Sodium Compounds Research Articles

Selective leaching of V, W and recycling of TiO2 carrier from waste V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts by mixed alkali liquor

Recovery of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification catalysts is important to reduce costs and environmental pollution. To recover and reuse the metal resources in the waste V2O5 - WO3/TiO2 catalyst, a mixed alkaline leaching system of NH3·H2O and sodium compounds was used. The method keeps the carrier composition and structure unchanged while achieving the separation of V and W. The effects of three additives, NaOH, Na2CO3 and NaCl, were investigated after determining the optimum leaching concentration of NH3·H2O at 6.0 mol‧L−1. The results showed the most superior leaching efficiency of V and W in NH3·H2O - NaOH solution. Next, the effects of additive concentrations and process parameters on the leaching of V and W were systematically investigated. Under optimum leaching conditions, 77.47%V and 47.7%W were leached without destroying the carrier. Moreover, this method showed similar separation of valuable metals from different components of waste catalysts, demonstrating its versatility. Meanwhile, the TiO2 carriers with undamaged structure can be directly prepared as new denitrification catalysts. Finally, the comprehensive utilization of 92.84%W, 91.94%V and 92.17%Ti resources in the waste denitrification catalyst is realized. Overall, the method may be an environmentally friendly solution for resource recovery of waste SCR catalysts.

Durability of advanced low temperature lithium compound electrode ceramic fuel cell for transportation

In recent years, a ceramic fuel cell with lithium compound such as Ni0·8Co0·15Al0·05LiO2 (NCAL) as its electrode is reduced in H2 to produce lithium compounds containing molten salt and diffused into oxide electrolyte to form an “oxide-lithium compounds molten salt” composite electrolyte with ultra-high ionic conductivity, which made the cell have remarkable low-temperature power generation performance. It is found that the dynamic migration of lithium compounds produced by NCAL anode in the cell with Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ (GDC) as electrolyte during the constant current durability test is the main reason for the cell performance degradation. In this paper, we found that adding different mass ratios of NaFeO2 to the GDC electrolyte to construct GDC/NaFeO2 composite electrolyte can significantly affect the durability of the cell. Under the constant current density test conditions of 550 °C, 0.2 A cm−2, the performance of the cell with GDC/NaFeO2 composite with a mass ratios of 8/2 as electrolyte maintained relatively good durability in the constant current test of 50 h. The characterization results show that the NaFeO2 reacts with lithium compounds such as LiOH to generate LiFeO2 and NaOH, and NaFeO2 is reduced to Fe and NaOH by H2. A proper amount of NaFeO2 in the GDC/NaFeO2 composite electrolyte can produce sodium compound molten salt during the performance test to replace the role of lithium compound molten salt in improving the electrolyte ionic conductivity and the cell sealing, while slowing down the dynamic migration of the molten salt in the cell, thus improving the durability of the cell. The findings in this paper provide evidence and relevant theories for the performance degradation and durability improvement mechanism of this new type of lithium compound electrode ceramic fuel cell (LCCFCs), and propose new strategies for obtaining LCCFCs with better durability.

Study on the soluble and insoluble fume and hexavalent chromium emitted from a new covered electrode with micro and nano sized-sodium and potassium titanate-based flux.

The present study discusses the effect of the addition of nano-sized arc stabilizing materials on fume emissions and its solubility characteristics. Micro and nano-sized sodium/potassium titanates were added to the SMAW electrode flux as a substitute for the conventional sodium and potassium silicate compounds. The total and soluble metal concentration of fumes from the newly developed electrodes were estimated and compared with that of commercially available electrodes. The estimation of fume formation rate and breathing zone concentration of fumes followed the ISO 15011-1 and ISO 10882-1 standard. An average 50% reduction in the soluble fraction of fumes was observed from the electrodes containing micro-sized potassium-titanate compounds, and the reduction was further improved by 60% when nano-sodium titanate was added to the flux. Whereas, the reduction in soluble metal concentration for potassium titanate coated electrodes were 45% and 55%, in that order, for their micro and nano-structured forms. The soluble fraction of hexavalent chromium from the electrodes containing 100% nano sodium/potassium titanates was reduced up to 50% in each impactor stage. The inclusion of nano-sized sodium titanate in the flux resulted in a reduction in fume formation rate up to 55% and breathing zone concentration of fumes by 58% compared to the conventional sodium silicate coated electrodes. The electrode assaying 100% nano-potassium titanate showed a reduction of 59% in fume formation rate and 61% in breathing zone concentration compared to that of conventional potassium silicate-coated electrodes.

