar cell panel realizes 3.92 W of power. Experimental results demonstrate the hybrid harvester system’s effectiveness, achieving a PCE of 86.49% at an output voltage (VDC) of 5.35 V. The main advantage of this approach is the creation of a compact hybrid RF and solar EH system by combining the solar cell panel with the antenna, thus enabling multi-functionality.

Perancangan PLTS Untuk Sumber Daya Lampu Penerangan Jalan Desa Iringmulyo Metro

The increasing activity of the people at night makes the need for lighting sources also increase, especially in public places. One part that requires lighting is the Iringmulyo Metro village road. Roads are the main infrastructure that must be considered for their condition and use, if the road conditions are good for passage it will certainly reduce the level of accidents and crime, so village roads also need lighting. Public street lighting using solar energy is a cheap and economical alternative to use as a source of lighting electricity because it uses a free and unlimited source of energy from nature, namely solar energy. The Iringmulyo Metro village road lighting system uses a solar cell of 200 wp and a lamp load of 40 watts. When the weather is clear the battery can charge up to 720wh and can run a light load for up to 18 hours. If the solar panel is unable to receive light, the battery still has a power reserve of 240wh/6 hours. Lighting a solar street light using a 40 watt LED lamp produces an illumination of 4.58 lux. The power efficiency of the solar cell module panel is 14.5% determined by the tilt position of the solar cell panel and the intensity of sunlight. The higher the sunlight intensity, the higher the output efficiency of the solar cell module

Co-electrolysis of seawater and carbon dioxide inside a microfluidic reactor to synthesize speciality organics

We report co-electrolysis of seawater and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in a solar cell-integrated membraneless microfluidic reactor for continuous synthesis of organic products. The microfluidic reactor was fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane substrate comprising of a central microchannel with a pair of inlets for injection of CO2 gas and seawater and an outlet for removal of organic products. A pair of copper electrodes were inserted into microchannel to ensure its direct interaction with incoming CO2 gas and seawater as they pass into the microchannel. The coupling of solar cell panels with electrodes generated a high-intensity electrical field across the electrodes at low voltage, which facilitated the co-electrolysis of CO2 and seawater. The paired electrolysis of CO2 gas and seawater produced a range of industrially important organics under influence of solar cell-mediated external electric field. The, as synthesized, organic compounds were collected downstream and identified using characterization techniques. Furthermore, the probable underlying electrochemical reaction mechanisms near the electrodes were proposed for synthesis of organic products. The inclusion of greenhouse CO2 gas as reactant, seawater as electrolyte, and solar energy as an inexpensive electric source for co-electrolysis initiation makes the microreactor a low-cost and sustainable alternative for CO2 sequestration and synthesis of organic compounds.

Analysis of Solar Cell Potential in Building I of Pembangunan Panca Budi University

Solar thermal energy is very abundant in areas that have a tropical climate such as in North Sumatra Province which is always exposed to sunlight throughout the year. It is a source of energy that has the potential to be developed. Solar Power Plants (PLTS) generate electricity from solar cells that are exposed to sunlight. The high and low voltage generated depends on the amount of sunlight hitting the solar cell panel. Building I of Pembangunan Panca Budi University uses a source of electrical energy from PT. PLN as the only primary source to run all the facilities in the building. The obstacle that is often experienced is when there is a blackout or cessation of the supply of electrical energy from PLN. All equipment that uses electrical energy stops working due to the absence of electricity.The research method is to collect data in the field, analyze the collected data and analyze the factors that influence the intensity of the sun. The number of solar cell panels used is 189 units with a capacity of 250 Wp with the area required for solar cell panel installation is 189 x 1.7 = 321.3 m². The use of solar cells as a source of New, Renewable Energy (EBT) is one of the alternative energy sources which is expected to be able to meet the demand for electrical energy in Building I Pembangunan Panca Budi University.

