Carboxymethyl Cellulose Research Articles

Carboxymethyl Cellulose–Ammonium Formate Biopolymer Electrolyte: Ionic Conductivity and Electrical Properties

Carboxymethyl Cellulose–Ammonium Formate Biopolymer Electrolyte: Ionic Conductivity and Electrical Properties

Co-immobilization of lipase and β-galactosidase in gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose blend films used as an active packaging component

β-Galactosidase and lipase were co-immobilized in polymeric blends of gelatin (GEL) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) synthesized with different ratios of GEL/CMC: A (0GEL:100CMC), B (25GEL:75CMC), C (50GEL:50CMC), D (75GEL:25CMC), E (100GEL:0CMC). The films obtained good electrostatic interaction and a regular and uniform structure. The addition of CMC increased the mechanical resistance of the films, the tensile strength being 35.04 ± 0.10 MPa for A (0GEL:100CMC) films and 19.17 ± 2.44 MPa for E (100GEL:0CMC) films. Thermogravimetry (TG) showed that the addition of the enzyme decreases the thermal stability of the films. Film B (25GEL:75CMC) showed greater affinity with the added enzymes and greater thermal stability, in addition to increasing the crystallinity by up to 5.8 % and forming more transparent films. CMC was the most hydrophilic polymer, with higher moisture content (17.35 ± 1.73 %) and PVA (0.398 ± 0.047 g.mm/h.m2.kPa), higher still after the addition of enzyme (22.91 ± 1.06 % and 1.136 ± 0.087 g.mm/h.m2.kPa). The enzymes showed greater interaction with the bulky groups of CMC and the film with the highest concentration of this polymer was the one that presented the best hydrolysis rate of lactose and triglycerides, enabling the production of films.

Hydrocolloids in Rice Noodle Production: Enhancing Texture, Cooking Quality, and Sustainability in Gluten-Free Formulations: A Review

This review explores the pivotal role of hydrocolloids in rice noodle production, focusing on their impact on texture, cooking quality, shelf life, and nutritional value. Hydrocolloids such as Konjac Glucomannan, guar gum, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Carrageenan, and Sodium alginate are critical for improving the structural integrity and sensory attributes of rice noodles, particularly in gluten-free formulations. Their ability to bind water, form gels, and interact with starches and proteins contributes to enhanced noodle elasticity, chewiness, and overall quality. The review also highlights recent technological advancements that have revolutionized hydrocolloid application in rice noodle production, including the use of modern processing equipment, innovative drying techniques, and biodegradable packaging solutions. These advancements not only optimize production efficiency but also align with sustainability trends, addressing consumer demand for environmentally friendly and health-conscious food products. However, challenges such as balancing hydrocolloid concentrations, economic viability, and consumer acceptance remain significant. As the global demand for gluten-free and nutritious products continues to rise, the potential for hydrocolloids in improving rice noodle production remains immense. Future research will be crucial in optimizing hydrocolloid formulations to further enhance the quality and sustainability of rice noodles.

Predicting pressure loss of turbulent non-Newtonian fluids in annuli under temperature and pipe rotation effects using optimization algorithms

Accurate estimation of frictional pressure loss in an annulus is crucial for selecting appropriate pump systems, determining horsepower requirements, and controlling hole cleaning. Generally, when calculating the friction factor, the temperature of the fluid and the rotation of the inner pipe are not considered, which can lead to errors in estimating the pressure difference in the annulus. In this study, to ensure accurate pressure drop calculations, the effects of temperature and inner pipe rotation, along with other parameters, were included. An extensive experimental study was conducted at Izmir Katip Celebi University’s Flow Loop using two Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions, across various fluid velocities, fluid temperatures, diameter ratios, and inner pipe rotation speeds. A dimensional analysis was performed to identify the parameters that affect friction factors in the annulus. Finally, friction factor equations were developed based on the experimental data using optimization algorithms such as interior point (fmincon), genetic, minimax, and simulated annealing. The findings showed that the predictions from all the algorithms tested in the study closely matched the experimental results; however, the interior point algorithm (fmincon) provided the best performance, with an average absolute percentage error of 9.4%.

