Socio-psychological Phenomenon Research Articles

Magical thinking as a socio-psychological phenomenon of spiritual life in the early 21st century

The paper considers the phenomenon of magical thinking as a cognitive-emotional distortion of a person’s perception of objective reality from the standpoint of the doctrine of esotericism. The author analyzes esotericism as a sociocultural and psychological phenomenon. The question of understanding life, finding subjective meaning, understanding and determination of a person’s place in reality and beyond the space that the understanding is able to catch is the main question of philosophy, where esotericism is a specific direction in the process of world perception. In modern society such global events as the pandemic, military conflicts, natural and technogenic disasters influenced the position of a person in terms of understanding of his role in current circumstances. The paper analyzes the transformation of a common vision of a person’s position and role in an objective space, the formation and spread of magical thinking as a result of experiencing the helplessness of a person in large-scale events, an insufficient level of readiness for difficulties and a reduced level of personal responsibility for their contribution to current events. The author considers the esotericism doctrines and their influence on the formation of the worldview of a modern person.

ІНТЕРНЕТ-ЗАЛЕЖНІСТЬ ДОРОСЛИХ КОРИСТУВАЧІВ ТА МОЖЛИВОСТІ ЇЇ ПРОФІЛАКТИКИ

The authors of the article analyzed the essence of Internet addiction as a modern socio-psychological phenomenon, which was formed with the emergence of a new moderator of social relations - the Internet. Internet addiction is qualified as a multi-vector socio-psychological phenomenon and a factor that: 1) affects the consciousness, emotional state, physical health and behavior of people of different ages; 2) is a type of non-chemical addiction, which is equally dangerous for the physical and mental health of not only children and youth, but also adults; 3) is a consequence of incompetent use of the Internet and therefore, like any other addiction, requires special correction. Views on the emergence and spread of non-chemical addictions among adult Internet users are analyzed in the works of foreign and domestic scientists. An analysis of interpretations of behavioral types of addiction is given, as well as the main approaches and criteria for their classification. The subtypes of cyber addictions are specified, in particular: addictive Internet surfing (web surfing), phabbing, virtual dating, cybersex (cybersexual addiction), addiction to online gambling (cybernetic ludomania, online ludomania), obsessive need to stay on the Internet (Internet addiction, Internet addiction), gadget addiction, audio or video addiction, television addiction, online gambling, pathological online reading, cyberneomania, selfitis (or selfism). Attention is focused on the fact that addiction (dependency) is an obsessive, unnatural need of a person for something that subjectively has physiological, psychological and psychosocial significance for him (the need for certain mood stimulants, certain unnatural thoughts, emotions and experiences, in certain unnatural actions, etc.). It is shown that Internet addiction is a type of non-chemical psychological addiction, and therefore it is primarily a self-destructive phenomenon of the psyche, which consists in a violation of emotional and volitional regulation. Like any other addiction, addiction to the Internet has a destructive effect on the personality, causes emotional and nervous overload, leads to astheno-neurotic and psycho-emotional disorders and even somatic diseases, disrupts the interpersonal and social communications of addicts. The program and methods of prevention of Internet addiction in adults are outlined. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of addictive behavior is considered in detail; special emphasis is placed on the preventive and corrective work of the psychotherapist with persons prone to addiction.

THE ROLE OF A LEADER IN THE SUCCESS OF A SPORTS TEAM

The aim of the research is to reveal the role and activity of the leader in various sports, the characteristics of his behavioral manifestation. Research problems are to study leadership as a socio-psychological phenomenon, to determine the role of leadership in the sports process, to study the individual psychological features of the leader, to find out the characteristic features of leadership behavior in sports teams. Some personal aspects of the leaders' behavior that affect the success of the sports team have been analyzed in the article. The main types of leadership have also been analyzed, with the help of which the leading role of leadership in sports teams is established. Steady manifestations of the leader's behavior, psychological reliability, as well as possession of willpower and abilities, increase the effectiveness of sports activities in the team. The above mentioned factors determine the role and style of the leader in the team: Leader-performer (executive), situational leader, leading organizer, mixed style leader. The role of the leader is highly appreciated in the sports process; the importance of the latter is especially obvious in gaming teams. Thus, we may conclude that the leaders in the groups are mainly athletes at an older age who have extensive sports and competitive experience or differ in their behavioral indicators.

