Sodium Absorption Rate Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSE USING IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY INDEX (IWQI)

Groundwater represents an important natural resource for sustaining life. This study was conducted to evaluate groundwater in the Doukkala region in Morocco, using the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) and uses Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) in GIS was to show the spatial distribution of water quality parameters. It collected 97 of samples from groundwater and were estimated the sodium concentration (Na%), and sodium absorption rate (SAR), Also, Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly index (KI), magnesium content (MR), salinity potential (PS), and permeability index (PI). According to the distribution map of the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) for the study area, about 22.7% of samples fall into the severe restriction (SR) category, which can be used to irrigate plants with high salinity tolerance, 34.02 of samples fall under the high restriction (HR) category, 23.7% of samples fall into the moderate restrictions (MR) category, 17.52% of samples fall under the low restriction (LR) category, and 2.06% of samples fall under the no restriction (NR) category. The results of (IWQI) indicated that the groundwater quality in the study area is mostly suitable for irrigation purposes.

Competence of Cow Manure as a Sustainable Feedstock for Bioenergy and Biofertilizer Production

Livestock development sector remained conspicuous in many developed and developing countries. Nevertheless, animal manure management became an increasing concern relative to environmental and economic constraints. The daily cow manure varies between 60-85 kg per 1000 kg of body biomass. Thus, 33 to 70 % of biomass could be recovered in the form of cow dung for value added products such as bioenergy and biofertilizer. Halhale dairy farm of Eritrea has a potential to produce approximately 25 tonnes of fresh cow manure per day. Proximate analysis of Halhale dairy manure (HDM) revealed that it contains a mean value of 14.35% of total solids, which inherently composed of 64.8% of Volatile solids and 23.3% of ash content. Detailed elemental analysis using X-ray fluorescent showed that it has 43.1% of C, 0.31% of S, 0.21% of P and 1.18% of K. Hydrogen and nitrogen contents of 4.57% and 1.58% were evaluated for HDM. Thermophysical parameters such as PH, SG and lower heating value(LHV) estimated as 7.025, 1.68 and 19.97 MJ kg-1 respectively. Significant LHV values indicate the aptness of HDM for fuel substitute. In addition, estimated C/N values of 25.68-27.3, ensure their best suitability for the biogas generation. Rich organic matter and high moisture content in HDM support large number of earthworms in vermicomposting. HDM have showed excellent N:P2O5 of 3.84 to favor the growth of any crop. Higher Si content of 4.32% along with desired micronutrients of 0.043% of Zn, <0.02% of Cu and 241 ppm of Mn, were measured for HDM samples. The effect of sodicity on soil measured in terms of sodium absorption rate (SAR), and a mean value of 0.84 was estimated for HDM.

The Effect of Polymeric Hydrogel Application on Germination Under Saline Irrigation Water: Case Study of Barley

In recent years, it has been tried to increase the usage areas of polymeric hydrogels, which are used to increase the water holding capacity of light textured soils in agricultural production. In this study, the effects of polymeric hydrogel on the germination of barley seeds under low quality irrigation water conditions were investigated. For this purpose, irrigation water prepared with an Electrical Conductivity (ECi) value of 0 [control], 6, 8, and 12 dS m-1 and Sodium Absorption Rate (SAR) less than 3 is placed in petri dishes in which 0.01 grams hydrogel has been added. 10 seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare conv. distichon) variety were added to the same petri dishes. According to the results of variance analysis made with the data obtained in the study, it was determined that increasing irrigation water salinity was effective at the 5% significance level on the germination rate and seedling dry weight of barley. However, the difference between the subjects treated with hydrogel was not statistically significant. In response to the increased irrigation water ECi value, the germination rate and germination power of barley decreased. It was determined that hydrogel application did not have any effect on the germination rate and germination power of barley under increasing ECi value conditions.

ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION AND WATER QUALITY INDICES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND SURFACE WATER IN ALETO ELEME, RIVERS STATE

x The study assessed the irrigation water quality indices of industrial surface water in Aleto Eleme, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 9 samples of water effluents and surface water were collected and taken to laboratory to test for the level of concentrations of the physico-chemical parameters using standard laboratory analyses as recommended by the American Society for Testing and Materials for physico-chemical properties and descriptive statistics were employed for the data analysis. Findings revealed that Sodium Absorption Ration (SAR) values ranged from 0.32 to 12.39; Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) values ranged from 23.39 to 80.62; PI values ranged from 24.79 to 889.8; KR values ranged from 0.39 to 4.16, Residual Sodium Carbonate(RSC) values ranged from -585.3 to 9.9. Also, the different classes of salinity hazard in the USSL diagram include low, C1 (EC < 250 μS/cm); medium, C2 Electrical Conductivity (EC 250–750 μS/cm); high, C3 (EC 750 -2250 μS/cm); and very high, C4 (EC > 2250 μS/cm), as shown in figure 4. Also, the sodium hazard classes include: low, S1 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR < 10); medium, S2 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR 10 -18); high, S3 (SAR 18–26); and very high, S4 (SAR > 26). Thus, the quality of river water in the area had WQI values (WQI > 300), rating the water as unsuitable for drinking. The study recommended that the water quality should be improved for domestic purposes by making sure that regulatory bodies monitor the level of water pollution everywhere in Rivers State. More studies on water quality should also be conducted periodically.

Adequacy of Water Use Resources for Drinking and Irrigation, Study Case of Sarh City, Capital of Moyen-Chari Province, CHAD

Our objective is to evaluate adequacy of water for consumption and irrigation. We collected nineteen water samples from 21 to 26, May 2017. Twenty-two physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters were taken into account, electrical conductivity, pH, total hardness, bicarbonate, nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total coliforms, Escherichia Coli, and fecal coliforms. To evaluate water intended for consumption, average values measured parameters were compared to [1] for quality water drinking and we evaluated overall quality of water by means of simplified SEQ-Water grid. Concerning irrigation water, evaluation is based on interpretation of quality parameters of irrigation water that we have calculated; among these parameters we can mention the percentage of sodium, rate of sodium absorption, ratio of magnesium adsorption, residual sodium carbonate. Kelly ratio, Corrosivity ratio and Permeability Index. Results show that surface water is weakly mineralized compared to groundwater and presents a good chemical quality; however, it is slightly altered by presence of organic pollutants. The overall assessment of groundwater quality shows that about 47% of water sampled varies between average quality and very poor quality for consumption. This poor quality is mainly due to presence of nitrates in water, whose content sometimes exceeds the limit authorized by [1]. From a bacteriological point of view, germs of faecal origin such as Total Coliforms, Escherichia Coli and Faecal Coliforms contaminate all groundwater points sampled. They are of poor quality and unfit for human consumption without prior treatment. We also evaluated the quality of water used for irrigation using 6 parameters. The results show that all of our water points are suitable for irrigation, according to the values of CSR and Kelly ratio. The same is true for the permeability index, which shows that all samples fall into class I and II type to indicate their suitability for irrigation purposes. According to [2] all waters are excellent quality for agriculture; and for Richard diagram, 89.5% of waters are generally suitable for irrigation and 10% are generally not suitable for irrigation without prior dilution with low salinity water.

Wastewater Management in Agriculture

Considering the global climate changes that have disrupted the availability of fresh water and led to the emergence of drought, an effective management strategy for water quality must be implemented. In this work, we analyzed the possibility of used and treated water being reused and the effect of its use on soil on the development of plants. In the case of irrigation with treated wastewater, the following parameters increased: calcium carbonate equivalent, organic matter, content of phosphorus, calcium, potassium, sodium, nitrogen, biochemical oxygen consumption; chemical oxygen demand (COD), decreased sodium absorption rate, soil electrical conductivity, pH, magnesium content, and soil bulk density. Due to the micronutrients it contains, the use of treated wastewater in irrigation can be an organic fertilizer for the soil. Wastewater is a source of soil water supply. Untreated wastewater may contain, depending on the source (industry, pharmacies, medicine, households), toxic compounds, bacteria, viruses, and helminths, which, if used for long periods of time in irrigation, can have a negative impact on health and the environment, reaching the soil, the roots of the crops, and then the underground water. Therefore, these waters must be used after adequate treatment. Global climate change disrupts the availability of fresh water and negatively influences the occurrence of floods, droughts, and water quality, which is why any water source must be managed correctly.