Carboxymethyl cellulose grafted poly(acrylamide)/magnetic biochar as a novel nanocomposite hydrogel for efficient elimination of methylene blue

Carboxymethyl cellulose grafted poly(acrylamide)/magnetic biochar as a novel nanocomposite hydrogel for efficient elimination of methylene blue

An injectable hydrogel of porcine cholecyst extracellular matrix for accelerated wound healing.

Hydrogel formulations of xenogeneic extracellular matrices have been widely used for topical wound care because of their exceptional tunability over other formulations like lyophilized sheets, powders, non-injectable gels, pastes, and ointments. This is important in the treatment of wounds with irregular shapes and depth. This study identified an injectable hydrogel formulation of porcine cholecyst extracellular matrix (60%) in medical-grade carboxymethyl cellulose (40%) as vehicle and evaluated its biomaterial properties. Further, an in-depth evaluation of in vivo wound healing efficacy was conducted in a rat full-thickness skin excision wound healing model, which revealed that the hydrogel formulation accelerated wound healing process compared to wounds treated with a commercial formulation and untreated wounds. The hydrogel appeared to have promoted a desirable pro-regenerative tissue reaction predominated by Th2 helper lymphocytes and M2 macrophages as well as an effective collagen remodeling indicative of diminished scarring. In conclusion, the porcine cholecyst extracellular matrix injectable hydrogel formulation appeared to be a promising candidate formulation as an advanced wound care biomaterial for faster healing of skin wounds with minimal scarring.

Regenerated carboxymethyl cellulose beads for selective removal of low-density lipoprotein from whole blood

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Lowering the level of LDL is an effective therapeutic strategy for treating cardiovascular disease. Here, we developed a facile and robust method to prepare carboxymethyl cellulose beads (CMCBs) for selectively adsorbing LDL. CMCBs had plentiful carboxyl groups and large numbers of nanopores on their surface. The in vitro assay reveals that CMCBs had a high LDL adsorbing capability of 7.67 ± 0.16 mg/g, owing to the carboxyl group-induced electrostatic adsorption and the nanopore-mediated trapping effect. CMCBs also possessed the excellent mechanical strength to resist the impact of rushing blood. Moreover, CMCBs were highly blood-compatible and had anticoagulant activity. The in vivo experiment reveals that LDL were significantly reduced from 15.02 ± 1.62 to 9.35 ± 1.71 mmol/L after blood perfusion using CMCBs, while minimal side effects were detected for the blood routine parameters. The study provides an easy-to-fabricate adsorbent for selective and efficient clearance of LDL in hemoperfusion.

Effect of adjuvants on growth and spore attributes of <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> (Metsch.) Sorokin

The pathogenicity of the fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, commonly referred to as the green muscardine fungus, has been demonstrated against numerous insect species inhabiting various habitats. Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the impact of naturally derived adjuvants on the growth and spore characteristics of M. anisopliae. The natural polysaccharide (guar gum, gum acacia and carboxymethyl cellulose), vegetable oil (groundnut and cottonseed oil) and a synthetic adjuvant were used in the study at three distinct concentrations: 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% v/v or w/v. Among the various adjuvants tested, both gum acacia and guar gum at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% were observed to have a positive impact on the growth of the fungus, resulting in enhanced radial mycelial growth, conidiospore production, surface area coverage, and conidiospore germination. Conversely, this fundamental study highlights the detrimental effects of synthetic adjuvants on the growth and spore characteristics of M. anisopliae.