Synthesis of porous C/Fe3O4 microspheres by spray pyrolysis with NaNO3 additive for lithium-ion battery applications

In this work, we successfully synthesized porous C/Fe3O4 microspheres by spray pyrolysis at 700ºC with a sodium nitrate (NaNO3) additive in the precursor solution. Furthermore, we studied their electrochemical properties as anode material for Li-ion batteries. The systematic studies by various characterization techniques show that NaNO3 catalyzes the carbonization of sucrose and enhances the crystallization of Fe3O4. Moreover, an aqueous etching can easily remove sodium compounds to produce porous C/Fe3O4 microspheres with large surface areas and pore volumes. The porous C/Fe3O4 microspheres exhibit a reversible capacity of ~780 mAh g–1 in the initial cycles and ~520 mAh g–1 after 30 cycles at a current density of 50 mA g–1. Moreover, a reversible capacity of ~400 mAh g–1 is attainable after 200 cycles, even at a high current density of 500 mA g–1. The wide range of pores produced from the removal of sodium compounds might enable easy electrolyte penetration and facilitate fast Li-ion diffusion, while the N-doping can promote the electronic conductivity of the carbon. These features of porous C/Fe3O4 microspheres led to the improved electrochemical properties of this sample.Graphical

PEMBUATAN SABUN PADAT EKSTRAK DAUN SUNGKAI (Peronema canescens Jack) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus

Soap is a mixture of sodium compounds with fatty acids that are used as body cleaning agents, in solid form, foam, or without additives. Solid soaps on the market have the color, shape, aroma and additives needed by the skin as well as active ingredients that are able to reduce pathogenic microorganisms on the skin. Antibacterial active ingredients against Staphylococcus aureus can be obtained from sungkai leaf extract (Peronema canescens Jack) because it contains chemical compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. This study aims to determine the physical properties of solid soap of sungkai leaf extract in accordance with the quality standards of SNI 3532: 2016 and determine the antibacterial activity of solid soap of sungkai leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Sungkai leaf extract is added with volume variations, namely 0 mL, 5 mL 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL. The resulting solid soap is physically tested and antibacterial tests against Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that solid soap of sungkai leaf extract has physical properties in accordance with the quality standards of SNI 3532-2016 and can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The best results were obtained at the addition of 10 mL of sungkai leaf extract. The soap has a dense texture, the aroma of sungkai leaf extract is not too pungent, pH 9.8, foam stability is 87.80%, moisture content is 3.54% and the diameter of the inhibitory zone against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 10 mm

Pengolahan Camilan Stick Rumput Laut Hijau (Eucheuma) Berdasarkan Uji Organoleptik pada Murid Sekolah Dasar (SD) Negeri 29 Kendari

Stick snack products are foods that are still rarely found in the community. Green seaweed plants contain carbohydrates, protein, fat, most of which are salt, sodium, and potassium compounds. beta-carotene and minerals. This study aims to determine the acceptability of color, texture, aroma and taste of green seaweed stick snacks with the addition of wheat flour in school children at SDN 29 Kendari. The type of research used is descriptive. The panelists were 53 students of SD Negeri 29 Kendari. The sampling technique used is the saturated survey. The data obtained using observation sheets and analyzed descriptively. The result of color preference for green seaweed stick snack products, namely R4 has the best acceptance rate of 90.6%. From the aspect of texture, that is R4 as much as 89.2%. From the aspect of aroma, namely R4 as much as 92.5%. Meanwhile, from the taste aspect, R4 is 92.5%. The conclusion of this study is the acceptability of green seaweed stick snacks based on the attributes of color, texture, aroma and taste. Meanwhile, the panelists preferred the R4 product more than other products.

