Sociological Methods Research Articles

Agonal concepts and communicative strategies in European and Ukrainian media discourses after February, 24

The article is devoted to the issue of agonal concepts and strategic communications as a result of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation. Considering the ongoing war, it is considered necessary to investigate the Ukrainian and European media discourse and strategic communications as a system consisting of invariant and variable components that can be projected in mass media messages, as well as the transformation of such a system. The purpose of the research is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of agonal concepts and communication strategies in European and Ukrainian media discourse after February 2022. The research methodology is the following methods: content analysis method, discourse analysis method, critical discourse analysis method, historical analysis method, cross-method - cultural comparative analysis, and sociological method. This thematic study examines the agonal concepts and strategies of communication in European and Ukrainian media discourses after February 2022. It is investigated which strategies prevail in the Ukrainian and European media fields. The study shows how political leaders and the media use different levels of engagement, commentary, and content to demonstrate strength, unity, and stability during times of significant international tension. Attention was also drawn to how messages from the Russian Federation affect the international agenda. It is concluded that the strategic use of communication can become a powerful tool in the conditions of international crises.

The role of sociological methods in implementation of environmental hygienic health monitoring for territories

Introduction. The presence of an unwanted annoyance odour is the one of the important criteria for atmospheric air quality, affecting its assessment. 
 This study is aimed at using of sociological methods for identifying the sources of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances and for assessing possible impact of their pollution on human health and life quality in a city with various industrial enterprises.
 Materials and methods. The study of the perception of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances by residents of Glazov (Udmurt Rebublic) was carried out based on the analysis of messages on social networks, a survey of inhabitants, as well as with the help of qualitative sociological research, including interviews and focus groups.
 Results. The survey of residents have shown there to be a problem of annoying, intrusive odours in the city, the frequency of perception and intensity of which, as well as the degree of corresponding annoyance, are associated with the presence of various health complaints. As a result of the analysis of residents’ messages on social networks, conducted interviews and focus groups, the suspected sources of annoyance odours were identified. Among the city residents a tendency is shown to associate changes in habitual behaviour with the presence of annoyance odours in the atmospheric air.
 Limitations. The limitations of this study are related to the sample size. Increasing the sample size will allow gettin a more accurate picture in the future.
 Conclusion. The results of the analysis of statements made by city residents about the presence of annoyance odours can serve as a starting point for identifying potential sources of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances, as well as an important and useful additional fragment to the data of the questionnaire survey of inhabitants for more complete assessment of the environmental situation in the studied locality and the development of management decisions to reduce atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances.

Рецензия на книгу: Макарова Г.И. Образ Татарстана в стратегиях региональных элит и в массовом сознании: монография (Казань, 2020. 308 с.)

The review contains a brief overview of the content of the monograph by G.I. Makarova “The Image of Tatarstan in the Strategies of Regional Elites and in the Public Consciousness.” The book is based on the results of a sociological research in 2013–2019 in the Republic of Tatarstan. The author of the review draws attention to the complex and systemic nature of G.I. Makarova research work, confirmed by the synthesis of theoretical approaches to the problems of ethnic and regional identity, the image of territories, as well as the triangulation of methods. It is noted that the conclusions of the monograph are based on the results of several sociological methods – mass and expert surveys, in-depth interviews, analysis of official documents, and case studies. It is concluded that in the monograph G.I. Makarova developed a conceptual model for the analysis of the republican policy in the field of region branding and a methodology for sociological study of the results of its application. The conclusions and practical recommendations made by the author regarding the content of this policy and its social consequences, according to the reviewer, go beyond the boundaries of the Republic of Tatarstan. They can be used to study similar issues in other republics within the Russian Federation, while improving branding strategies and identity policies.