Synthesis of Multivalent Glycoside-Immobilized Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanohydrogel Particles with Superadsorption Ability for Lectins.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a water-soluble cellulose derivative that is nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and nonallergenic. As developing an adsorbent material for carbohydrate-binding proteins is challenging, we aimed to synthesize CMC nanohydrogel particles (CMCGPs) with an extremely high lectin adsorption tendency in this study. CMCGPs were used as the backbone of an adsorption carrier that was synthesized by cross-linking CMC with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. A series of glycoside-immobilized CMCGPs were synthesized by binding two types of glycans (LacNAc and lactose) to the polyvalent carboxymethyl groups that are present on the CMCGP surface and act as reaction sites. These immobilized glycosides function as molecular recognition sites. Glycan moieties were incorporated into the CMCGP backbone at degrees of immobilization (DI) ranging from 8.7 to 21.0% by altering the reaction composition. LacNAc-CMCGP (3b) showed a 19.9% DI of LacNAc glycoside to the CMCGP carboxymethyl group; on average, its particle size swelled to 418 nm in phosphate-buffered saline, which is approximately 1.4 times its dry-state size. Analyzing the adsorbent properties of glyco-CMCGPs using a lectin-binding assay showed the high structural specificity of glyco-CMCGPs to lectins. The equilibrium isotherm data was explained by the Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, compound 3b adsorbed 1.95 ± 0.05 μg of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin per 1.0 μg-dry of 3b particles at an adsorption equilibrium time of a few minutes. Furthermore, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that WGA lectin retained its natural structure without denaturation after binding to LacNAc-CMCGP. These results were also supported by affinity purification experiments of WGA from raw wheat germ extract using LacNAc-CMCGP, demonstrating that glyco-CMCGP is capable of adsorbing and desorbing lectin while maintaining its biological activity. Thus, multivalent glycoside-immobilized CMCGPs that use woody biomass derivatives as the backbone are expected to be applied as biorefinery materials, which specifically and abundantly adsorb not just plant lectins but also pathogenic viruses and toxin proteins.

Study and selection of optimal rheological characteristics of piracetam gel compositions for intranasal use

Background. One of the important areas of pharmaceutical research is the creation of new, as well as improvement of existing, in-demand dosage forms, using already known drugs as active substances. Current issues are the development of drugs that activate the integrative properties and functions of the brain, as well as increase the body’s resistance to aggressive influences. Nootropics, namely piracetam and its analogues, are successfully used in neurological, psychiatric and drug treatment practice. At the same time, the intranasal route of administration is attractive for combined and longterm therapy of these diseases. when developing new intranasal compositions, the issues of choosing the optimal combination of excipients that allow the dosage form to be easily distributed in the nasal cavity must be resolved. The selection of optimal compositions based on consistency properties is possible on the basis of rheological research data, which allows not only to predict the properties of the dosage form being developed, but also to select the required composition and ratio of components. In addition, an important indicator of the quality of soft dosage forms that affects consumer properties is their stability during transportation and storage, as well as such an indicator as spreadability.Aim. Selection of the optimal composition of the gel with piracetam based on rheological characteristics and predicting the thermal and colloidal stability of the gel structure.Materials and methods. Carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan and carbopol were chosen as the gel base. The rheological characteristics of the samples were studied by rotational viscometry on a Fungilab Premium viscometer (Spain). Data were obtained and collected using Fungilab Data Boss software; additional data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel.Results. The gelling agent was selected and its rheological characteristics were determined.Conclusion. The optimal composition of excipients piracetam gel was selected taking into account the basic rheological parameters.

Silver and Copper Nanoparticles Hosted by Carboxymethyl Cellulose Reduce the Infective Effects of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli:F4 on Porcine Intestinal Enterocyte IPEC-J2.