A short review on Substantial role of Geopolymer in the sustainable construction industry

Civil engineering has made significant strides in the discovery and application of novel materials during the past several decades. This list of notable substances contains a novel substance referred to as “Geopolymer,” which has been defined as a new bonding material derived from inorganic chemistry via polymerization of alumina-based silicate oxides with sodium, calcium, or potassium-based hydroxide compounds. The mixture of these chemical compounds, when applied, initiates an alkaline activation reaction that leads to the development of a nebulous structure. Unlike most organic or inorganic polymers, geopolymer is exemplified at temperatures below 1000°C. Because geopolymer is more eco-friendly than currently available construction adhesives, its use in building activities is on the rise. This review includes an examination of the history of geopolymer, the essential silicate material required to prepare geopolymer, the presence and reactions of the chemical compounds used to create alkaline activator solutions at different molar ratios, the curing conditions, the engineering characteristics of geopolymer activated specimens, and their resistance to chemicals. This review concludes that geopolymer technology is the best material for several applications in civil engineering in the twenty-first century.

Sodium complexes as precise tools for cutting polymer chains. Exploration of PLA degradation by unique cooperation of sodium centers

The challenge for the future of plastics is closed-loop plastic recycling and polymer waste degradation. The exploration of the structural nuances of the sodium compounds presented in this paper shows how to design “tools for cutting polymer chains”.

Pengaruh Variasi Campuran Bentonit Terhadap Karakteristik Pasir Cetak Untuk Proses Sand Casting

The casting process is widely used because it has the advantage of being able to make products with small dimensions to very large dimensions, the use of materials is more efficient, the casting products can be directly used. However, in the casting process, the main triggers for the formation of defects are the nature of the mold, low permeability, low molding compressive strength, low sintering point, unsuitable sand grain distribution, so research is needed to obtain the right type of molding sand as a sand mold in metal casting. The only type of additive is bentonite. Bentonite can absorb water and expands between 8-15 times and remains dispersed in water for a certain period of time. This study aims to examine the effect of a mixture of variations of local bentonite and Australian bentonite on the characteristics of the molding sand for the sand casting process. The tests carried out are in the form of size distribution testing, X-Ray Diffraction, water content testing, compressive strength, and permeability measurements. Bentonite was varied into 5 variations of the mixture with a difference of 20% in each mixture. The results of the large size distribution of silica sand grains were 37.6 GFN. The results of XRD testing of local bentonite showed a higher content of calcium compounds and Australian bentonite contained higher sodium compounds. The largest water content test value is 5.825%. The largest compressive strength test value is 2.7 Kgf /cm 2 .

Electrochemical characterization and photocatalytic activity of MBiO3 (M = K and Na) for hydrogen production

This work reports the hydrogen production of KBiO3 and NaBiO3. The potassium compound was synthesized by chemical substitution while commercial NaBiO3 was used. Both samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopic (SEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The XRD patterns suggest that KBiO3 has a cubic crystalline structure while rhombohedral NaBiO3·xH2O was found for the sodium compound. SEM images reveal micron sized particles with octahedral shape for KBiO3 and flower shape for NaBiO3. The band gap was calculated from the diffuse reflectance spectrum resulting in 1.9 eV and 2.6 eV for KBiO3 and NaBiO3, respectively. Moreover, with electrochemical techniques it was possible to estimate the electroactive surface area as well as the recombination constant of the samples. Hydrogen production was performed and monitored on a Shimadzu gas chromatographer under UV and visible light radiation without sacrificial agents. KBiO3 shows a superior photocatalytic efficiency with a hydrogen evolution rate of more than double that obtained by NaBiO3.

Sosialisasi Penyakit Skabies dan Edukasi Pembuatan Sabun Organik di Pondok Pesantren Nurul Qur’an di Desa Mertak Tombok

Bath soap is a compound of sodium or potassium with fatty acids from vegetable oils and or animal fats in solid, soft or liquid form, used as a cleanser. The Nurul Qur'an Islamic boarding school is located in Mertak Tombok Village, Praya District, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. The purpose of educational activities about scabies disease and training in making organic solid soap for the students and students of the Nurul Qur'an Islamic Boarding School was carried out to prevent and treat scabies disease. The method used is the distribution of questionnaires after socialization and education are carried out to students and female students. the activity showed that the students were very enthusiastic about the socialization of scabies disease and counseling on the manufacture of organic solid soap. The activity lasted for one month, namely in June 2022. The results of community service were obtained by increasing the ability of the students in soap making and understanding of the scabies disease.

