Sodium Metasilicate Gel Research Articles

Surface Characterization Gel Grown Cerium Tartrate Crystals

Cerium tartrate crystals were grown from sodium metasilicate gel and water solutions of tartaric acid and cerium chloride as the reactants. Crystals grown were spherulitic in size. The principle objective of this investigation is to determine the surface area, pore volume and pore size of CeT sample. BET surface area was calculated from the BET plot; pore size distributions were calculated using BJH model. The pore volume was measured at the single point of p/p0 = 0.05. The Adsorption / Desorption Isotherm for cerium tartrate, Pore Size Distribution by BJH Method, Pore Size Distribution by DFT method and Volume Histogram By DFT Method was studied respectively for the CeT sample. The isotherm obtained for the sample demonstrates that it belongs to the type II isotherm.

Experimental-computational approach to investigate elastic properties of struvite.

The research presented in the paper concerns the elastic properties of struvite. The article combines theoretical and experimental research. Experimental studies were carried out on struvite single crystals grown in sodium metasilicate gel by single diffusion. This unique method leads to obtaining crystals of sufficiently large size to conduct, for the first time, experimental measurement of elastic properties of monocrystalline struvite. Using the nanoindentation method, the Ez = 29.1 ± 0.7GPa value of the component of Young's modulus was determined for a struvite single crystal. In addition, the elastic constants C11, C22, and C33 were determined using micro-Brillouin spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations of the abovementioned properties have been carried out by employing density functional theory methods. Scaling of the theoretical elastic constants leads to obtaining good agreement with the experimental values. Values of the Ex and Ey components of the Young's modulus, not available from the experimental nanoindentation technique, have been determined theoretically as 23GPa and 27GPa, respectively. Differences in the values of elastic components and Young's modulus components are related to the layered crystal structure of struvite and directional character of the hydrogen-bonding pattern.

Synthesis and Study of Growth Parameters of Zinc Iodate Crystals Grown by Gel Method

In the present investigation, crystals of Zinc iodate, were grown by gel method. Since the compound decomposes before its melting point, conventional high temperature methods for its growth are not suitable. It is sparingly soluble in water; hence, gel method is only the alternative technique for growing the crystals of the appreciable size and quality as reported in the present work at ambient temperature. Moreover, this method is simple and inexpensive. Hence the crystals of zinc iodate [Zn(IO3)2] have been grown in sodium meta silicate gel using the single diffusion method at room temperature. This research paper involves the growth of the zinc iodate crystals and its study using various parameters such as pH of the gel solution, gel concentration, gel setting time, concentrations of reactants etc. The effect of these parameters on the growth of the crystals has been studied.

An approach to the growth of calcium manganese hydrogen phosphate (CaMnHPO4) single crystals (in-vitro study-I) in water glass medium at room temperature and its characterization studies

Abstract Calcium manganese hydrogen phosphate (CaMnHPO4) crystals are quite repeatedly present in urinary calculi. The crystals are grown by the single diffusion growth technique in sodium meta silicate gel. The grown crystals are in the form of platelet, single and poly crystals and large needle type morphologies are also observed. The grown crystals are analyzed by FTIR and TGA/DTA. A well grown selected crystals are analyzed by SEM and etching to identify its growth morphologies. This is in good agreement with earlier reported literature.

“Soft Condensed Matter” Variations in Structural Properties at Sol to Gel Transition- An Ultrasonic Study of Elastic Properties at 10Mhz in Sodium Meta Silicate Gel

“Soft Condensed Matter” Variations in Structural Properties at Sol to Gel Transition- An Ultrasonic Study of Elastic Properties at 10Mhz in Sodium Meta Silicate Gel

Struvite Grown in Gel, Its Crystal Structure at 90 K and Thermoanalytical Study

In this article, we report the crystallization of struvite in sodium metasilicate gel by single diffusion gel growth technique. The obtained crystals have a very rich morphology displaying 18 faces. In this study, the habit and morphology of the obtained struvite crystals are analyzed. The crystals were examined and identified as pure struvite by single X-ray diffraction (XRD). The orthorhombic polar noncentrosymmetric space group Pmn21 was identified. The structure of the crystal was determined at a temperature of 90 K. Our research indicates a lack of polymorphism, resulting from the temperature lowering to 90 K, which has not been previously reported. The determined unit cell parameters are as follows a = 6.9650(2) Å, b = 6.1165(2) Å, c = 11.2056(3) Å. The structure of struvite is presented here with a residual factor R1 = 1.2% at 0.80 Å resolution. We also present thermoanalytical study of struvite using thermal analysis techniques such as thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA).