A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND MENTALITY: THE CASE OF DEVELOPMENT AGENCY EMPLOYEES

Abstract
 It is a sociological reality that individual differences exist in society. However, despite all our differences, we see that we have mentalities that show that we do not think very differently from each other in our social life. These mentalities also affect the unique development and progress processes of each society. In our research, from such a point of view, the universe of meaning of the phenomenon of mentality that determines and transforms attitudes and behaviors was revealed and it was evaluated how working in a regional development agency has an effect on the perception of development agency personnel towards the concept of development. This study is the first of its kind in Türkiye since the relationship between development and mentality has not been revealed in a sociological sense until today. The data of the research, which adopts the interpretative sociology method, is limited to the results of in-depth interviews conducted with 45 staff working in the development agency between December 2019 and February 2020. According to the findings obtained in this study, it is understood that the habitus of regional development agencies provides a multidimensional perspective to the agency staff, but the authoritarian mentality elements dominant in the public sector shape the habitus in this field.

Motivations for and interests in health-enhancing exercise of adolescent girls with different body weight

The article discusses the issue of development of motives and interests in adolescent children with different body weights (normal and underweight) when involving them in programs of physical activity based on the use of health fitness means. The aim of the study was to assess the motives and interests of adolescent girls with different body weights for participation in health-enhancing physical activities in order to increase the level of their involvement in regular physical activity classes. Methods: analysis of theoretical material, comparative analysis (comparison and comparison), sociological methods (questionnaires), and methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 138 girls aged 12-13 years. Results. Priority types of physical activity of 12-13-year-old girls during their leisure time were: walks, dance fitness, roller skating, mental fitness, functional training, and aqua fitness. The choice of types of health-enhancing recreational physical activity did not differ significantly among normal weight and underweight adolescent girls aged 12-13 years. When choosing health-enhancing physical activities, the main objectives were: aesthetic motives (increasing physical attractiveness and body weight management), achievement of prestigious motives (desire to increase prestige, to be accepted in society), recreational motives (active leisure time, emotionally attractive organization of free time, satisfaction from activity). For most adolescent girls, health reasons (improvement of health status and functional capabilities of the body) were not a priority. The difference in answers between normal weight and underweight girls was found to be significant. Conclusion. In the rating of motives of underweight girls, the first places were occupied by aesthetic, prestigious, recreational, and personal motives, whereas in girls with a normative body weight, psychological, aesthetic, and health-recreational motives prevailed.

HR-branding as a strategy for attracting student audience

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of using the tools of employer brand promotion among the youth audience on the example of students and graduates of the economic specialty.Tasks. To analyze the information about the events held with the participation of company representatives at the Faculty of Economics of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) with the help of the Employment Assistance Service of the Faculty of Economics, based on the data on the formats and number of such events.Methods. The study applied general logical methods of cognition: dialectical, systemic, logical and comparative analysis; sociological methods, including surveys.Results. Recent events such as the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and the withdrawal of foreign companies from Russia have significantly affected the structure of the labor market and, consequently, the employment of students and graduates. Using the 2019-2023 graduate employment data collected upon graduation, the top employing companies for graduates of bachelor’s or master’s degree programs of the MSU Economics Department were compiled. As a result of analyzing the activities of the Department of Employment Promotion and Alumni Relations, as well as student units, the key forms of employer brand promotion at the Faculty of Economics were identified: academic and extracurricular events with the participation of representatives of partner companies and Career Day.Conclusions. It is proved that active promotion of the employer brand has a direct positive impact on the employment of young people in these companies. The most effective was the organization of educational and extracurricular activities during the year. Career days had less impact, which is explained by the dominant number of internships and practicums offered at such events, while graduates by the time of the survey are already trying to find a permanent job. In this regard, there are prospects for extending the study to include more junior students.