Groundwater Quality for Irrigation Purposes in the Diass Horst System in Senegal

Due to surface water scarcity and variability in rainwater events in the Thies region, Senegal, farmers mostly rely on groundwater resources to improve yield production, although water quality in the hydrosystem and its suitability may be an issue. The objective of this study is to evaluate suitability of the Maastrichtian and Paleocene aquifers located the central western part of Senegal in the Thies region for irrigation purposes. For this purpose, chemical analyses were carried out on the major ions on the Maastrichtian and Paleocene aquifers through a network of 62 sample locations (39 from the Maastrichtian and 23 from the Paleocene) sampled in June 2019. Different water suitability assessment indices were used to evaluate the potential for irrigation, including sodium absorption ration (SAR), percentage of sodium (Na%), permeability index, Kelly ratio (RK), and salinity potential (SP) together with Wilcox and USSL diagrams as methods. The results indicate, that the Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type is dominant in the Maastrichtian aquifer, while in the Paleocene aquifer, HCO3-Ca-Mg and Cl-Ca-Mg are the main water types. The combination of these computed index values indicates that the percentage of suitable water for irrigation purposes accounts for 89.7% and 86.9% of the samples for the Maastrichtian and the Paleocene aquifers, respectively. On the other hand, water samples unsuitable for irrigation purposes range between only 10.3% and 13.1% for the two aquifers.

Characterization of the health and irrigation risks and hydrochemical properties of groundwater: a case study of the Selian coal mine area, Ordos, Inner Mongolia

Groundwater (GW) is an important source of freshwater in arid and semiarid areas. Some important industrial activities, such as coal mining, also consume GW. There have been few studies evaluating GW quality in the Selian coal mining area of Inner Mongolia. This study aimed to identify the hydrochemical phases and the sources of main ions in the GW of the Selian coal mining area. Water quality analysis was performed on 20 shallow GW samples collected from the study area. Statistical correlation analysis was performed on these water quality data. The quality of irrigation water was evaluated based on water quality indices such as the sodium absorption rate and sodium percentage. The risk of nitrate pollution in the study area to human health was evaluated by GW nitrate content. The results show that the dominant GW chemistry types in the study area are the mixed and Ca–HCO3 types. Correlation analysis indicates that rock weathering and leaching are the main natural drivers of GW hydrochemistry in this area. The irrigation risk analysis shows that GW in this area can be used for irrigation, although some caution is needed. The human health risk assessment shows that GW nitrate pollution poses more risk to children than to adults by a factor of 1.168. It is recommended that centralized treatment of drinking water is the optimal approach to managing this risk. The results of this study can act as a reference for the rational use of GW and for control of nitrate pollution in this area.

Geochemical analysis and quality assessment of geothermal water in Gujarat, India

Geothermal water can have a wide range of direct applications, including drinking, domestic use, irrigation and industrial use. This study analyses geothermal water from Dholera, Diu, Gandhar, Kutch, Porbandar, Tulsishyam, and Unai regions located in Gujarat, India, to determine the hydrochemistry for establishing the water's suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. From each region, three different water samples were collected. For drinking purpose, total eleven water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, carbonate and bicarbonate were evaluated. Piper and Durov plots were used to understand the ionic composition and evolution of water. Whereas for irrigation, the parameters such as total dissolved solids, sodium absorption ration, electrical conductivity, and potential salinity were used for water quality check. Wilcox Plot was plotted to understand the sodium and salinity hazard of water. Water quality index and irrigation water quality index were used to assess the water quality for making the analytical procedure easy. The findings indicate that the water samples from the Dholera and Diu areas had extremely high values for both the water quality index and total dissolved solids content. Water in these places may be appropriate for making salt. All the other samples show adequacy for utilization in irrigation purpose.