Investigation on growth and morphology of in vitro generated struvite crystals

Abstract Struvite stones develop as a result of urinary tract infections by urease-producing bacteria. Here, we report the dynamics of in vitro crystallization of struvite at various pH using single diffusion gel growth technique. Sodium metasilicate gel and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were used as a medium for growing the struvite crystals. The composition, crystalline nature, and surface morphology of the crystals were studied using FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, TGA, DSC, and SEM. The struvite crystals displayed different morphologies like dendritic, envelope and rectangular shapes at different pH. Crystal faces were different at opposite ends of the crystallographic axis of the struvite crystals. Large X-shaped crystals with dendritic growth having main trunk and branches were observed. SEM revealed the porous internal structure of struvite. The results indicate that pH has a significant effect on the morphology and growth of struvite crystals. The present study will provide evidence for the importance of pathological bio-mineralization and/or crystallization.

Vitamin C inhibits crystallization of struvite from artificial urine in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

ABSTRACTBackground:Formation of struvite stones is associated with urinary tract infection by urease-producing bacteria. Biogenic crystal growth in natural and synthetic materials is regulated by the action of inhibitors, ranging from small ions, molecules to large macromolecules.Materials and Methods:We report the dynamics of in vitro crystallization of struvite in presence of vitamin C in synthetic urine using single diffusion gel growth technique. Sodium metasilicate gel of specific gravity 1.05 and the aqueous solution of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were used as the medium for growing the struvite crystals. The crystallization process was induced by a urease positive struvite stone associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa to mimic the infection leading to stone formation. The grown crystals were characterized by ATR-FTIR and powder XRD. The surface morphology was analysed through FE-SEM for comparison between treatments.Results:We observed decrease in number, dimension, and growth rate of struvite crystals with the increasing concentrations of vitamin C. Crystals displayed well-defined faces and dendritic morphology of struvite in both control and biogenic systems.Conclusion:The results strongly suggest that, vitamin C can modulate the formation of struvite crystals in the presence of uropathogenic bacteria.

Structural and magnetic studies on copper succinate dihydrate single crystals

Single crystals of copper succinate dihydrate were grown in silica gel by slow diffusion of copper chloride to sodium metasilicate gel impregnated with succinic acid. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. In its structure each copper atom is penta co-ordinated to oxygen atoms of four succinate oxygens and oxygen of co-ordinated water molecule. The four bis-bidendate succinate anions form syn–syn bridges among two copper atoms to form a polymeric two-dimensional chain. From room temperature vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) studies, the magnetic moment of the material is calculated as 1.35 Bohr magneton (BM), indicating anti-ferromagnetic interaction between copper atoms and can be explained as due to the orbital overlap of the bridging ligand and the two copper atoms in syn–syn orientation. A strong bonding of the magnetic orbital of equatorially oriented Cu atom on both sides of the exchange pathway (Cu–O-C-O–Cu) leads to the anti-ferromagnetic interaction.