ЗМІНА ПРІОРИТЕТІВ У МОТИВАЦІЇ ПЕРСОНАЛУ В КРИЗОВИЙ ТА ПІСЛЯКРИЗОВИЙ ПЕРІОДИ

The article examines the problems of changing priorities in staff motivation during the crisis and post-crisis period, as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon that can be explained with the help of behavioral economics. On the basis of a theoretical analysis, the main “side” effect, the transformation of motivational priorities, was investigated, which consists in a decrease in the level of job satisfaction with an increase in the level of remuneration, as noted in empirical studies conducted over a very long period of time. PANAS-C was chosen as the tools for empirical study of this phenomenon – a test of an active life position, a survey regarding the degree of satisfaction and significance of the WAMI work, as well as a test to identify the motivational type of Gerchikov. On a representative sample of employees of enterprises belonging to various fields of activity, having different sizes and forms of ownership, we tested and verified the proposed approach to explain the main effect of the transformation of motivational priorities, which consists in the fact that a decrease in the level of employee satisfaction with the growth of material incentives can be compensate with a positive attitude. A hypothesis has been formulated and confirmed regarding the desire of the staff to hide the true, purely material motivation, trying to give “socially justified” answers to questions regarding the motives of activity. The identified feature of behavior manifests itself almost regardless of the form of ownership, size and scope of the company. The authors proposed a phenomenological model that describes the dynamics of the process of changing priorities between external and internal motivation, which manifests itself through a significant decrease in the rate of growth in the efficiency of personnel activities while a significant increase in the level of material incentives continues. A simple approach is proposed to determine the moment of changing priorities between external and internal motivation, which can significantly increase the efficiency of the use of material resources when paying for labor. A kind of “conservation law” for material and non-material incentives (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation) was formulated in the following form: the cumulative result of the influence of material and non-material incentives on the efficiency of the enterprise is a constant value that is preserved for this enterprise or its individual division while ensuring a negligible staff turnover. Using the mathematical interpretation of the most probable law describing the relationship between job satisfaction and efficiency, it was possible to explain many empirical effects that had been identified over a fairly long period. At the same time, the assumption about the existence of a stratification of respondents’ reactions according to different hierarchical levels of the organization did not find adequate confirmation.

Social complementary dyads: historical trends of evolution

Subject of research: "social complementary dyads" as a socio-psychological phenomenon. The object is social groups as socio-psychological phenomena, the subject is small social groups (microgroups) in the processes of their historical evolution.
 Methods of research: historical-theoretical, analysis of the empirical studies on social groups subjects interactions. The phenomenon of the dyad as one of the forms of social groups is discussed.
 Main results of research: a typology of dyads has been proposed: 1) complementary social dyads (SDS); 2) supporting social structures; 3) professional dyads (complex groups); 4) professional creative (creative dyads); 5) related; 6) spontaneous; 7) destructive (parasitic, exploitative); 8) antisocial. In view of the historical trends in the increase in the types of dyads and their varieties, it is believed that in the field of education the most urgent problem is the first type of dyads complementary social dyads (SDS), represented by such combinations as "educator educated", "teacher student", "teacher student, etc. Open questions are singled out (study in the paradigm of individual rather than joint activity; binarity of group classifications; unresolved issues of the lower and upper limits of the generation and functioning of groups; evolution of the subjects of the dyad, etc.); promising aspects of further research are discussed (the problem of resources, the individuality and complementarity of the qualities of interacting subjects, the possibility of directed formation and control of the evolution of dyads, etc.).

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНА РОБОТА ЩОДО ПРОФІЛАКТИКИ БУЛІНГУ СЕРЕД НЕПОВНОЛІТНІХ У ЗАКЛАДАХ ОСВІТИ

