Sol Gel Auto-combustion Method Research Articles

Enhanced magneto-dielectric characteristics of Ni–Cd ferrites/GNPs composites synthesized via sol-gel auto-combustion method

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and spinel ferrites (SFs) composites enhance their properties and enable multifunctional applications, ranging from electronics to environmental and biomedical fields. This study investigates the Ni0.4Cd0.6Fe2O4/x-GNPs (x = 0 %, 2.5 %, and 5 %) [NCF/0%GNPs, NCF/2.5%GNPs, and NCF/5%GNPs] composites prepared via sol-gel auto combustion (SGAC) synthesis and their enhanced magneto-dielectric characteristics. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase spinel matrix of NCF/GNPs composites and observed that the crystallite size (D) was enhanced from 22.8 nm to 33.6 nm with the increasing concentration of GNPs. Moreover, the bandgap energy (Eg) was reduced with the incorporation of GNPs in the NCF sample. The dielectric constant and tangent loss were enhanced with the addition of GNPs in the NCF spinel lattice. The saturation magnetization and microwave operating frequency were reduced from 97.42 emu/g to 55.13 emu/g and 21.49 GHz–11.97 GHz, respectively, while the coercivity was observed to increase from 92.66 Oe to 263 Oe with the incorporation of GNPs in the NCF lattice. The study highlights the potential of NCF/GNPs composites for applications in electronics, energy storage, sensors, and biomedical devices.

Sol-gel auto-combustion synthesis of bimetallic Pt-Co/Al2O3 catalysts for hydrogen production via acetic acid steam reforming

Green hydrogen production from renewable biomass via bio-oil catalytic steam reforming was a prospective technology. In order to accelerate the development of high-performance and long-term catalyst, we selected acetic acid as a typical bio-oil model compound to carry out the studies of steam reforming. Excellent bimetallic Pt-Co/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel auto-combustion method. The effects of the molar ratio of ethylene glycol: citric acid: metal ions (EG/CA/M) on the catalyst structure and subsequent reforming performance were systematically investigated. It was found that the catalyst’s textural properties, reducibility, basic sites, and the dispersion of active metal could be carefully tuned by the EG/CA/M ratio. The catalyst prepared under EG/CA/M ratio of 6:3:1 performed the best reactivity in acetic acid steam reforming, showing a 97.6% acetic acid conversion and a 96.6% H2 yield at the reaction conditions of 650 °C, steam to carbon molar ratio of 5, and space velocity of 6957 h–1. Furthermore, a bifunctional reaction mechanism of acetic acid catalytic steam reforming was proposed by in-situ diffuse reflective infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy analysis coupled with density functional theory calculations.

Influence of Pr-cations on structural, spectral, elemental, and electrical features of Zr2–R type ferrites

Hexagonal ferrites have gained much attraction due to extensive applications in telecommunication and stealth fields. R-type hexagonal ferrites are rare hexagonal ferrites used in various technological applications. In the current work, the sol-gel auto-combustion method was used to prepare samples of R-type hexagonal ferrites with the chemical formula BaZr2Fe4-xPrxO11 (x = 0.00, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.09) respectively. The impact of substituting Praseodymium (Pr) on its structural, electrical, dielectric, and magnetic properties was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns suggest all samples exhibit a single phase. The lattice parameters and unit cell volume experienced alterations with varying Praseodymium (Pr3+) substitution levels. The atomic dynamics study of the Pr-doped R-type hexagonal ferrites was evaluated using FTIR analysis. Two absorption bands in the infrared spectroscopy were utilized to designate the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) findings verified the presence of all metal ions alongside their respective electronic states. Jonscher's power law elucidates the conduction mechanism of charge carriers in the synthesized ferrite samples. Impedance analysis was employed to investigate the influence of relaxation time and grain boundaries on the electrical characteristics of the fabricated nanomaterials. Impedance Cole-Cole plots provide evidence that all samples demonstrate multiple relaxation processes of a non-Debye nature. The minimum reflection loss (RL) of −32.46 dB at 3.27 GHz was achieved for x = 0.09. Pr-doped R-type hexagonal ferrite has potential applications in microwave high-frequency applications.