Mechanisms controlling major ion chemistry and its suitability for irrigation of Narmada River, India

Abstract Surface water chemistry of the upper Narmada River was investigated at 13 different locations for four consecutive years (2017–2020) during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The main objective of the study was to identify the processes governing the water chemistry of Narmada River and evaluate its suitability for irrigation. The physical parameters estimated were; pH (7.9 ± 0.4 for pre- and 8 ± 0.4 for post-monsoon seasons), EC (322.8±93.3 μS/cm for pre- and 312.1±80.2 μS/cm for post-monsoon) and TDS (203.4±41.5 mg/L for pre-and 213.4±48 mg/L for post-monsoon). The obtained concentration of cations and anions were in the order of Ca++ > Na+ > Mg++> K+ and HCO3−> Cl−>SO4−> NO3−> PO4− respectively. Thus, the water of Narmada was found to be alkaline in nature. Piper diagram inferred that the water was dominated by Ca-Mg-HCO3− type of hydrochemical facies. Gibb's plot clarified that rock-water interaction regulates the ion chemistry of the Narmada. Various indices like sodium percentage (Na%), sodium absorption ration (SAR), Kelly index (Ki), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH) was calculated which showed that the surface water was suitable for irrigation. Lastly, one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) confirmed no significant differences in water quality except for temperature, EC and SO4−, for pre- and post-monsoon season.

Changes in soil properties and salt tolerance of safflower in response to biochar-based metal oxide nanocomposites of magnesium and manganese

This original research was performed to assess the possible effects of solid biochar (25 g biochar kg−1 soil) and biochar-based nanocomposites (BNCs) of magnesium oxide (25 g BNC-MgO kg−1 soil), manganese oxide (25 g BNC-MnO biochar kg−1 soil) and combined use of these nanocomposites (12.5 g BNC-MgO + 12.5 g BNC-MnO kg−1 soil) on soil properties and salinity (non-saline, 6 and 12 dSm−1) tolerance of safflower plants (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Application of biochar, particularly BNCs increased the pH and cation exchange capacity of soil, and the contents of water, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, chlorophyll (a & b), nutrients uptake, water use efficiency and plant growth. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soil, sodium absorption rate of plants and osmolyte production (soluble carbohydrates and proteins, proline and glycine betaine) under 6 and 12 dSm−1 salinities were decreased by biochar and BNCs treatments. Sodium sorption capacity of BNCs was much higher than the solid biochar, which reflected the superiority of BNCs in decreasing sodium uptake by plants. The combined application of BNC-MgO + BNC-MnO proved to be the preferable treatment for decreasing salt toxicity in safflower. Biochar and BNCs improved root and shoot growth by lowering SAR, ESP, sodium absorption rate of plants and osmotic stress under saline conditions. These results conclude that BNCs can enrich the plant cells with nutrients, increase the nutrients absorption rate and maintain the plant tissue water content at an optimum level to improve plant growth under salt stress.