The article addresses to the peculiarities of bullying phenomenon among juveniles. Most bullying is verbal: name-calling, teasing, harsh criticism, defamation, ridicule, aggressive remarks, notes threatening violence, spreading false accusations, hostile rumors and gossip. The purpose of the article was to analyze the phenomenon of bullying in educational institutions among juveniles as a socio-pedagogical problem, changes in the regulatory framework for the prevention of bullying; to justify the methods and forms of work of all involved categories of specialists regarding the prevention of bullying in educational institutions among juveniles. The results. The social structure of bullying typically includes three elements: the persecutor, the victim, and the bystander. In modern science, there are several approaches to the study of bullying. Some researchers focus attention on the search and definition of personal traits characteristic of the aggressor and his victim. Others try to consider bullying as a socio-psychological phenomenon. The typical features of students who tend to become persecutors are analyzed: they feel a strong need to dominate and subordinate other students, by pursuing their own goals, they are impulsive and easily rampage; they are often defiant and aggressive in their attitude towards adults (primarily parents and teachers); they show no sympathy for their victims. Typical victims of bullying also have their own characteristics: they are timid, vulnerable, withdrawn and shy; they are often anxious, insecure, unhappy and have low self-esteem; they are prone to depression and think about suicide more often than their peers. It is important to recognize the serious long-term consequences for those who are bullied. Bullies at school tend to become aggressive adults who are more likely to have multiple criminal convictions. As for bystanders, bullying can cause them feelings of anxiety or fear. Observing bullying leads to a violation of the sense of politeness and propriety, sympathy, empathy, and shame are suppressed. In this way, children’s ability to communicate, negotiate and reach a compromise – the necessary foundations for problem solving, conflict resolution and reconciliation. The article also analyzes ways of social and pedagogical prevention of bullying among juveniles in educational institutions and provides methodical recommendations for participants in the process of education and upbringing of schoolchildren. Conclusions. Research has shown that bullying at school has extremely negative future consequences for the victim. This can be expressed in the inability of adults who were bullied in childhood to build full-fledged relationships with other people and raise their own children. That is why it is necessary to train teachers to work with bullying in educational institutions, and also necessarily involve psychological services, parents, education management bodies, community members, the church, and law enforcement services. Key words: bullying, juveniles, educational institution, mobbing, cyberbullying, persecutor (aggressor), victim, bystander.

Professional growth of teachers of a general education organization

The professional growth of a teacher of a general education organization as a socio-psychological phenomenon is considered. The stages of professional growth of a teacher are described. The article presents a fragment of the human resources development program of one of the educational organizations of the city of Nizhnevartovsk, as one of the key conditions affecting the construction of an individual trajectory of successful professional growth of a teacher of a general education organization. The success of professional growth as a result of joint activities depends on the existing qualities of the interacting subjects and on the existing ideas about the qualities of each other. The formation of the phenomenon of an associated professional career is carried out in the process of interaction of a wide range of determinants, for example, the consistency of the psychophysiological characteristics of people, the similarity of their styles of activity / behavior / communication, etc. of the key conditions influencing the construction of an individual trajectory of successful professional growth of a teacher of a general education organization. In conclusion, the author deduces the conditions that ensure the effectiveness of the implementation of the program for the formation and increase of the personnel potential of a general educational organization. The author comes to the conclusion that the professional growth of a teacher is a purposeful two-way process, the effectiveness of which depends on many factors.

The phenomenon of tolerance/intolerance as a reflection of radicalist trends in the conditions of Kazakhstan society

Some manifestations of radicalistic sentiments in Kazakhstan have developed in recent years due to the deterioration of the socio-economic situation of the population, which has led to social and economic insecurity, an increase in unemployment. Corruption, which has engulfed all echelons of the Kazakhstani government, increasing awareness of social injustice in society, has also caused the loss of former ideals, the devaluation of values. And, if in many countries of the post-Soviet space radicalism has taken the forms of various extremist groups, in Kazakhstan it has long been latent and unexpressed. However, the events of recent days have shown that radicalism also takes place in Kazakhstan; from peaceful rallies, where economic issues were raised, first of all, it turned into mass manifestations of disobedience to the authorities, terrorist attacks, and violence against law enforcement officials. In this regard, the problem of studying tolerance/intolerance as a reflection of radicalistic tendencies in the conditions of Kazakh society has been actualized. The object of the study is Kazakhstani student youth. The subject of the study is the features of the manifestation of tolerance/intolerance of a person as an expression of a predisposition to radicalistic sentiments. The purpose of the study is to conduct an empirical study of the characteristics of the manifestation of tolerance/intolerance of a person as an expression of a predisposition to radicalistic sentiments. To achieve the goal, a methodological toolkit was compiled, including 3 methods. Testing was conducted using the Google Forms platform. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it was concluded that a socio-psychological phenomenon - tolerance/intolerance, which is a reflection of radicalistic tendencies, is determined by gender differences, in-group favoritism, moods, mentality, worldview, youth values. Key words: tolerance/intolerance, radicalism, radicalistic tendencies, Kazakhstani student youth, susceptibility, etc.