Effect of synthesis on structural, vibrational, and electrical properties of Ba1−xCaxCe0.8Nd0.2O3−δ (BCCN, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.01) synthesized by sol–gel auto combustion method

Effect of synthesis on structural, vibrational, and electrical properties of Ba1−xCaxCe0.8Nd0.2O3−δ (BCCN, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.01) synthesized by sol–gel auto combustion method

Influence of Zirconium substitution on electrical properties of Nickel-Zinc Ferrites

The Zirconium substituted Nickel Zinc Ferrite nano particles with chemical composition of Ni(0.5-x)Zn(0.5-x)ZrxFe2O4, where the value of x varies from 0 to 0.2, have been synthesized by the sol-gel auto combustion method, using high purity nitrates and fuelling agent citric acid. The structural property was studies from X-ray diffraction spectra. The crystallite size decreases with increase in Zirconium substitution. The electrical property of the same was investigated by studying the dielectric constant, and AC conductivity. There are fluctuations in these properties with variation in Zirconium substitution in Ni-Zn Ferrite.

Synthesis and characterization of NiFe2 O4 nanoparticles by tartaric acid assisted sol-gel auto-combustion method

Nickel ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by modified sol-gel auto-combustion method. The final product obtained was annealed at 600 °C. The thermal, structural, morphological, vibrational, optical and magnetic properties were studied using TGA, XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV-DRS and VSM techniques, respectively. The thermo gravimetric analysis shows three step decomposition of residual nitrate and tartrate complexes with a total weight loss of 6.69% below 600 °C. Further, there was no significant weight loss above 600 °C. XRD confirmed the spinel cubic phase with Fd3m space group. The average crystallite size was 14 nm. An agglomerated random morphology with porous flake like microstructure was observed. The vibrational analysis confirmed the presence of Ni-O, Fe-O stretching vibrational modes in the wave number range 400-600 cm−1. Tetrahedral site (kTd) and octahedral site (kOh) force constant values were 2.20×105 and 1.31×105 dynes/cm, respectively. From UV-DRS spectra, the Kubelka-Munk function was used to calculate the optical band gap and it was 1.71 eV. The magnetic saturation, retentivity and coercive field values: Ms = 22.35 emu/gm, Mr = 5.20 emu/gm, Hc = 165 Gauss were obtained from VSM analysis. The calculated magnetic moment value was 1.115 μB. The law of approach to saturation was employed to analyze the VSM data in saturation region. The calculated magneto-crystalline anisotropy constant, K1 value was 0.857×105 erg/cc.

Structural, magnetic, impedance and electric modulus response and dielectric relaxation in Co-doped inverse spinel [formula omitted] nanoferrite

In this research work, we report synthesis, structural, electric and magnetic properties of Cu1−XCoXFe2O4(x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) nanoferrite. All the samples are synthesized using sol-gel auto-combustion method. X-ray diffraction patterns validate the formation of single phase tetragonal structure at room temperature for all the samples. Absence of secondary phases confirms the successful substitution of Cu2+ by Co2+ ions in CuFe2O4 matrix. Dielectric analysis reveals that all the materials exhibit remarkable single dielectric relaxation. The dielectric relaxation peaks are observed between 150–225 °C. In addition, Co-doped CuFe2O4 exhibit marked enhancement of dielectric constant value for potential technological applications. Further, the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model well explains the conduction phenomena in all the samples. Activation energy values are analyzed by applying the Arrhenius equation. Impedance analysis indicates that both grain and grain boundary effects contributed the electrical response in the ferrites which is confirmed from the plot of Z″ vs. Z′. The bulk and grain boundary response are further determined by modeling the impedance data with an equivalent circuit. Modulus study confirms the existence of non-Debye type of relaxation in the synthesized ferrites. Magnetic study shows the improved value of magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization (Ms), remanent magnetization (Mr) and coercive field (Hc).