Zero-valent copper and silver metals (Ms) nanoparticles (NPs) supported on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were synthesized for treating Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli fimbriae 4 (ETEC:F4), a major cause of diarrhea in post-weaned pigs. The antibacterial properties of Cu0/CMC and Ag0/CMC were assessed on infected porcine intestinal enterocyte IPEC-J2, an in vitro model mimicking the small intestine. The lower average particle size (218 nm) and polydispersity index [PDI]: 0.25) for Ag0/CMC, when compared with those of Cu0/CMC (367 nm and PDI 0.96), were explained by stronger Ag0/CMC interactions. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Ag0/CMC were lower in both bacteria and IPEC-J2 cells than those of Cu0/CMC, confirming that silver nanoparticles are more bactericidal than copper counterparts. IPEC-J2, less sensitive in MNP/CMC treatment, was used to further investigate the infective process by ETEC:F4. The IC50 of MNP/CMC increased significantly when infected IPEC-J2 cells and ETEC were co-treated, showing an inhibition of the cytotoxicity effect of ETEC:F4 infection and protection of treated IPEC-J2. Thus, it appears that metal insertion in CMC induces an inhibiting effect on ETEC:F4 growth and that MNP/CMC dispersion governs the enhancement of this effect. These results open promising prospects for metal-loaded biopolymers for preventing and treating swine diarrhea.

Carboxymethyl cellulose based edible nanocomposite coating with tunable functionalities and the application on the preservation of postharvest Satsuma mandarin fruit

This study introduces an innovative carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based edible nanocomposite coating, with two-dimensional layered double hydroxide nanosheets (2D LDH-NSs) and shellac, engineered to address challenges in fruit preservation. The synergistic integration of shellac and LDH-NS into the CMC matrix is strategically designed with tunable functionalities, encompassing wettability, gas barrier, and tensile properties. Our findings reveal that incorporating shellac and LDH-NS significantly improves the coating's wettability on the mandarin fruit surface, thus bolstering its adherence and uniformity, alongside enhancing its water vapor barrier efficacy and influencing the oxygen permeability. The application of this novel edible nanocomposite coating on Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruits has yielded promising outcomes in prolonging postharvest shelf life while preserving essential quality attributes, including peel surface morphology, weight loss, hardness, color retention, and nutritional values. Our work signifies a significant leap forward for the edible coating technology and bolsters the postharvest preservation of perishable fruits.

A highly stretchable and self-adhesive cellulose complex hydrogels based on PDA@Fe3+ mediated redox reaction for strain sensor

As the application of conductive hydrogels in the field of wearable smart devices is gradually deepening, a variety of hydrogel sensors with high mechanical properties, strong adhesion, fast self-healing, and excellent conductivity are emerging. However, it is still a great challenge to manufacture hydrogel sensors combining multiple properties. Herein, we leveraged the dynamic redox reaction occurring between polydopamine (PDA) and Fe3+ to induce ammonium persulfate (APS) to generate free radicals, thereby initiating the copolymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylic acid (AA) monomers. Then, polypyrrole-encapsulated cellulose nanofibers (PPy@CNF) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were incorporated as conductive reinforced nanofillers and interpenetrating network skeleton. The obtained hydrogel cross-linked through reversible metal-ligand bonds, π-π stacking and abundant hydrogen bonding demonstrated great mechanical properties (strength 240.4 kPa, strain 1175 %) and self-healing ability (88.96 %). Particularly, the gel displayed ultrahigh durability and skin adhesive ability (75 kPa after 10 cycles), surpassing previous skin adhesion hydrogels. Furthermore, through the synergistic conductive effect of PPy@CNF and Fe3+, the prepared hydrogel sensor possessed high sensitivity (GF = 1.89) with a wide sensing range (~1000 %), which could realize the human body's daily motion detection, and had a promising application in flexible wearable electronics.