Performance Evaluation Of Floating Solar Power Plant In Sidobandung Bojonegoro

Sidobandung Village is a village that will develop the potential of the village as a tourism village.The Solar Power Generation System is a power generation equipment. One of the potentials that has been successfully built is a reservoir or in local terms it is called a reservoir. With the construction of the reservoir in this village, tourism activities began to be seen. The number of visitors who came succeeded in increasing the village's income. Currently only open for daytime conditions. In its development, there is a desire to open services at night. The problem is how to reduce electricity costs. One of the facilities to support this is a floating building for the generation of floating PLTS which was built in collaboration with one of the expert vocational colleges in the field of floating buildings located in Surabaya. This Floating PLTS is a new renewable energy source, in accordance with the village's wish to become an educational tourism village. This floating PLTS is expected to be able to supply 30 lamps each having a power of 50 watts for street lighting around the reservoir. Another bean is colorful lights along the edge of the pond to give a beautiful impression of the view of the pond. The total lamp load is about 100 watts. The PLTS system that was built consists of 10 solar cell panels, each solar cell panel has a capacity of 330 WP. With a total of 4 batteries with specifications 12 Volt 200 Ah. This system is being evaluated. The evaluation results show that the battery capacity is only able to supply 15 lamps for 12 hours. So to supply all the desired load requirements, a total of 12 batteries are needed.

Low temperature (<700 °C) SiO2 and Si-rich SiO2 films: Short review

SiO2 layers deposited at temperatures (lower than 700 °C) have attracted a great deal of attention for a large variety of applications, since they can be used for dielectric isolation, a needed approach for multilayer, multifunctional coatings that exhibit two or more properties simultaneously. A similar phenomenon occurred with Si-rich SiO2, a two-phase material in which excess silicon, introduced during the deposition process of the films, forms a Si inclusion phase uniformly embedded in a SiO2 matrix, modifying its optical and electrical characteristics. In this short review, the synthesis methods to obtain high electronic quality SiO2 deposited films at low temperatures, as well as Si-rich SiO2 films (mainly the chemical vapor deposition technique in different versions), precursor materials, and characteristic properties, will be described together with some of their applications, beyond integrated circuit technology, that have become relevant in recent times. This is the case of solar filters, antireflecting coatings for solar cell panels, light emitting devices or liquid crystal displays, and bioimaging and theranostic applications.

Highly durable, thermally stable, semi-transparent superhydrophobic surfaces for easy-cleaning of contaminants

With the development of smart electronic devices, the importance of surface-protective coatings is rapidly increasing. Superhydrophobic surfaces are promising protective coatings that exhibit potential for anti-wetting, self-cleaning, and antibacterial applications. However, their poor mechanical durability makes their practical application difficult. Additionally, rough surface geometries induce incident light scattering, thereby reducing the transparency and limiting their optical applications. This study describes semi-transparent superhydrophobic surfaces with improved mechanical strength and thermal stability obtained through simple spray coating. We mixed reactive polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a binder with low surface free energy and high thermal resistance with fluorinated silica nanoparticles. PDMS polymers were functionalized to improve their hydrophobicity and adhesion properties through hydrosilylation with acrylate monomers. As a result, our superhydrophobic surfaces had a high-water repellency of above 160° and transparency of approximately 60 % at a wavelength of 550 nm. The coated surfaces exhibited an outstanding pencil hardness of 5H and sufficient clarity to identify objects through them. After heat treatment at 400 °C, the hardness increased to 6H while maintaining superhydrophobicity. Additionally, various contaminants were easily removed with water spraying. Our semi-transparent superhydrophobic surfaces can be widely applied in hard coatings for mobile displays, solar cell panels, self-cleaning paint, and outdoor facilities.

LIRNet: A Lightweight Inception Residual Convolutional Network for Solar Panel Defect Classification

Solar-cell panels use sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. However, the performances of solar panels decline when they degrade, owing to defects. Some common defects in solar-cell panels include hot spots, cracking, and dust. Hence, it is important to efficiently detect defects in solar-cell panels and repair them. In this study, we propose a lightweight inception residual convolutional network (LIRNet) to detect defects in solar-cell panels. LIRNet is a neural network model that utilizes deep learning techniques. To achieve high model performance on solar panels, including high fault detection accuracy and processing speed, LIRNet draws on hierarchical learning, which is a two-phase solar-panel-defect classification method. The first phase is the data-preprocessing stage. We use the K-means clustering algorithm to refine the dataset. The second phase is the training of the model. We designed a powerful and lightweight neural network model to enhance accuracy and speed up the training time. In the experiment, LIRNet improved the accuracy by approximately 8% and performed ten times faster than EfficientNet.