Performance boosting of Sb2Se3 photodetectors by a sol–gel auto-combustion ZnO overlayer

Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) is a promising material for low-cost, high-performance optoelectronic devices. In this study, a sol–gel auto-combustion ZnO overlayer was introduced into the Sb2Se3 photodetector (PD) for the first time. The sol–gel auto-combustion method is simple, efficient and low-cost, and when the solution ratio of the ZnO overlayer (Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O: Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) is optimized to 6:4, the constructed heterojunction improves the electron transport efficiency and shows the best performance. The results showed that the ameliorated PD exhibits higher on/off ratio (6054), responsivity (R) (23.5 mA W−1) and detectivity (D*) (2.1 × 1011 Jones) than the original device, which are improved by 22 times, 6 times and 10 times @ 660 nm, respectively. This work can enlighten the synthesis and application of low temperature ZnO thin film that can be applied for high performance Sb2Se3 PDs and other optoelectronic devices with heat-labile materials.

Nano MgCuAl2O5: Synthesis by Sol-Gel Auto-Combustion Process, Characterization and Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Hantzsch 1,4-Dihydropyridine Reaction

For the first time, MgCuAl2O5 heterogeneous nanocatalysts were prepared by sol-gel auto-combustion method, which displayed great yield and suitable activity for the preparation of 1,4-DHP derivatives with high efficiency in green solvent ethanol/water (1:1) at 80 °C under one pot condition. The synthesis materials were separated in short reaction times with excellent yield (80–95) %. Moreover, the synthesized nanocatalyst was easily retrieved and continuously reused for six reactions without a noticeable significant loss of proficiency. The solid catalyst was confirmed by XRD, BET, FTIR, FESEM and EDX, and the substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines were characterized by melting point, 1H and 13C NMR.

Influence of annealing temperature on microstructure, magnetic and electrical properties of Ce doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

Cerium doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with chemical formula CoFe1·9Ce0·1O4 were synthesized at different annealing temperatures (600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000C°) via sol-gel auto-combustion method. Thermal analysis for sample annealed at 1000C° was examined through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and revealed the presence of exothermic peak at around 500C° attributed to crystallization of prepared nanoferrites. Structural analysis such as phase formation, crystallinity and morphology was investigated by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). XRD study revealed higher dependence of grain size growth with annealing temperatures as compared to lattice parameter. HRTEM investigation confirmed that grains have almost uniform morphology with some agglomeration and confirmed values of lattice parameters and grain sizes calculated from XRD data. Magnetic hysteresis was studied by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature with an applied field of 20 kOe. The results showed an increase in saturation magnetization and remanent magnetization with increasing of annealing temperature, whereas a decline in coercivity was observed. Distribution of cations at tetrahedral and octahedral sites was investigated using x-ray and magnetic parameters which confirmed the mixed spinel ferrite nature of samples. Dielectric properties were carried out at room temperature in the range 0.1Hz–3.0 MHz. Both dielectric constant and ac conductivity decreased with rising of annealing temperature. Variation of dielectric loss tangent, impedance, electric modulus and relaxation time with temperature were also investigated. The effect of annealing temperature on the structure and its impact on magnetic and dielectric properties has been examined and discussed.

Investigate structural, morphological, electrical, dielectric and magnetic properties of dysprosium doped Cobalt-Nickel ferrites and their response to gamma irradiation

Nanocrystalline Co1-xNixFe2-yDy0.5O4 ferrites were successfully prepared by the sol–gel auto-combustion method. The samples were gamma-irradiated using a cobalt-60 source. XRD analysis reveals the formation of cubic spinel structure. FTIR study is used to confirm the formation of the expected spinel ferrite structure. Two probe method was used to measure DC electrical resistivity and the Arrhenius relation was used to calculate activation energy for non-irradiated and irradiated ferrites. Frequency dependent dielectric properties of the non-irradiated and irradiated ferrites were studied at room temperature. The dielectric constant for most of the gamma-irradiated samples increases because defects are induced in the material which increases space charge polarization in the samples. Magnetic properties of non-irradiated and irradiated nano ferrites were studied using VSM. Coercivity decreases after irradiation because decrease in grain size which increases surface state pinning of the domains.