Crystal structure, spectral, thermal and dielectric studies of a new barium complex of benzoic acid single crystal

A novel crystalline complex of benzoic acid with barium has been successfully grown in sodium metasilicate gel and its structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The crystal belongs to triclinic system with space group P-1 having unit cell parameters a = 7.7064(3)Å, b = 12.8642(5)Å, c = 15.4986(7)Å, α = 86.456(2)°β = 87.080(2)° and γ = 89.835(2)°. The complex exhibits a 3D polymeric structure. This polymeric structure is formed by tetradentate chelating and bidentate bridging of carboxylic oxygens of benzoic acid ligand. Another interesting feature of this polymer is the involvement of deprotonated coordinated aqua molecules in bridging the two metal atoms. The TGA/DTA studies reveal that the complex is thermally stable up to 170 °C. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters at different decomposition stages were also calculated. FT-IR spectral studies were used to identify the functional groups and the bonding sites of the ligand with the metal atoms. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed the transparency of the crystal. The optical band gap was found to be 4.1 eV.

EFFECT OF LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM, CITRUS LIMON AND DAONIL ON RENAL CALCULI

Calcium stones are most commonly occurring form of nephrolithiasis or urinary stones, which is one of the oldest and common afflictions of humans. The calcium oxalate crystals were grown by single diffusion gel growth technique in sodium metasilicate gel. This technique can be utilized as a simplified screening model to study the growth and dissolution of urinary stones in vitro. The study was done separately with Lycopersicon esculentum pulp and with seed extract at various concentrations. The study revealed that, pulp has little inhibitory effect because of the presence of citrate, but the seed was found to have promoting effect as it contain oxalate in abundant amount. The juice of Citrus Limon is an effective inhibitor of renal calculi, because it is rich in citrate. Even though intake of allopathic drugs activates the development of stones, this can be counteracted by the intake of citrate rich foods.

Growth, spectral, structural and mechanical properties of struvite crystal grown in presence of sodium fluoride

Struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MAP) is one of the components of urinary stone. Struvite stones are commonly found in women. It forms in human beings as a result of urinary tract infection with urea splitting organisms. These stones can grow rapidly forming “staghorn-calculi”, which is a painful urological disorder. Therefore, it is of prime importance to study the growth and inhibition of struvite crystals. The growth inhibition effect of struvite crystals in sodium metasilicate (SMS) gel in the presence of sodium fluoride has been carried out. Crystals obtained have been analysed by powder and single crystal XRD, SEM–EDX, FTIR and TG–DTA. The results show that the presence of fluoride significantly affects struvite crystal growth and the characteristics of the crystallites produced. The mechanical property of the grown crystals has been investigated by Vickers microhardness testing. Work hardening coefficient was found to be >1·6 for both pure and doped samples which suggests that the crystal belongs to the family of soft material. Presence of sodium fluoride further softened the crystal.

Effect of H3PO4 reactant and NaF additive on the crystallization and properties of brushite

Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4.2H2O, CHPD) or brushite crystal is a well known urinary substance found frequently in urinary stones. The CHPD crystals have been crystallized in sodium metasilicate gel (SMS) at room temperature under pH 6 in the presence of sodium fluoride. Here, H3PO4 and CaCl2 were used as reactants which resulted in simultaneous crystallization of mostly dentritic brushite crystals and a small quantity of hydroxyapatite (HA). On the other hand, use of Na2HPO4 and CaCl2 as reactants yielded the large quantity of HA along with platelet brushite crystals. In both the cases, addition of sodium fluoride is found to inhibit the nucleation and subsequent growth of brushite crystals. The crystal morphology, structure and elemental composition of the grown crystals have been analyzed using SEM-EDX and powder XRD studies. Functional groups present in the grown crystals have been confirmed from the vibrational frequencies of the recorded FTIR spectrum.

Growth and characterisation of a novel polymer of manganese(II) nicotinate single crystal

A new crystalline complex of pyridine – 3-carboxylic acid (nicotinic acid) − with manganese has been successfully grown in sodium meta silicate gel and its structure has been determined by single crystal X ray diffraction technique. The complex crystallises in space group P2(1)/c, with cell dimensions a=8.727(5)Å, b=10.182(5)Å, c=7.138(5)Å and β=100.005(5)°. The carboxylate group bridges two central metal atoms, leading to a 3D polymeric frame work of the complex. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. FT-IR spectral studies were used to identify the functional groups and the bonding sites of the ligand with the metal atoms. The elemental analysis confirmed the stoichiometry of the complex. The thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis were carried out to evaluate the thermal properties and stability of the grown crystal. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also calculated.