Phenomena and mechanism of slagging and corrosion in energy use of coal with a high content of salts

Purpose. Determination of the main mechanisms of slagging and corrosion of heating surfaces when using coal or other raw materials with a high content of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Experimental determination of mineral phases of ash residues of burning composite raw materials with the participation of salty coal and the influence of component composition on the formation of refractory compounds. Methodology. Critical analysis and generalization of achievements in the developed theories of slagging and corrosion of surfaces during the combustion of problematic carbon raw materials (salty coal, biomass, some wastes, etc.). Determination of the main approaches to the problem of using coal with a high pollution factor. Selection of objects of experimental study on composite raw materials, including coal of different degrees of metamorphism and salinity. Identification of minerals of ash residues of individual fuels and their blends using X-ray phase analysis (X-ray diffraction). Semi-quantitative phase analysis of diffractograms was performed using MATCH! software. Findings. Modern views on the causes of slagging and corrosion processes during the combustion of fuel with a high salt content are highlighted. It has been determined that the process of intensive slagging is associated with a certain ratio of sodium, calcium and iron compounds. The composition and features of the mineral phases of ash residues of composite fuel with the participation of salty coal are experimentally established. The influence of the content of components on the formation of certain mineral phases of mixed ash was determined. Originality. For the first time, the prospects of using two-component blended fuel with the participation of Ukrainian salty coal have been studied. The analysis of minerals in ash residues of salty coal and its blends was carried out. It has been determined that the main part of Na in ash of salty coal of the Bohdanivske deposit in the Northern Donbas is in the form of sulfates and silicates. For the first time, the composition and ways of formation of new refractory mineral compounds in the ash formed during the combustion of composite fuel from coal of different metamorphism and salinity have been established. Practical value. Based on the analysis of literary sources and conducted studies, the dependence of the ash composition on the minerals of the initial fuel and on the ratio of various components in the blends was determined. The proposed approach has a predictive power, as it allows predicting the formation of the main refractory ash minerals. The expediency and prospects of involving salty coal in the fuel base of Ukraine as a component of blended fuels are shown.

The effectiveness of modified sodium bicarbonate in the purification of exhaust gases from HCl and HF

The effectiveness of gas purification depends on the sorption properties of sorbents. The aim of the research was to determine the ability of sodium sorbents to remove gaseous pollutants such as HCl and HF. The research used baking soda subjected to mechanical and thermal activation, which was introduced into the hot flue gas circuit, similar to the dry flue gas cleaning method used in all kinds of boilers. In almost all cases, mechanical and thermal treatment of baking soda allowed for a significant improvement in the reduction of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride concentrations in the exhaust gases produced during the combustion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. The preparation of sorbents must consider the optimum development of the material's specific surface area, especially during thermal activation, to prevent pores from sintering. In wet and dry flue gas cleaning processes, sodium compounds are used in the power industry. Appropriate preparation of the sorbent allows for improving the effectiveness of reducing the concentration of harmful substances and reducing investment and operating costs. From the point of view of process optimisation, the results obtained will contribute to the identification of optimal operating conditions in dry sorbent injection systems to prevent the pores on the surface of the sorbent from clogging when injected into hot flue gases.

Sodium Danshensu protects against oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced astrocytes injury through regulating NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways.