Migration and socio-political orientations of religious and non-religious student youth

Migration processes in the context of the expansion of world economic relations inevitably affect the main spheres of life of the entire world community. The emigration of the most active part of the indigenous population of Russia, predominantly educated and highly professional, is an acute problem, as it inevitably leads to risks to the national and geopolitical security of the state. The growing uncontrolled migration process aimed at the outflow of the mobile indigenous population in the new Russian social reality actualizes the study of the motives of emigrant moods, socio-economic, socio-political orientations, socio-cultural positions, ethno-confessional traditions and customs, spiritual and moral values of youth and, first of all, highly educated part of the younger generation: students. The article analyzes the materials of a sociological study conducted by the Institute for Demographic Research of the Federal Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2022 among students in three constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Moscow, the Republic of Tyva and the Belgorod Region. The focus of the study is aimed at identifying the possible impact of religious and non-religious worldviews on the emigrant orientations of the young part of the Russian population. The set goal was solved with the help of sociological methods of building worldview groups (“religious”/“non-religious”) and typological groups (“settled”/projective “emigrants”). The sociological search was based on a comparative analysis of the assessments and positions of representatives of these groups in relation to religious, national, socio-economic and socio-political problems. The results of a sociological study show that religious ideas and traditions, spiritual and moral values directly related to them play a significant role in the patriotic and civic positions of student youth in relation to Russian society and the state.

How does Information Manipulation Interfere with Normal Brain Function? The Disruption of Neuroethics in War-Time Mass Media

The article describes massive changes in the brain function of mass-media recipients. It is written within the relevant neuro social state of the Ukrainian mass media society in the conditions of undeclared military censorship and counter-propaganda. The material for analysis was two groups of data: content analysis of news media and a sociological survey of citizens for the presence of cognitive dissonance and lies that can violate neuroethics, namely, forming a distorted picture of the world, creating long-term deprivation and inadequate neural connections. The purpose of such research was to find out the regular influence of affective and defamatory infospace on the brains of people whose countries are at war. We clarified the nature of the newest manipulations in the media and around ethical issues, the state of research on the neuroethics of manipulations, comparing the nature of war journalistic manipulations in Russian and Ukrainian media and the objectification and explanation of neuroethical violations in Ukrainian media through the techniques of lying, silencing, avoidance, analysis, self-counting, etc. The authors used methods of theoretical, statistical, comparative and systemic analysis, content analysis, sociological methods of collecting background data and neuro interpretive methods for the received input data. The result of the article was a systematization of the manipulation of the brain in a state of permanent tension; in particular, we identified ways of institutional avoidance or deception and diagnosis of specific neuroethical threats and consequences among the population (emotional dependency, deprivation, emotional-cognitive dissonance, lack of entitlement to accurate truth, the difference between the content of the national and local media, etc.)

Factors of Moscow Youth’s Separation from Their Parental Families

The process of separation from the parental family is an integral part of the socialization process, during which the individual learns to process and reproduce previously learned social practices. Moreover, the result of such a socio-psychological process directly affects the degree of maturity and independence of the individual. The article analyzes the process of separation of Moscow youth from their parental families. The purpose of the study is, on the one hand, to reveal the concept of “separation” in a sociological manner, and on the other, to discover factors influencing the process of separation of the younger generation. The work also formulates the division of separation factors from the parental family into macro and micro levels. As part of the theoretical review, sociological works studying the socialization of youth and family socialization are analyzed; psychological works that reveal the essence of the process of separation from the parental family. Key aspects of the external and intrafamily environment that determine the acquisition of autonomy and adulthood are highlighted. A hypothesis is put forward about the influence of the family, its financial situation, living conditions and the nature of relationships, as well as the gender and age of young people on the acquisition of autonomy. Internal separation is studied separately as a process of acquiring emotional autonomy, and external, the essence of which is a change in role set and the formation of behavioral independence. To test the proposed relationships, the authors conduct an empirical study of Moscow youth using an online survey with a sample of 324 people, as a result of which factors of internal separation are identified: family composition (presence of a mother), warmth of family relationships. The latter aspect especially influences the development of personality, but at the same time prevents young people from developing their own life goals. External separation is determined by the financial situation of the family, gender, age of the respondent, and whether he or she has a job. In general, both internal and external separation are somewhat more pronounced among men aged 26 to 30 years: they are more often employed, have independence of judgment and are more adapted to everyday self-care. At the same time, women experience difficulties in acquiring emotional autonomy: they are less likely to feel confident in the decisions they make, more often they are afraid of disappointing their parents and consult with them. The results obtained during the study can be used by scientists studying the process of growing up, psychologists for private and family therapy, and government officials as part of planning youth and demographic policy. The research topic has the prospect of additional study using qualitative sociological methods, allowing us to reveal in more detail the essence of the relationship between the parent family and their growing children.