Değirmendere Barajı‘nda (Amasya, Türkiye) Suda Tespit Edilen Çözünmüş Metallerin İçme ve Sulama Suyu Kalitesine Olan Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Barajlar; başta enerji üretimi olmak üzere, içme ve sulama suyu ihtiyacının karşılandığı önemli kaynaklardır. Bu çalışmada Amasya ilindeki Değirmendere Baraj suyunda çözünmüş metal konsantrasyonları ICP-MS ile tespit edilmiş ve veriler içme/sulama suyu açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Baraj gölünün 5 farklı noktasından alınan numunelerdeki her bir metalin ortalama miktarı µg/L cinsinden; Ca (50943)> Mg (42212)> Na (31637)> K (3725)> Al (63,68)> Fe (43,30)> Zn (30,78)> Cu (5,79)> Mn (4,59)> Ni (2,97)> Cr (1,18)> Pb (1,14)> As (1,04)> Cd (0,69) olarak tespit edildi. Bu sonuçlar Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) ve Türk Standartları (TS 266) tarafından önerilen içme suyu limit değerlerini aşmamıştır. Su kalitesi indeksi (WQI), ağır metal kirlilik indeksi (HPI) ve ağır metal değerlendirme indeksi (HEI) değerleri sırasıyla 16,63-17,54-1,00 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Tehlike oranı (HQ), tehlike indeksi (HI) ve kanser riski (CR) açısından baraj gölünün su kalitesi yetişkinler /çocuklar için potansiyel tehlike oluşturmayacak durumdadır. Sodyum absorpsiyon oranı (SAR=0,78) ve sodyum yüzdesi (% Na=19,56) değerlerine göre baraj suyu sulama açısından elverişlidir. Ancak magnezyum zararı (MH=57,70) değeri sulama suyu bakımından 50 olan limit değerin üzerindedir.

The impact of omeprazole on mycophenolate pharmacokinetics in kidney transplant recipients.

BackgroundThe absorption rates of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) may be influenced by the concomitant use of omeprazole.MethodsOne hundred kidney transplant patients were recruited during their outpatient visits, including 50 on MMF and 50 on EC-MPS. At the clinic, a predose mycophenolic acid (MPA) sample (C0) was collected; subsequently, the participants received the proton-pump inhibitor omeprazole along with either MMF or EC-MPS. Two more blood samples were collected at 1.5 and 3.5 hours and used to estimate an area under the curve (AUC) from zero to 12 hours [AUC (0-12)].ResultsThe mean number of months after transplant was 92 months. The median AUC (0-12) and C0 results were 62.2 mg·h/L and 2.0 mg/L for the MMF group and 71.9 mg·h/L and 1.8 mg/L for the EC-MPS group (P = 0.160 and 0.225, respectively). Interestingly, 54% of the MMF group and 62% of the EC-MPS group showed AUCs above the target values. The correlation between MPA C0 and the predicted AUC was poor in both groups.ConclusionOmeprazole can be safely co-administered with either MMF or EC-MPS, as it did not compromise the MPA exposure. Unexpectedly, however, a high percentage of patients presented MPA AUCs exceeding the target value, highlighting the importance of periodically assessing MPA level.

Hydrochemical assessment and groundwater quality of Koysinjaq area in Kurdistan Region-Iraq

Groundwater quality and quantity are important factors for controlling water management. The importance of the hydrochemical analysis underlies the fact that the chemistry of the ground water can directly be rated with the source of water, climate, and geology of the region. The study includes the hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in Koysinjaq area, Kurdistan Region, to achieve their chemistry, quality, suitability for drinking, irrigation, and industry purposes. Forty groundwater samples were collecting during two periods (spring season and fall season). The physicochemical parameters, namely pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total inorganic carbon (TIC), major cations and anions, and trace elements, were analyzed to evaluate the present groundwater quality as well as the possible source of ions in the groundwater. The chemical composition of water is based primarily on the minerals which have dissolved in it and modified by ion-exchange equilibrium. The hydrochemical composition reflects the hydrogen carbonate water type as Ca-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3, and Ca-Mg-SO4-HCO3 water type for the groundwater samples. All water samples have low sodium hazard (sodium absorption ration SAR < 9) and most of the groundwater samples has < 1.5 meq/L residual sodium carbon (RSC), which is good quality and suitable for using in irrigation for all types of soils. Geochemical modeling used to determine saturation Index and speciation of water samples calculated by using hydrogeochemical equilibrium model. Most groundwater samples were saturated for calcite and dolomite, whereas unsaturated for gypsum and halite.