Cerebral ischemic stroke is a serious condition with high incidence, mortality, and associated disability. Currently, effective therapeutic options are available for ischemic stroke are limited. Accumulating evidence indicates that sodium Danshensu, mono sodium compound derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza, plays protective roles in ischemic stroke. However, the underlying protective mechanism of sodium Danshensu in cerebral ischemic stroke remains unknown. In the current study, we explored the role and mechanism of sodium Danshensu on astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), which mimics the process of ischemia-reperfusion. The impact of sodium Danshensu on cell viability and apoptosis after OGD/R were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dophenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to detect the expression of target messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteins associated with apoptosis and autophagy. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. It was found that sodium Danshensu could significantly increase cell viability and decrease LDH release and apoptosis. Besides, it inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Sodium Danshensu also dose-dependently decreased protein and mRNA levels of nucleotide binding oligomerization NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which play a crucial role in promoting ischemic stroke-induced cell injury. Moreover, sodium Danshensu dose-dependently upregulated Beclin 1 expression, downregulated P62 protein expression, and further increased LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio through inducing autophagy in astrocytes. Additionally, we noticed that sodium Danshensu dose-dependently increased tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2) protein expression, while significantly reduced the levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the presence of OGD/R insult. These findings suggest that sodium Danshensu protects against OGD/R-induced injury by modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome and TSC2/mTOR pathways.

Surface chemistry engineering of layered oxide cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted extensive attention to be applied in large‐scale energy storage due to their low cost and abundant storage resources. Among cathode materials for SIBs, layered oxide cathodes are considered one of the most promising candidates for practical application owing to their high theoretical capacities, simple synthesis routes, and environmental friendliness. However, poor air stability, complicated interfacial reaction, and irreversible phase translation of layered oxide cathodes pose problems for the long‐term cycle as well as rate performance. In this review, the recent achievements and progress in surface engineering chemistry strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of SIBs have been summarized including mechanical mixing, in‐situ coating methods, and designing unique interfacial structures. Moreover, inspired by previous studies, we propose an innovative concept of interface conversion reaction with bulk penetration doping integration, which is expected to deal with both interfacial and intrinsic issues synchronously through heat treatment. It could not only eliminate residual sodium compounds on the surface and improve air stability but also suppress the dissolution and the migration of transition metal and the phase transformation. The insights that came up in this review can be considered as a guide for surface engineering on layered oxide cathode for SIBs.

Macular Toxicity of Low-Concentration Cefuroxime during Cataract Surgery in Vitrectomized Eyes

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the toxic effect and clinical characteristics of 1 mg/mL cefuroxime sodium on retinas after phacoemulsification in vitrectomized eyes. Methods: Cataract patients with vitrectomized eyes were studied retrospectively. Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation was performed uneventfully. Best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, fundus photography, macular central thickness, and angiography were collected and analyzed. They were studied in patients with macular edema to evaluate macular toxicity. Results: Ninety two cases (92 eyes) were enrolled, including 44 eyes of males and 48 eyes of females with an average age of 55.35 ± 12.32 years. Univariate analysis showed that the intraoperative use of balanced salt solution containing 1 mg/mL cefuroxime sodium compound electrolyte and macular involvement in primary vitrectomy were important risk factors for macular edema on the first day after cataract surgery (p < 0.05). In addition, the characteristics of this kind of macular edema were studied; the thickness of macular fovea was significantly high at 1-day follow-up (p < 0.05), but there was no difference between pre-operation and 1-week post-operation (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Low-concentration cefuroxime sodium can cause acute macular edema in vitrectomized eyes, which can heal within 1 week after surgery.

Bazı İlaç ve Metallerin Keçi (Capra aegagrus hircus) Böbreğinde Aldoz Redüktaz ve Sorbitol Dehidrogenaz Enzimleri Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması

The effects of some antibiotics and metals on goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) kidney aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were examined. For drugs and metals that exhibit inhibitory effect, Ki constants were calculated and inhibition types were determined by using Lineweaver-Burk curves. In our study, the highest inhibition showed ceftriaxone antibiotic in AR enzyme with an IC50 value of 0.0274 mM. More potent AR inhibitors can be synthesized from the ceftriaxone compound. This compound is followed by amikacin sulfate and ciproflaksasin compounds with IC50 values of 0.061 and 0.25 mM, respectively. The highest inhibition of metals showed Co+2 ion with IC50 value 0.000445 mM. This metal is followed by Fe+2 and Zn+2 with IC50 values of 0.0286 and 0.084 mM, respectively. In SDH enzyme, the highest inhibition showed rifamycin sodium antibiotic with an IC50 value of 0.016 mM. More potent SDH inhibitors can be synthesized from the rifamycin sodium compound. This compound is followed by ceftriaxone and cefuroxime compounds with IC50 values of 0.025 and 0.16 mM, respectively. The highest inhibition of metals showed Co+2 ion with IC50 value 0.00044 mM. This metal is followed by Fe+2 and Zn+2 with IC50 values of 0.009 and 0.16 mM, respectively.