Features of the status-role structure of the risk of school bullying among adolescents

Introduction. The problem of bullying, according to UNESCO, has an international status: every third student around the world has experienced various forms of bullying from his classmates; “Victims” of bullying were three times more likely than their peers to feel like “outsiders,” twice as likely to miss school and have suicidal thoughts. Bullying as a socio-psychological phenomenon has become widespread in the last ten years in educational organizations of the Russian Federation. More often the victims of bullying are children with special physical and mental development. A bibliometric review of publications on the problem of the risk of school bullying among children with disabilities indicated their appearance in 2011 in the absence of studies characterizing the status-role structure of this phenomenon. In this regard, the aim of the study was to study the characteristics of the status-role structure of the risk of school bullying among adolescents. Materials and methods. Adolescents (N=163 students of conditionally healthy and N=86 students with disabilities) aged 14 to 16 from educational institutions of Kursk and the Voronezh region took part in the study voluntarily. We used standardized methods for diagnosing the risk of bullying, socio-situational anxiety, self-esteem and personal qualities, as well as mathematical and statistical methods of data processing: descriptive statistics and factor analysis. Results and discussion. There is a risk of school bullying in organizations. In collectives, there is low stability of boundaries, compliance with the rules of behavior by adolescents and mutual respect as a group norm, low ability to accept differences, role uncertainty and status conflicts. The majority of students are combined into such sociometric groups as "high-status" (conditionally healthy adolescents: 27%, N=44; adolescents with disabilities: 21%, N=18), "average" (conditionally healthy adolescents: 26%, N =43; adolescents with disabilities: 35%, N=30) and "neglected". The average level of maladjustment and mental stability, sensitivity, low self-esteem, increased anxiety level of adolescents provide the status of a victim. Based on the results of an empirical study, a scheme was developed for the distribution and transformation of the status-role positions of adolescents in a situation of risk of school bullying, determined by their individual personality characteristics and acting as targets for corrective and preventive work.

The Phenomenon of Security Within the Socio-Psychological Knowledge in the Era of Postmodernism

The relevance of the study of the socio-psychological phenomenon of personal security in the era of post-modernism is due to the real problems of today's society, which at the present stage of state development are characterized by acute interrelationships between the requirements of social security as a factor of socio-political and national security and the real state of mental existence. associated with indicators of social well-being of the individual. The aim of the article is to prove that the concept of anxiety is a characteristic of social society in the era of postmodernism, preceding the need for security; to give a generalized concept of security in the era of postmodernism as a set of attributes; to identify indicators of psychological security as a complex polyfunctional phenomenon in the era of postmodernism. The article indicates that the choice of specific aspects of human security and the perspective of their consideration depend on the system in which man is included, such as the system "man - nature", "man - production", "man - technology", as well as social systems “man - man "," man - society "," man - state ". Three factors that determine human safety are specified: the human factor, the environmental factor and the security factor; and physical and psychological means of protection against dangerous situations.

Сучасні концептуальні підходи до визначення поняття “етноцентризм” у двовимірному полі міжетнічного роз’єднання та інтеграції

The author studied and classified the main theoretical approaches to defining the concept of ethnocentrism, identified the place of ethnocentrism among the processes of ethnic demarcation and unification, clarified the correlation of increasing politicization of ethnicities, determined the causes and functions of ethnocentrism, in the dimension of the socio-psychological phenomenon. In the process of research, the definition of the ethnocentric doctrine of W. Sumner is formulated. An attempt is made to positively analyse the correlation of Sumner’s newly introduced concepts of “we-group” and “they-group”. The paper defined it as a result of research by scientists of the so-called “primitive societies”. The study examined many available ethnocentric concepts of modern Western political scientists and sociologists, identified their perception of the causal and functional burden on this phenomenon as a property of individuals, social groups, and communities (as carriers of ethnic identity) to perceive and evaluate life phenomena through the prism of traditions and values of their ethnic community, which acts as a specific general standard or optimum. The socio-empirical data collected, accumulated, and systematized during research are of great value as it creates limited ethnocultural contacts and leads to growing hostility in the ethnopolitical field. It is emphasized that the sources and causes of ethnocentrism are simple, hidden in the uncritical perception of information and negative attitudes towards their own and other ethnic groups. It is noted that the future without ethnocentrism should be associated with a balanced state policy in deepening and expanding interethnic contacts. The anti-ethnocentric policy also involves the comprehensive development of interethnic communicative culture, overcoming ethnic stereotypes (negative and positive attitudes of ethnic identification).