Carboxymethyl Cellulose Enhanced Polymeric Form Stable Phase Change Materials with Reversible Transparency for Energy Storage

Carboxymethyl Cellulose Enhanced Polymeric Form Stable Phase Change Materials with Reversible Transparency for Energy Storage

Double cross-linked biomass aerogels with enhanced mechanical strength and flame retardancy for construction thermal insulation

Biomass aerogels are expected to be a popular material in construction field due to their sustainability, eco-friendliness and excellent thermal insulation properties. In this paper, high modulus biomass aerogels based on the principle of double cross-linking of physics and chemistry were synthesized by freeze-drying technique using gelatin, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, glutaraldehyde, phytic acid and diatomite as raw materials. The presence of a double cross-linked network structure endowed the prepared aerogels with a low thermal conductivity (0.021–0.029 W·m−1·k−1). The density of only 0.0865 g·cm−3 biomass aerogel exhibited an extrastrong compression modulus of 31.5 MPa, which was superior to common biomass aerogels. Biomass intumescent flame retardant system composed of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (carbon source), gelatin (gas source) and phytic acid (acid source) was used in combination with diatomite to enhance flame retardancy (limit oxygen index value up to 36.5 %, UL-94 V-0 rating and total smoke production reduced from 0.31 m2 to 0.18 m2) and thermal stability (the residue up to 48.91 %). Remarkably, the modified aerogel showed incredible hydrophobicity (hydrophobic angle of 137°). In summary, the results indicated this study proposed a novel green idea for the preparation of construction thermal insulation materials with a combination of high modulus, flame retardancy and hydrophobicity.

Development of Fluorine-Free Electrolytes for Aqueous-Processed Olivine-Type Phosphate Cathodes.

Environmental impacts and resource availability are significant concerns for the future of lithium-ion batteries. This study focuses on developing novel fluorine-free electrolytes compatible with aqueous-processed cobalt-free cathode materials. The new electrolyte contains lithium 1,1,2,3,3-pentacyanopropenide (LiPCP) salt. After screening various organic carbonates, a mixture of 30:70 wt.% ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate was chosen as the solvent. The optimal salt concentration, yielding the highest conductivity of 9.6 mS·cm-1 at 20 °C, was 0.8 mol·kg-1. Vinylene carbonate was selected as a SEI-stabilizing additive, and the electrolyte demonstrated stability up to 4.4 V vs. Li+/Li. LiFePO4 and LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 were identified as suitable cobalt-free cathode materials. They were processed using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder and water as the solvent. Performance testing of various cathode compositions was conducted using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling with the LiPCP-based electrolyte and a standard LiPF6-based one. The optimized cathode compositions, with an 87:10:3 ratio of active material to conductive additive to binder, showed good compatibility and performance with the new electrolyte. Aqueous-processed LiFePO4 and LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 achieved capacities of 160 mAh·g-1 and 70 mAh·g-1 at C/10 after 40 cycles, respectively. These findings represent the first stage of investigating LiPCP for the development of greener and more sustainable lithium-ion batteries.

Enhancing leachate management with antibacterial nanocomposites incorporating plant-based carbon dots and Satureja Khuzestanica essential oils

Landfill leachate, a complex mixture of pollutants, poses a significant environmental hazard. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent nanocomposites (SANs) designed for enhanced performance in waste management applications. SANs were prepared using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium polyacrylate (SPA) as the main components, carbon dots (CDs) to improve absorption, and Satureja Khuzestanica essential oil (SEO) for antibacterial performance. The results demonstrated that the addition of CDs significantly increased the absorption capacity and liquid retention of the samples, with a water absorption capacity reaching up to 8621 %. Furthermore, the samples exhibited high mechanical strength, with tensile strength improving by over 100 % in the presence of CDs. The inclusion of SEO provided strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones measuring up to 26 mm. These SANs, with their high absorption capacity, mechanical robustness, and antibacterial properties, show great potential for improving waste management practices, particularly in leachate absorption strategies.