Real-time monitoring of alkali release during CO2 gasification of different types of biochar

Potassium and sodium compounds play both positive and negative roles during biomass gasification, but the detailed behavior of alkali metal compounds remain incompletely understood. In this study, alkali release during CO2 gasification of biochar is characterized online with a surface ionization method in combination with thermogravimetric analysis of the char samples undergoing gasification. For wood chars, the alkali release rate follows a slowly decreasing trend as the char conversion proceeds, but increases by up to two orders of magnitude when the conversion approaches completion. In contrast, the alkali release from straw char is 40–50 times higher than observed for wood char and decreases continuously during the whole gasification process. A high temperature and a high CO2 concentration enhance both alkali release and char reactivity. The char preparation method also influences the alkali release from pine char, while the char reactivity is less affected. Alkali release and char reactivity are linked, but other factors including mineral content, surface area and char structure may play important roles for the observed reactivity. The results provide a basis for understanding of alkali behavior during gasification and may help optimize catalytic effects and reduce detrimental issues in biomass gasification.

Synthesis of a novel ZnO/TiO2-nanorod MXene heterostructured nanophotocatalyst for the removal pharmaceutical ceftriaxone sodium from aqueous solution under simulated sunlight

ZnO nanospherical particles supported TiO2-nanorod MXene heterostructured nanophotocatalyst were synthesized to photodegrade harmful ceftriaxone sodium compound in aqueous solution under simulated solar light irradiation. Under optimum conditions, the prepared nanoheterostructured photocatalyst demonstrated excellent performance in the elimination of ceftriaxone sodium compound with an evaluated efficiency of 99.4%. Initial concentrations, pH solution, catalyst loading, kinetic investigations, optical bandgap, regeneration, and reusability were investigated in consideration of this study. At pH 7.0, the produced ZnO/TiO2-nanorod MXene was successfully activated. It was found that ZnO nanoparticles improved ceftriaxone sodium degradation efficiency on TiO2-MXene by acting as photogenerated transport of the e-/h+, lowering the recombination rate. Under ideal conditions, the maximal absorption capacity was 4.99882 mg/g. Furthermore, the produced ZnO/TiO2-nanorod MXene has a remarkable optical bandgap. The prepared nano-heterostructured photocatalyst conforms well to the pseudo-first order model, with a Chi-square of 0.08899. The ZnO/TiO2-nanorod MXene heterostructured nanophotocatalyst retained its great performance with remarkable durability despite numerous cycles of usage. According to the results, the suggested nanoheterojunction photocatalyst might be used in a water treatment plant to eliminate the danger of pharmaceutical waste in the aqueous medium.

Sensitivity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of eggplant to some ammonium, potassium, and sodium compounds in vitro and in vivo bioassays

This study evaluated the efficacy of various salts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae (Fomg) in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Ammonium bicarbonate/carbonate, potassium benzoate/sorbate, sodium benzoate/carbonate/metabisulphite at 2.0% entirely halted mycelial growth and spore germination of the fungus. Considering the EC50, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration values of the salts, sodium metabisulphite was more toxic to the fungus. In soil bioassays, at 0.4% and 0.6%, sodium metabisulphite and potassium sorbate reduced the mycelial growth of the fungus by 98.89%. However, in the soil/seed germination bioassays, potassium sorbate and sodium carbonate at 0.05–0.1% concentrations had a much lower inhibitory effect on root elongation compared to the others. The two salts may be possible to reduce the number of traditional fungicides required by integrating them with disease management strategies. However, the possibility of including inorganic salts in programs to treat fungal diseases requires further research in the greenhouse conditions.