Эмпирическая модель социальной активности молодежи

Introduction. Studies of the social activity of young people allow us to find out the main trends of the real interest of young people in certain areas of social reality, to assess its potential for social development. Theoretical analysis. Today, a wealth of empirical material has been accumulated regarding its manifestations, factors and consequences, which requires generalization. The purpose of this study is to develop an empirical model of social activity of an individual. Results. A model of social activity of young people is presented, taking into account the conditions of their socialization, factors, situational characteristics of the present that determine the implementation of activity in a real or virtual environment, commitment and implementation of activity in mono- or multidirectional forms, personal, socio-psychological and social effects. The model includes a block of the structure of social activity built on the basis of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, a block of external factors, a block of individual-personal factors and a block of personal effects of activity. Empirical data confirming the main elements of the model and the connections between its various components are presented. Conclusions. It is concluded that social activity can be considered as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon, representing the effect of interaction of functional-dynamic, personal, subjective, socio-psychological and socio-cultural characteristics in a specific situation of human life in specific socio-historical circumstances of social development.

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A POSITIVE IMAGE OF A TEACHER OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The article analyzes the functions and structural components of the positive image of a teacher of higher education. The focus is on the fact that the importance of the image phenomenon in social interaction has grown rapidly in the course of social change. The importance of the human factor is growing, which allows the individual to present himself to society as an individual. That is why the problem of formation and development of the image of teachers of higher education in our time is receiving special attention. To achieve this goal, a set of interrelated and interdependent methods was used: analysis of scientific literature to substantiate the pedagogical conditions for the development of the professional image of a modern teacher of higher education; generalization, synthesis, systematization to clarify the state of the problem and theoretical interpretation of pedagogical features of a positive image. It was found that the image formed as a result of human existence in society is characterized by dynamism, flexibility, as it is able to change depending on the external conditions and requirements of its bearer. Given the fact that image is a complex socio-psychological phenomenon that can be studied from different points of view, modern science offers three main approaches to the typology of personality image: functional, contextual, comparative. It is concluded that the main functions of the image for a teacher of higher education are: interpersonal adaptation; coverage of the best personal and business qualities; concealment of negative personal characteristics, with the help of clothes, hair, makeup, refined manners to distract people from their shortcomings; overcoming age limits; function of social training.

SUBJECTIVE FEELING OF LONELINESS OF STUDENTS DURING DISTANCE EDUCATION

The article is dedicated to the generalization of the most relevant scientific approaches to the study of the concept of loneliness, the subjective feeling of loneliness, the disclosure of the meaning and influence of the experience of loneliness in the development of personality. The levels of the subjective feeling of loneliness are empirically identified and described. The article highlights both the scientific and applied significance of research of the subjective feeling of loneliness of students during distance learning. Further prospects for research on this issue are indicated. Loneliness is a complicated socio-psychological phenomenon. Being a personal experience, it is difficult to describe, since its manifestations are always subjective. The ambivalence of loneliness lies in its ambiguous impact on a person - it is often perceived by people as a difficult and painful experience, but it cannot be denied that for personality development it is necessary to be alone from time to time. In the course of the study, an analysis of the phenomenon of loneliness as a socio-psychological phenomenon was carried out. The understanding of this phenomenon from the point of view of various researchers was considered, a number of definitions of the concept of loneliness were given. The analysis of the differences between such concepts as loneliness, isolation and seclusion was carried out and the classifications of types of loneliness were given. A theoretical analysis of such a concept as achievement motivation was also conducted, and the concept of affiliation motivation was briefly analyzed. In the world, the problem of loneliness of students during distance learning is particularly relevant. The development of technology has allowed a person to be in constant contact with a huge amount of information, to contact other people via Internet. But such limitless possibilities have a negative side. Dependence on information, characteristic of a modern person, distances it, plunging into its continuous consumption, depriving time of solitude, contact with one's feelings and thoughts.