CRIMINOLOGICAL FEATURES ORGANIZED COUNTERFEITING IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Relevance. In recent years, in the field of counterfeiting, organized groups have been using the possibilities of digital technologies, which contributes to changing the structure of crime in this category, associated with erasing the criminal relationship and personal interaction of accomplices.
 In the digital age, as at any historical stage, legal means fulfill the most important task of social regulation – the protection of the monetary sphere from criminal encroachments. In the context of the development of new technologies, legal means are doubling their importance in the system of countering organized counterfeiting.
 Purpose and methods. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legal foundations of state policy in the field of countering organized counterfeiting in the digital age. To achieve this goal, dialectical and historical methods, sociological methods, and the method of expert assessments were used in the framework of the study.
 Conclusion. The study of organizational and criminological aspects of organized counterfeiting in the digital age has shown that a significant part of the acts of this category is committed in a virtual environment. Block-network transnational organized crime in the field of counterfeiting is spreading in the digital space.
 Digital systems and computer programs have become a tool and a means of making counterfeit money and counterfeit securities. In the digital world, non-cash money has become the subject of organized counterfeiting. Significant changes in the structure of organized counterfeiting dictate certain requirements for its prevention system. The paper proposes some organizational and criminological measures to counter organized digital counterfeiting.

ISSUES OF DIVISION OF POWERS BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ITS SUBJECTS IN THE FIELD OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the establishment of the level and degree of regulatory support for the delimitation of powers between the Russian Federation and its subjects in the sphere of physical culture and sport, which is due to a number of prerequisites that characterize the relevance of the stated topic. Among them there are changes in the conditions for the development of physical culture and sport, as well as the restructuring of executive bodies in the regions in the context of the reform of public authority. The subject of the research is regulatory legal acts that establish and disclose the powers of authorities and other subjects in the context of the analyzed relations at the federal level and at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as the activities of authorized public authorities in this sphere.
 Methodology. The research is based on general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, comparison, modeling) in combination with special legal and sociological methods (private legal methods – formal legal and comparative methods, method of state and legal modeling, method of interpretation of law; methods of sociological analysis – sociological observation and survey).
 Results. The results of the research consist in the established prospects for the permissibility of revision and conditions for the distribution of powers of public authorities between the federal center and the regions in the analyzed sphere.
 Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the field of public administration on the issues of organization of activities in the sphere of physical culture and sport.

The Opinion of Dental Technology Students about the Harmful Effects of the Materials Used During Practical Training and Means of Prevention

In the process of training in the special academic disciplines dental technology students are exposed to the harmful effects of various materials, volatile substances and dust particles. All of above can cause allergies, diseases of the respiratory system, neurological diseases, etc. The purpose of the present article is to study whether the students of the “Dental Technician” Educational Sector are familiar with the fact that some of the materials used in their practical training have a harmful effect on the body as well as to give information about means of prevention students can use. A sociological method using a specially designed for the purpose questionnaire was used to achieve the goal of this scientific study. The survey was conducted using Google forms in June 2023 and was distributed among first, second and third year (62.39 % in the study stage) Dental Technology students at the Medical College subordinate to the Medical University of Varna. For the presentation of the results a graphical analysis was used. It was found that a very large number of students know about the harmful effects of some of the materials they work with and more than half of them are worried about their health; not all of the students use protective equipment and there are some who do not use protective equipment at all ( 12.20 %). The following recommendations have been made to the educational institution and to the respondents based on the results, the conclusions and the students’ suggestions: it is recommended that the aducational laboratories are equipped with a central and individual aspiration system (for each working space), aspiration above worktops and fireplaces, hoppers for crushing the packaging mass when releasing the cast dental structure; students are also adviced to use personal protective equipment – uniforms, protective gloves, glasses, masks, helmets.