Gypsum Amendment to Soil and Plants Affected by Sodic Alkaline Industrial Wastewater Irrigation in Urban Agriculture of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Low-quality water such as sodic alkaline industrial wastewater is often used to irrigate crops of intensively managed urban gardening systems in the semi-arid tropics to help meet the fresh food demands of a rapidly increasing city population. An on-farm experiment was established to examine the effects of sodium (Na) and bicarbonate (HCO3−)-loaded industrial wastewater on soil and crops on the one hand, and to determine melioration effects on soil condition and plant development on the other hand. To ameliorate the sodified soil, fine-powdered gypsum (CaSO4) was applied as soil amendment onto the upper soil (0–20 cm) before sowing of crops. Depending on soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), which reflected the level of soil degradation (SDL), two different amounts of gypsum were applied: 6.8 t ha−1 in moderate and 10 t ha−1 in high SDL plots. Subsequently rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) and irrigated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under two irrigation water qualities (clean and wastewater) were cultivated. Chemical and physical soil parameters, as well as plant root density (RLD), crop yield and concentrations of major plant nutrients and Na were determined. The results showed that gypsum application reduced soil pH on average below 8 and reduced ESP below 18%. Furthermore, gypsum-treated soils showed a significant reduction of sodium absorption rate (SAR) from 14.0 to 7.9 and aggregate stability was increased from 44.2 to 51.2%. This in return diminished Na concentration in plant tissues up to 80% and significantly increased RLD of maize. Overall, calcium (Ca) addition through the gypsum amendment changed the soil cation balance by increasing the Ca:Mg ratio from 3.5 to 7.8, which likely influenced the complex interactions between competing cations at the exchange surfaces of the soil and cation uptake by plant roots.

The assessment of the physicochemical quality of water intended for irrigation of Oued Méskiana (Oum El Bouaghi) Algeria

Abstract The aquatic ecosystem of the Meskiana Valley (wilaya of Oum El Bouaghi) covers a large area with a permanent flow and a semi-arid climate characterized by a strong evapotranspiration. In order to determine the Physico-chemical quality, pollution and salinity of the water of the river of Meskiana and more particularly in its downstream part which is exposed to wastewater discharges, analyses were carried out at the level of three sampling points: witness, the upstream (before spill), downstream (after spill)). In order to prevent the risk of alkalization and salinization of soil, the sodium absorption rate (SAR) and the percentage of sodium were determined and represented on the Wilcox and Riverside diagram. The high concentrations of polluting chemical elements and excessive salinity obtained at the downstream site show a high risk of pollution and salinization.

Impact assessment of edaphic factors on groundwater quality

Fifteen water abstraction structures along the two streams adjacent to the NIASM site were selected for studying the geochemistry of the groundwater and abiotic factors responsible for their distribution. The results indicated that the groundwater is alkaline with high electrical conductivity (EC). The Total Hardness is below the prescribed drinking water limit whereas Na concentrations are far below the permissible limit. The sodium absorption ration (SAR) distribution pattern indicated downstream increase in the areas due to surfacial obstruction of the natural drainage system. EC of water shows a positive correlation with major cations Ca + Mg (R2= 0.63) and Na + K (R2= 0.61) which indicates a strong lithological control on the major oxide cations of the groundwaters. There is a strong positive correlation between EC and Cl (R2= 0.96) while the correlation between EC and HCO3 is weak (R2= 0.12) indicating that the amount of chloride in the groundwater controls the EC. The samples showed considerable scatter with a weak correlation (R2= 0.19) between NO3-N and EC. Such variation in the NO3-N concentration from the groundwaters reflects the role of physical process such as evaporation and /or anthropogenic additions to the groundwater. The SO4 concentration showed no distinct correlation with EC (R2= 0.07) indicating that its concentration did not contribute to the conductivity of groundwaters from the NIASM site. Based on the SAR values, the groundwater for irrigation purposes are classified as ‘good’ and most of them belong to the Ca+Mg>Na+K; HCO3+CO3>Cl+SO4 facies.