Pembuatan, Pelatihan Perawatan, dan Perbaikan Panel Surya Cell di Proklim Karangmojo Weru Sukoharjo

Development of climate change within the community to increase public awareness about climate change which is increasingly real. The government, through the pro-climate competition, hopes that there will be more understanding and awareness to save the environment. In the proklim competition, it is necessary to have environmentally friendly technology, one of which is a solar cell. Polytechnic Indonusa Surakarta through the MBKM program. Students conduct training, maintenance, and repair of solar cell panels at Proklim Karangmojo Weru Sukoharjo. This is done so that the Karangmojo Proklim won the championship at the national level proklim competition while at the same time increasing public awareness of climate change and also increasing public knowledge about solar cell technology. The method used is a survey, planning, manufacturing, maintenance, and repair of solar panels. The results obtained are solar panels installed properly and running according to plan.

Optimizing the Superhydrophobicity of the Composite PDMS/PUA Film Produced by a R2R System

Maintaining the surface of solar cell panels free from contaminants to ensure their efficiency is a time-consuming and tedious task. Therefore, several methods of fabricating artificial transparent superhydrophobic surfaces have been reported to overcome that problem. However, most of the proposed fabrication methods are unscalable due to their complexity. Herein, a facile and cost-effective roll-to-roll system to fabricate a highly flexible and optically transparent polydimethylsiloxane/polyurethane acrylate superhydrophobic (FTPPS) film was proposed. The superhydrophobicity of the film was achieved by the combination of the surface roughness─the ultraviolet curable polyurethane acrylate (PUA) microstructures and the low surface energy material coating─the thin polydimethylsiloxane layer coated on PUA structures using capillary force. The superhydrophobicity of the FTPPS film was carefully optimized using various designs of PUA micro-post and the material properties of the film were examined systematically by different characterization techniques. The highest measured static water contact angle (WCA) of the FTPPS film is 153.3° ± 1.8 and its lowest water sliding angle is ∼9.5° ± 0.2. Moreover, the film still exhibited high WCAs of more than 142° even after being impacted multiple times by an adhesive probe or sand grains. This result demonstrates the high mechanical durability and flexibility of the as-fabricated superhydrophobic film. Finally, the potential application of the film as a protective cover for solar cells was also illustrated through the consistent photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the solar cell module covered by the film compared to that of the uncovered solar panel.

Iot Monitoring Using ESP8266 on Solar Powered Aerator

Shrimp is one of the prima donnas of Indonesia's mainstay exports from the fishery sector which needs to be improved both in terms of quality and quantity. The use of aerators as an effort to improve the quality and quantity of harvest used by pond farmers today generally still uses a manual system, where the operation of the aerator is still based on experience, not from the quality of dissolved oxygen in the pond needed by fish or shrimp in the pond. In this study, the application of an aerator to improve the quality of dissolved oxygen both in quality and quantity, is equipped with an IoT (Internet of things) method that can instruct the aerator to operate as desired using a smartphone. The components used in this tool consist of solar cell panels as renewable power plants, Aerator Pumps, and ESP8266 WiFi. In this data collection activity, in fluctuating weather conditions. Especially during rainy conditions, data retrieval is paused because test conditions do not allow it to produce a current data reading of 0 amperes. From the logger data recording, it can be seen that the highest current value that can be absorbed through solar panels is 2.40 Amperes obtained on day 3 of testing

Solar Panel Drive Design Based Internet of Things

Indonesia is located on the equator which makes the island irradiated by the sunlight from 10 to 12 hours per day. The use of solar cell panels is generally placed in certain positions without change. For the optimal consumption of solar energy, then we need a system that follows the sun called a solar tracking system. Research the solar tracker automatically moves on an edge 0° - 180° and otherwise. To control or operate solar cells and easier the maintenance process of solar cell panels, then we need a system called IoT (Internet of Things) combine with microcontroller ESP8266 access on the Thingspeak application. The result of this study shows servo motors moved every 1 hour by 20 degrees from 6 am to 5 pm by the solar panels. Equipped with sensors INA219 to know the results of the solar energy that absorbs by the solar cells and shown on the Thingspeak application.