Transformation of the image of a mother woman in the visual culture of independent Ukraine

The relevance of the article lies in the analysis of the transformation of the image of a mother woman in the visual culture of independent Ukraine. The patriarchal stereotypical perception of femininity is being transformed in Ukrainian visual culture. Since Ukraine has gained its independence, the perception of the traditional role of women in society began to change under the influence of socio-cultural processes.
 The purpose of the article is to carry out a cultural reception of the image of a mother woman in visual culture as a reflection of socio-cultural dynamics in independent Ukraine. To define the peculiarities of female images in interpretive models of visual studios, to investigate the dynamics of the image of a mother woman during the years of independence, as well as to explain the culturally significant meanings of the variable spectrum of the image of a mother woman in the visual space of independent Ukraine.
 The methodology of scientific research is determined by the use of methods of cultural studies, history and sociology. The method of culturology allows us to reveal the specifics of the representation of female images in visual culture. The sociocultural method involves the analysis of the visual component of the Ukrainian Internet environment, as well as establishing the interdependence of visual culture and social changes. Historical method allows to trace the context of visual transformations.
 The results. It was proved that the image of a mother woman, peculiar to the traditional Ukrainian culture, during the first years of independence was transformed into the mythologem of Berehynia and personified the national idea. Throughout the 1990s, the image embodied the idea of state sovereignty. The period of the 2000s for mass culture was characterized by the depiction of gender-stereotypical images of motherhood and women in the role of a housewife with the emergence of the domestic violence problem. The Revolution of Dignity conditioned the narrative of struggle, which filled the image of a woman-mother with the concept of militancy. As a result of the political and historical processes taking place until today, the concept of motherhood was filled with motives of protection of one’s own land, sacrifice for the protection of one’s own child.
 The scientific novelty of the research. For the first time, the transformation of the image of a mother woman, represented in the visual culture of Ukraine during the period of independence, is considered.
 The practical significance. The results of the research can be used to study the modern visual culture of Ukraine, in further investigations of mass media and research of feminine images represented in the visual culture of Ukraine.

The Impact of Cancel Culture on Politics and International Relations

The article aims to reveal particularities of cancel culture in politics and international relations using methods of sociology and conflict theory. Deriving from previous research of cancel culture, authors define cancel culture as non-institutionalized form of social control that is implemented through mass mobilization in social media. After informal pressure the formal punishment could follow against those who break norms or behavior expectations. As a kind of social control cancel culture could contribute to overcoming gap between manifested values and social practices, preserving social order and fighting elitism and inequality. At the same time cancel culture could be used as instrument of unfair competition, political struggle and suppression of opinions. Comparison of cancel culture cases in the USA, United Kingdom and Russia allows to conclude that the scale and effectiveness of collective actions depend on national context, different systems of norms and values and cultural practices to react on violation of values and norms.In politics and international relations cancel culture manifests as an addition to actions of formal political institutions, and it aims to undermine authority and reputation of a politician. It is important that in politics and international relations cancel culture is an instrument of informal control, which follows formal sanctions. Conclusions about the nature of cancel culture as an instrument of politics helps to understand better its functions in regard to attempts to “cancel” Russia. Cancel culture adds to formal sanctions and aims to isolate the country, to undermine its legitimacy as international actor. In regard to Russia the efforts are made to “cancel” it on two levels: formal – by sanctions and informal – via rejection to cooperate coming from various professional communities. In both cases countries and respective communities have their own understanding of norms and acceptable means and tools, and thus cancel culture becomes a toll of collective punishment. International relations lack universal understanding of norms and single center of political power, so that causes selective usage of instruments to impact, and thus cancel culture becomes an instrument of political struggle.