The Relationship between Surface Water Quality and Watershed Characteristics

The healthy water resources are necessary and essential prerequisite for environmental protection and economic development, political, social and cultural rights of Iran. In this research, water quality parameters i.e. total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium absorption rate (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), Na+, Cl-, CO32-, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, pH, HCO3- and SO42- during 2010-2011 were obtained from Iranian Water Resources Research Institute in water quality measurement stations on Mazandaran province, Iran. Then, the most important catchment characteristics (area, mean slope, mean height, base flow index, annual rainfall, land cover, and geology) were determined on water quality parameters using stepwise regression via backwards method in the 63 selected rivers. The results showed that sodium absorption rate (SAR), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), Na+ and Cl- parameters are strongly linked to geology characteristics, while K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ cations is linked to rainfall and geology characteristics. pH and HCO3- are related to area, rainfall, land cover and geology characteristics, CO32- is related to area, rainfall, rangeland area and geology characteristics and SO42- is related to area, rainfall, range and bar land area and geology characteristics. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was used for modeling the selected catchment characteristics and water quality parameters. The ANFIS models have a high Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) and low root mean squares error (RMSE) to estimate water quality parameters.

Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Zerveli stream (northern Turkey) based on water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses.

This study of Zerveli stream, Kastamonu, aims to present an assessment of its water quality and to determine the basic factors having a significant effect on the water to identify how these factors account for variations in water quality. Samples of surface water were obtained on a monthly basis between December 2016 and November 2017 at 11 stations along the watercourse. According to these samples, 28 different water quality parameters determining the water quality were evaluated. The results were assessed with respect to the environmental water quality and irrigation water quality. For this purpose, the water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption rate (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) parameters were calculated. WQI values within the year ranged between 17.26 (excellent) and 223.05 (very poor). Based on the monthly mean values, the water quality was found to be good in December, February, July, and August and poor in the remaining months. Water quality tended to deteriorate the greater the distance from the water source. According to factor analysis (FA), salinity, pH, temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), suspended solid matter (SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), SO42-, SO32-, NO2--N, NO-3-N, NH+4-N, and Cl are the main variables responsible for changes in the ecosystem. According to analysis of the irrigation water quality, the stream was found to be suitable for irrigation in terms of SAR (1.07-3.25) and %Na (37.58-61.89) but problematic in terms of RSC (3.80-5.58) values.

Assessment of surface water quality using water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses in Saraydüzü Dam Lake, Turkey.

In this study, observations were carried out in the surface waters of Saraydüzü Dam Lake within Sinop provincial borders for 1year to determine water quality. The basic 28 variables used to determine water quality were measured monthly at six stations. Taking into account the World Health Organization's drinking water standards, the water quality index (WQI) and Turkey's Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs Surface Water Quality Regulations (SWQR) were used in determining the water quality. In addition, irrigation water quality was examined. For this, sodium absorption rates (SAR), sodium percentage and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) values were calculated. WQI values in the lake were found to be between 17.62 and 29.88. Water quality parameters did not exceed the recommended limit values in all months and at all stations. According to these values, the Saraydüzü Dam Lake water belongs to the 'very good' class in terms of drinking water quality. The results obtained showed that there were no nitrogen or phosphate inputs that could harm the ecosystem in the lake and that there were no low/insufficient ambient oxygen conditions resulting from excessive oxygen consumption during the degradation process of organic matter. All water quality parametres are well below the permissible limits except some heavy metals according to SWQR. Cu, Zn and Fe were found to exceed the limit values. The water quality of irrigation water was found to be good in terms of SAR and sodium percentage, whereas RSC was observed to have varying qualities during the year and not be suitable for irrigation in some months. According to results of factor analysis (FA), pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, suspended solid matter (SSM), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total hardness (TH),total alkalinity (TA), calcium, nitrate, ammonium, mercury and dissolved oxygen are the main variables responsible for the processes in the ecosystem.