Dielectric and magnetic studies of gel-grown copper malonate trihydrate crystals

Single crystals of copper malonate trihydrate were grown in silica gel by slow diffusion of copper nitrate by sodium metasilicate gel impregnated with malonic acid. The grown crystal was subjected to dielectric studies and magnetic studies. The dielectric properties of the crystal were analyzed as a function of frequency and temperature. A vibrating sample magnetometer was used to determine the hysteresis properties of the crystals by measuring the magnetic moment for different applied fields. The crystal is found to be weakly ferromagnetic.

Growth and thermal behavior of lead Iodate crystals grown in silica gel

The Pb(IO3)2 crystals have been grown in sodium meta silicate gel using the single diffusion method at room temperature. The grown crystals were characterized by thermo analytical techniques (TG, DTA, and DTG), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and FTIR spectroscopy. The crystal system is confirmed to be orthorhombic having lattice parameters a = 6.09 A, b = 16.68 A, and c = 5.58 A by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. FTIR study reveals that lead iodate crystal is anhydrous. TG, DTA, and DTG analysis shows a remarkable thermal stability.

Role of Strontium on the Crystallization of Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate (CHPD)

Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD, CaHPO 4· 2H2O) or brushite is found quite frequently in urinary calculi (stones) . Crystallization of brushite has been carried out in sodium metasilicate (SMS) gel with and without adding ‘Sr’ as additive. In pure system, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA, CaHPO 4) or monetite and hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 5(PO 4)3(OH)) grew along with brushite. The presence of Sr suppressed the formation of HA and enhanced the number and size of monetite crystals and changed the morphology of brushite crystals from needle shape to octopus-like shape. The samples were characterized by powder & single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Xray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analyses (TG-DTA) .

Comparative Study of Pure and Doped Single Crystals of Lead Iodide Dihydrate and Lead Tartrate Dihydrate Grown in Silica Gel Using Fourier Transform Raman Spectra

It is presented the FT-Raman spectroscopic investigation of the lead tartrate dihydrate and lead iodide dihydrate.The difference in the spectroscopic behavior of these salts were found which can be attributed to a different geometry of the tartrate and iodide ions. The structural differences between the coordination environments of lead atoms are discussed in connection with Raman frequencies. The compounds have been synthesized using sodium metasilicate gel at ordinary temperature and pressure.

Growth and characterization of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate crystals from single diffusion gel technique

AbstractCalcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4·2H2O, CHPD) a dissolved mineral in urine is known to cause renal or bladder stones in both human and animals. Growth of CHPD or brushite using sodium metasilicate gel techniques followed by light and polarizing microscopic studies revealed its structural and morphological details. Crystal identity by powder x‐ray diffraction confirmed the FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectroscopic techniques as alternate methods for fast analysis of brushite crystals which could form as one type of renal stones. P‐O‐P asymmetric stretchings in both FT‐IR (987.2, 874.1 and 792 cm‐1) and FT‐Raman (986.3 cm‐1, 1057.6 cm‐1 and 875.2 cm‐1) were found as characteristics of brushite crystals. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed brushite crystallization purity using gel method by studying their endothermic peaks. This study incorporated a multidisciplinary approach in characterizing CHPD crystals grown in vitro to help formulate prevention or dissolution strategy in controlling urinary stone growth. Initial studies with 0.2 M citric acid ions as controlling agent in the nucleation of brushite crystals further support the presented approach. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Thermal characteristics of pure and neodymium doped calcium hydrogen phosphate single crystals

Single crystals of pure and neodymium doped calcium hydrogen phosphate were grown in sodium meta silicate gels, by the single diffusion gel method. Platelet and needle shaped crystals were obtained. The grown crystals were characterized by different techniques. The thermal behaviour of the crystals was studied using the thermo analytical techniques, which included TG, DTA, DTG and DSC. These studies reveal that the decomposition of the material occurs in one or more stages. The enthalpy value is also calculated.