ПРОБЛЕМА «ЛИЧНОСТЬ И ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОЦЕСС» В ТЕОРЕТИКО-ФИЛОСОФСКОМ НАСЛЕДИИ ИДЕОЛОГОВ ПАРТИИ СОЦИАЛИСТОВ- РЕВОЛЮЦИОНЕРОВ (ЭСЕРОВ)

Одним из «белых пятен» в теоретическом наследии прошлого является конструктивное освещение философских воззрений идеологов партии социалистов-революционеров, одной из крупнейших партий дореволюционной России, которая имела свои организации во всех регионах российской империи, включая Туркестан. Обращение к истории взаимоотношений политических партий в России до и после Октябрьской революции, анализ их политической программы и философских воззрений помогает глубже понять атмосферу того времени во всей ее сложности и противоречивости, способствует развитию нашего политического мышления. Проблема «Личность и исторический процесс» в теоретико-философском наследии идеологов партии эсеров связана с пониманием ими роли личности в истории, а также с обоснованием террористической деятельности. Специфика истолкования идеологами партии эсеров данного вопроса, по мнению авторов, связана с пониманием ими сущности человека. Как показано в статье, для эсеров было характерно натуралистическое истолкование человека, которое опиралось на биопсихическое понимание личности. Как считают авторы, социалисты-революционеры придерживались позитивистской установки, так как стремление познать объективные законы общественного развития рассматривалось ими как ненаучная попытка, поскольку их истинность не может быть проверена опытным эмпирическим путем. Социологические законы, по мнению эсеров, неизбежно преломляются в человеческой психологии, находят в ней свое подлинное выражение. Социалисты-революционеры исходили из принципов субъективного метода в социологии, разработанного П.Л.Лавровым и Н.К.Михайловским, дополнив их идеями, взятыми из западноевропейских субъективно-идеалистических течений. Обосновывая террор, социалисты-революционеры, исходили из биопсихического понимания личности. Рассматривая террор как возбуждающее и революционизирующее средство, они считали, что с помощью террора можно воздействовать на психику индивида. Абсолютизация биологических и психологических моментов в человеке способствовала неправильному анализу политической обстановки в стране, что делало, в какой-то степени, утопичной и саму политическую программу эсеров.

Development of Innovative Approaches to the Popularization of Science and Technology for the Development of Interaction Between Science and Society

The purpose of the study is to develop a concept of a virtual space for the promotion and popularization of science and technologies for communication between scientists, society and state; promoting the inclusive development of science and technology in Ukraine; the formation of a scientific worldview and the innovative culture of society. Research methods: methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison; hermeneutic, contextual, sociological methods; systematic, transdisciplinary, prognostic-analytical, historical approaches. Results. Among benefits of the study there is the expected outcome of the research: to formulate proposals for the development of scientific communications in society, dialogue and cooperation of scientists and all age and professional strata of population; the formation of an innovative culture, critical thinking and a scientific worldview; increasing the attractiveness of the profession of a scientist, the social status of a scientist. Conclusions. The authors of the article propose the measures which should be implemented that in order to contribute to the high-quality modern training of future specialists, oriented to participate in the innovative reconstruction of Ukraine based on the latest achievements of science and high technologies, and will ensure a worthy replenishment of the personnel potential of Ukrainian science.

THE REAL READINESS TO DEAL WITH CITIZENS TEMPORARILY RESIDING IN THE CITY OF PLEVEN WITH CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR (CBRN) TERRORISM

Urbanization and population density in the city of Pleven create the conditions for anthropogenic disasters involving modern hazards such as disease-causing microorganisms, toxins, dangerous chemicals, hazardous weapon substances, radiation, and nuclear explosions. The study was conducted under project No. 13/2022 at MU - Pleven, involving 240 foreign citizens from 31 countries. The participants were divided into two age groups: 18 to 25 years (64%) and 26 to 35 years (36%). Their duration of stay in Pleven was categorized into up to 5 years (54%) and over 5 years (46%). Interestingly, more than 50% of the participants had experienced more than one distress situation before. The study used a sociological method to examine the readiness to protect themselves during disasters. The results revealed alarmingly low levels of awareness regarding anthropogenic disasters or terrorist acts in the city of Pleven, with only 15% and 5% of respondents being aware of them, respectively. Furthermore, over 60% of the respondents did not know who organizes aid for the population during disasters. Both age groups demonstrated inadequate knowledge and preparedness in dealing with a biological weapon infection outbreak. About 53% of participants did not know what to do in case of danger, 75% were unaware of the emergency phone number during disasters, 56% could not provide first aid to victims, and 64% lacked knowledge of appropriate actions in the event of a terrorist act.

OPTIMIZATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION SYSTEM IN GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article presents the results of a sociological survey of physical education teachers and primary school teachers regarding satisfaction with the content of educational reforms. The following methods were used during the research: analysis of scientific and methodical literature; pedagogical experiment; sociological methods, methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 92 physical education teachers and 66 primary school teachers from Dnipropetrovsk region, who are highly qualified specialists with extensive experience. The respondents’ answers show that the majority of teachers are familiar with the content of the State Standard of Primary Education, Basic Secondary Education, and the educational programs they teach. Satisfaction with the content of programs for primary school was revealed. Some difficulties with the implementation of the model program for grades 5-6 have been identified. They are associated with an excessive number of modules that cannot be studied due to lack of time, the lack of an appropriate material and technical base, and organizational deficiencies. The results show that teachers use a large list of modern forms, methods and technologies of physical education to increase the motor activity of students, but the introduction of distance learning causes difficulties in their application. The obtained data were the basis for determining the prospects for optimizing the organizational and pedagogical conditions of physical education system in institutions of general secondary education in modern conditions. They consist of a comprehensive approach, which include certain actions at the state level (improvement of the material and technical base, increase in funding, improvement of the management system in the field of physical education), local level (expansion of forms of physical culture and health work, expansion of forms of work for the formation of social and mental students’ health, improvement of educational and methodological support of the educational process) and personal (improvement of qualifications, formation of professional competences in mastering modern methods and technologies) levels.

Max Weber and Harriet Martineau in physical education: Nuances of historical parallelism and gender bias in the sociological method

Physical education has been constituted in a complex scenario, and despite this epistemological debate, we can find the existence of a “sociology of sport,” a relatively recent field of study dominated by names such as Karl Marx, Norbert Elias, Pierre Bourdieu, and Michel Foucault, while the name of Max Weber and Harriet Martineau, the first woman sociologist, is absent of research in the “sociology of sport.” This article aims to explore two possible phenomena to explain this failure: Historical parallelism and gender bias. This research applies the bibliographic method with a descriptive approach, based on the works of Max Weber and Harriet Martineau, including supporting theoretical references. As the main result, Weber considered sociology as a science that seeks to interpretively understand social action and explain it causally in its course and effects. According to Weber, scientists must be skilled in separating judgments of reality (what is) and judgments of value (what ought to be) in scientific analysis, to pursue genuine knowledge, and he organized his sociological analysis method based on two main tools: (1) Ideal types and (2) types of social action. Temporarily before Weber, Martineau (1802 – 1876) pointed to aspects related to the observation process, and provided examples related to the different classifications of what Weber referred to as “social action.” She emphasized the need to engage with the people and groups from which one seeks to gather information, and two elements stand out: (1) The recommendation to study things, using people’s discourse as if it was a commentary on them and (2) the occasional need to distance oneself a little to have a more accurate view of the phenomenon. Martineau provided relevant indications regarding the recording of facts, previously to Weber. In conclusion, it is expected that researchers from different areas, including physical education, who employ research methods from the social sciences, field diary observations, and interviews, can appropriate what was previously produced before Max Weber, in this case, by Harriet Martineau.

Labor mobility in the system of employment strategies of the region’s population

The issue consideration of labor mobility as an employment strategy is relevant, because it is based on a growing understanding of the importance of labor mobility for the economic development of the country and its regions. The study purpose is to examine the place of labor mobility in the employment strategy of the population. The objectives are to study approaches to the labor mobility definition as an employment strategy, to analyze regional specifics in the labor mobility of the population, to determine the place of labor mobility in the employment strategy of the Tyumen region. General scientific, statistical and sociological methods were used in the research. The main study results are the identification of an increasing trend in the transformation of the population employment strategy and its reflection on the processes of labor mobility, grouped around changes in production and economic conditions. This provision defines not only the basis for the development of scientific discussion, but also the directions for further study of such issue.