Gamma radiation shielding efficiency of some different ceramic composites: A comparative study

The development of a non-toxic, and low-cost material that offers good shielding against harmful ionizing radiation is highly demanded. This work offers a strategy for combining ceramic composites and carbon nanotubes to produce composites with desirable radiation shielding properties. First, we successfully prepared barium titanate (BT) ceramic by sol-gel auto-combustion method. Then, a series of CERAM-1, CERAM-2, and CERAM-3 ceramic composites were formed by inserting into BT different types of ferrite and carbon nanotubes. The crystal structural analysis indicated that all ceramic composites crystallized into a cubic structure. The crystallite sizes of the final products were calculated and were found to be 30.8 nm, 25.4 nm, 35.9 nm, and 33.1 nm for pure BT, CERAM-1, CERAM-2, and CERAM-3, respectively. The gamma radiation shielding parameters were experimentally examined at four energies ranging from low to high energy radiation. At 0.06 MeV, the ceramics have the greatest linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) values, ranging from 31.760 to 29.683 cm−1. The results showed that CERAM-1 has the greatest LAC values at 0.060 and 0.662 MeV, which indicated that CERAM-1 is the most effective shield to its advantage over the other ceramic samples at low and middle energies. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that various prepared ceramics can be useful for low-energy radiation protective applications.

Improved magnetoelectric coupling of Co–Ti substituted barium hexaferrite at room temperature and related electrical investigations

This paper reports a systematic study of the electrical, multiferroic and magnetoelectric coupling properties of Co–Ti substituted Barium hexaferrites, having the chemical composition BaFe12-2xCoxTixO19 (x = 0–2.0; in steps of 0.5), synthesized using the sol gel auto-combustion method. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies and Rietveld refinement confirmed the successful incorporation of Co–Ti ions in the hexaferrite lattice with all the samples displaying Pb63/mmc space group single phase structure. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images revealed the inhibition of crystal growth in a particular direction with Co–Ti substitution. The conduction mechanisms of the samples were analysed from the conductivity measurements and were found to follow Jonschers power law. The complex impedance spectroscopy analysis and the Cole-Cole plot fitted diagrams of the samples indicated the enhancement of bulk resistivity and grain boundary resistivity with substitution. Saturation magnetizations of the substituted samples decreased and were ascribed to the replacement of Fe ions by Co–Ti ions at different crystallographic sites. The observed reduction in anisotropy constant indicated the disturbance in the magnetic axis. The multiferroic nature of the substituted samples at room temperature was confirmed from the soft ferroelectric loops. Room temperature magnetoelectric coupling coefficient was found to be largely enhanced with substitution, achieving an exceptionally high value of 182mV/cmOe for the x = 1.5 sample. This may prove useful for potential use in emerging device applications as a single phase room temperature multiferroic material.

Engineering of Pr3+ doped M type PbFe12O19 hexaferrites to enhance photocatalytic degradation of nicotine

The present task explains how the photocatalytic properties of the PbFe12O19 enhanced after the doping of rare earth metal praseodymium (Pr3+). The PbFe12-xPrxO19 with different dopant concentrations x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50 were prepared by sol gel auto-combustion method and annealed at 900°C. The XRD analysis confirmed that average crystal size decreases (23–30 nm) with the increase in Pr3+ concentration. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to determine the shape and particle size which was estimated to be 68 nm. The band gap of the samples was tuned from 3.25 to 2.49 eV after intervention of praseodymium ions in the PbFe12O19 crystal system. Our doped samples exhibited exceptional photodegradation efficiency during the degradation of nicotine. The results revealed that Pr3+doped PbFe12O19 (x = 0.50) sample degraded almost 91 % of the nicotine with a first order kinetics rate constant (k = 0.0099 min−1), while undoped PbFe12O19 sample degraded just 45 % within 90 min. Quenching experiments demonstrated that superoxide and hydroxide radicals play important role in the degradation of nicotine. We deduce that praseodymium doped M type lead hexaferrite is efficient photocatalyst for nicotine removal.