Engineering high-performance and multifunctional seed coating agents from lignocellulosic components

The use of natural polymers, such as biomass, as an alternative to non-renewable polymer attracts a growing interest in sustainable agricultural production. Seed coating, an important treatment for enhancing crop performance, could be an environmentally-friendly and promising option when utilizing materials based on natural polymers. Herein, biomass-based seed coating agents derived from cellulose and lignin through a simple process were developed. Carboxymethyl cellulose was used as the primary substrate for membrane formation, supplemented with sodium lignosulfonate as an additive to enhance its mechanic and anti-UV properties. The prepared seed coating agents showed promising film-forming property, flexibility, and water retention capacity. Furthermore, these agents were effective in controlled release and anti-UV performances for pesticides encapsulated in it. Additionally, the thickness of the seed coat could be finely tuned by controlling the soaking time, and therefore resulting in an adjustable germination time. More importantly, the agents demonstrated natural degradability with nearly 80 % degradation at 60 days. It is concluded that the seed coating agents prepared provides new insight into the use of biomass-based materials in sustainable agricultural systems.

Development of chitosan/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-based polyelectrolyte complex of dexamethasone for treatment of anterior uveitis

Anterior uveitis is one of the most prevalent forms of ocular inflammation caused by infections, trauma, and other idiopathic conditions if not treated properly, it can cause complete blindness. Therefore, this study aimed to formulate and evaluate dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) loaded polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment of anterior uveitis. DSP-loaded PEC-NPs were formed through complex coacervation by mixing low molecular weight chitosan and the anionic polymer carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC). The formulations were optimized using Box-Behnken design and evaluated the effect of independent variables: Chitosan concentration, CMC concentration, and pH of chitosan solution on the dependent variables: particle size (PS), Polydispersity Index (PDI), pH of the formulation, and % entrapment efficacy (%EE). The PS, PDI, zeta potential, and pH of the optimized formulation were found 451 ± 82.0995 nm, 0.3807 ± 0.1862, +20.33 ± 1.04 mV and 6.8367 ± 0.0737 respectively. The %EE and drug loading of formulation were 61.66 ± 4.2914% and 21.442 ± 1.814% respectively.In vitrodrug release studies of optimized formulation showed the prolonged release up to 12 h whereas, the marketed formulation showed the burst release 85.625 ± 4.3062% in 1 h and 98.1462 ± 3.0921% at 6 h, respectively. Fourier transform infrared studies suggested the effective incorporation of the drug into the PEC-NPs formulation whereas differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction studies showed the amorphized nature of the drug in the formulation. Transmission electron microscopy study showed self-assembled, nearly spherical, core-shell nanostructures. The corneal permeation study showed higher permeation of the drug from PEC-NPs compared to the marketed formulation. Hen's Eggs test-Chorioallantoic Membrane test of the optimized formulation revealed non-irritant and safe for ocular administration. Therefore, DSP-loaded PEC-NPs are an effective substitute for conventional eye drops due to their ability to increase bioavailability through longer precorneal retention duration and sustained drug release.

Eco-friendly approach for carboxymethyl cellulose isolation from durian peel waste and aerogel scaffold preparation

This research introduces a sustainable method for extracting carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from durian peel waste via supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc.CO2) processing, leading to the development of advanced aerogel scaffolds. The study evaluates the influence of Sc.CO2 treatment times (60, 90, and 120 min) on the properties of the produced CMC, investigating enhancements in terms of thermal stability, crystallinity, and mechanical attributes through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical strength assessments. It was discovered that a 90-minute treatment duration yielded CMC aerogels with notable improvements in porosity, structural robustness, and mechanical resilience. This innovative approach not only proposes a viable strategy for repurposing agricultural by-products but also significantly augments the functional qualities of CMC aerogels, rendering them highly applicable in diverse fields. The outcomes underscore the efficiency of Sc.CO2 treatment in refining the mechanical and thermal characteristics of CMC derived from durian peel waste, facilitating the creation of aerogel scaffolds poised for use in various sectors including drug delivery, water purification, and eco-friendly packaging, thereby contributing to the global initiatives for sustainability and efficient waste management.