Investigation of structural, magnetic, and electric properties of Ni-Cr-Bi nano ferrites an effect of rare earth cerium element by sol-gel auto combustion method

In the present study, the rare-earth Ce3+ ion substation influences Ni-Cr-Bi nanoferrites with the chemical formulation Ni0.5Cr0.2Bi0.3Cex3+Fe2-xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.09) synthesized via the citrate-induced sol–gel auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and dielectric studies. The XRD test confirmed that the structure was a single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) spinel with an Fd3m space group. The crystallite size obtained by the XRD pattern is in the range from 36.43 nm to 36.73 nm with Ce3+ content, which indicates the formation of nanocrystalline samples. The lattice constant was increased from 4.168 Å to 4.191 Å. The FESEM pictures show the materials' morphology as agglomerations of spherical-shaped particles with a grain size of 22.46 nm to 31.46 nm. The HRTEM picture showed a spherical particle size of 55.32 nm. The saturation magnetization (Ms) was observed for x = 0.09 composition as 69.87 (emu/gm). The coercivity and remanence varying increased from 84.57 Oe to 164.68 Oe and 6.09 emu/gm to 7.88 emu/gm. The frequency variation of the dielectric constant and loss tangent exhibit space charge polarization as a phenomenon governing the dielectric behavior of the ferrites reveals the observed ac-conductivity in the frequency range of 5 MHz to 25 GHz. In addition to the main role that grain boundaries play in the conduction process, the impedance analysis showed that the samples being studied also had electrical relaxations.

Rietveld refinement and cation distribution of Zn-Al substituted NiFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles

A series of Zn-Al co-substituted nickel ferrites having general formula Ni1-xZnxFe2-yAlyO4 with x = y = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 were successfully synthesized by wet chemical sol–gel auto combustion method. The X-ray diffraction pattern with Rietveld refinement has confirmed the formation of monophase cubic spinel structured samples with space group Fd-3 m. It is found that the lattice constant (a) decreases from 8.3399 Å to 8.2801 Å with an increase in Zn-Al content. The crystallite sizes are decreased from 25 nm to 18 nm with Zn-Al content. The X-ray density is decreased from 5.3679 to 4.9642 g/cm3 and porosity is decreased from 32.23 to 30.68 % with Zn-Al substitution. The cation distribution attributed that the dopant Zn2+ preferentially occupies tetrahedral A-site and dopant Al3+ preferentially occupies octahedral B-site for all the composition of Zn-Al. The average grain size (G) is observed to be increased from 36 nm to 43 nm. The saturation magnetization (Ms) is decreased from 48.51 to 1.05 emu/g with Zn-Al composition. The coercivity (Hc) of the sample is decreased from 104 to 26.31 Oe and the remenance ratio is decreased from 0.23 to 0.03 Zn-Al content. The variations in dielectric properties are explained on the basis of Maxwell and Wagner’s type of interfacial polarization effects. The magnetic and dielectric properties of nickel ferrite nanoparticles are strongly influenced by the Zn-Al co-substitution, which is valuable in technological applications.

Magnetization reversal and coercivity mechanism in ferrimagnetic M-type hexaferrite by controlling phase evolution

The correlation of phase evolution (annealing at different temperatures) with magnetic properties like magnetization reversal, coercivity mechanism, and energy product in M-type hexaferrite by substituting Sr in place of Ba has been reported in the present article. The Ba1-xSrxFe12O19 (x = 0.0, 0.5, & 1.0) have been prepared by the sol–gel auto-combustion method followed by annealing at different temperatures from 800 °C to 1200 °C. The structural and magnetic properties have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Vibrating sample magnetometer. The Rietveld refinement confirms contraction in unit cell parameters by replacing Sr in place of Ba and lattice expansion with increasing annealing temperature. There is no significant effect of substitution on magnetic properties found rather heat treatment affects greatly. The transition from a single domain to multidomain particles and their contribution to initial magnetization curves are analyzed. The differential susceptibility (dM/dH) calculated from room temperature magnetization confirms the existence of a pinning effect during magnetization reversal for samples heat treated below 1200 °C. Secondary phases or grain boundaries are believed to act like pinning centers. This work opens insight into the domain wall motion by microstructure engineering. The coercivity is tuned to 6.09 kOe by controlling the annealing temperature for the Ba1-xSrxFe12O19 (x = 1.0) sample. The maximum energy product (BH)max in the range of 0.94–1.27 MGOe has been achieved.

Tuning the magnetic properties of hard–soft Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe10Al2O19 and Ni0.1Co0.9Fe2O4 nanocomposites via one pot sol–gel auto combustion method for permanent magnet applications

Permanent magnets generate magnetic fields that can be sustained when a reverse field is supplied. These permanent magnets are effective in a wide range of applications. However, strategic rare-earth element demand has increased interest in replacing them with huge energy product (BH)max. Exchange-coupled hard/soft ferrite nanocomposites have the potential to replace a portion of extravagant rare earth element-based magnets. In the present, we have reported the facile auto combustion synthesis of exchange-coupled Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe10Al2O19 and Ni0.1Co0.9Fe2O4 nanocomposites by increasing the content of soft ferrite over the hard from x = 0.1 to 0.4 wt%. The XRD combined with Rietveld analysis reflected the presence of hexaferrite and spinel ferrite without the existence of secondary phases. The absorption bands from the Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis proved the presence of M–O bonds in tetrahedral sites and octahedral sites. Rod and non-spherical images from TEM represent the hexaferrite and spinel ferrite. The smooth M–H curve and a single peak of the switching field distribution curve prove that the material has undergone a good exchange coupling. The nanopowders displayed an increase in saturation magnetization and a decrease in coercivity with the increases in the spinel content. The prepared nanocomposites were showing higher energy products. The composite with the ratio x = 0.2 displayed a higher value of (BH)max of 13.16 kJ m−3.

Nanocrystalline (Cu0.5Ni0.5)yFe3−yO4 Ferrites: Synthesis and Characterization

Nanocrystalline materials with the composition of (Cu0.5Ni0.5)yFe3−yO4 and a spinel structure were synthesized by the auto-combustion sol–gel method. The materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and N2 physisorption. A decrease in the unit cell parameter and increase in the crystallite size with a decrease in the copper and nickel content in ferrites were evidenced. Mössbauer analysis determined that iron ions are in the 3+ states in all compositions. Transmission electron microscopy showed that synthesized ferrite materials consisted of nanoparticles with narrow size distributions. The catalytic properties of synthesized ferrites were studied in the reaction of ethyl acetate oxidation and methanol decomposition. The conversion of ethyl acetate and CO2 selectivity increased with temperature, and this effect was most pronounced for (Cu0.5Ni0.5)0.5Fe2.5O4, for which the main part of the particles possessed sizes below 10 nm, and the mean diameter was calculated to be 4.3 nm. The catalytic activity in the reaction of methanol decomposition was the highest for (Cu0.5Ni0.5)0.25Fe2.75O4, and it decreased with the increase in Cu and Ni content in the samples. The analysis of the samples after the catalytic test indicated significant reduction transformations within the catalysts. Under the reaction medium, the spinel phase decomposed through the formation of Hägg carbide.

Defect-induced improved structural and electrical properties of Gd-Sr co-doped ceria for solid oxide fuel cell applications

Compositions of Ce1-x-yGdxSryO2-δ (x = 0.1, 0.2, and y = 0.025, 0.05, 0.075) are prepared using the sol-gel auto combustion method. The as-prepared powders are calcined at 500 °C for 2 h, followed by pelletization and sintering at 1450 °C for 4 h. Phase identification, defect distribution, microstructural analysis, and conductivity are examined using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and impedance spectroscopy, respectively. A single crystalline phase is formed, and the lattice parameter variation with dopant concentration exhibits anomalous behavior. All the samples show relative densities higher than 92 %. The partial liquid phase sintering is also observed. In co-doped samples, the doping of 10 % Gd with 2.5 % Sr exhibits the highest conductivity, i.e., 1.20 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 600 °C. The developed materials are used in anode-supported cell testing. It shows a maximum power density of 112.7 mW cm−2 and a current density of 288.7 mA cm−2 at 600 °C with wet hydrogen and air on the anode and cathode side, respectively.