PROFESSIONAL MOTIVATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND PEDAGOGICAL PERSONNEL AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL SECURITY

The prerequisites for the development of human capital and ensuring social security are created through the institutions of the family and the public education system. It is here that the foundations of moral, mental and physical health of a person and society are laid, a system of universal values is formed, professional orientation takes place, knowledge and skills are acquired. One of the determinants of the development of human capital and ensuring social security is the sustainable and harmonious development of the personnel potential of educational institutions, while a significant place belongs to the motivation of scientific and pedagogical personnel and job satisfaction. This study is aimed at revealing the content of professional motivation of scientific and pedagogical personnel as an important factor of social security. The scientific contribution consists in the fact that job satisfaction is considered as an important socio-psychological phenomenon and a condition for ensuring social security; the factors of job satisfaction are systematized; the main value orientations of a university teacher are determined; the nature of a teacher's professional motivation is revealed and the factors that determine it are characterized. The results of the study are useful to the founders and heads of educational organizations in order to more effectively manage the staff, and in general, the development strategy of institutions

СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ КАПИТАЛ КАК ОБЪЕКТ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The article is devoted to the definition of the essence and content of social capital and the management of its development. Based on the analysis of foreign and domestic literature, it is revealed that in the absolute majority of them, social capital is interpreted as a socio-psychological phenomenon. Social capital is considered as an intangible part of the system of resources, values and relationships, which creates opportunities, conditions for their owner, the realization of certain goals of social activity to obtain socially significant results in various spheres of social life. It is argued that it is not an attribute of just an individual, as is found in the vast majority of publications. It is based on the capital of society as a whole, various social communities, social groups and strata of the population, administrative and state systems, collectives, etc. Such a methodological approach makes it possible to determine the structure of the patterns of development of the main stages of the implementation of social capital, and the development of technology and a mechanism for managing this phenomenon. The structure of social capital includes labor, scientific and educational, professional and qualification, informational, innovative, organizational and managerial, socio-demographic, political and legal elements. It is noted that the social capital of various subjects has a number of its own characteristics. This is illustrated by the example of the social capital of the region. The current situation in the country has led to the actualization of the needs for improving the technology of managing the development and implementation of social capital of public systems. Since the progress of modern society depends on the effectiveness of the development and implementation of social capital, it is in this area that there are huge opportunities for innovation. Technologies for the development and realization of capital have their own characteristics that distinguish it not only from similar processes used in development management, for example, physical capital, they are also determined by the specifics of each structural element that must be taken into account. All the methods and means that make up the mechanism that contributes to the activation of the process of realization of social capital, which must necessarily be provided for in the strategic program of socioeconomic development not only of the country, but also of all social objects of society. The use and improvement of existing technology can become an important factor in the formation of the effectiveness of social relations, the intensification of the sustainability of the pace of socio-economic development of the country and the achievement of a high level of quality of life of the population. The idea is substantiated that technologies that contribute to the activation of the process of realization of social capital must necessarily be provided for in the strategic program of socio-economic development not only of the country, but also of all social subjects of society.

Social and moral relevance of memory

Background: Previous research has discussed how remembering is a sociopsychological phenomenon; that is, a phenomenon that happens as an interplay between internal cognitive processes as well as external social factors. This article examines remembering from this perspective in conversations between a father and his son, who has suffered traumatic brain injury and has problems with his short-term memory as a result. Method: We examined 82 known-answer questions using conversation analysis. Each question, as well as the interaction it was part of, was transcribed and analyzed as single instances (single cases), and then compared and analyzed as a joint collection. Results: In both first, second, and third position, the father formulated his utterances in such a way that the son was treated as someone who had access to the knowledge. In addition, when the son claimed to not know something, the father challenged this and constructed his son as someone who was responsible for remembering the information. Conclusion: We show how knowing and remembering are social phenomena that carry their own moral rules and practices in interaction. By challenging his son’s claims of not knowing and designing turns that make the son accountable for knowing information, the father makes his son answer questions he initially claimed not to know the answers to.

PSYCHOCORRECTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MALADAPTATION AMONG CIVIL SERVANTS

Introduction. Strict performance requirements applied to civil servants, a high level of mental stress and of responsibility at the workplace can be considered as risk factors leading to the formation of a wide range of maladaptive reactions and states among civil servants - starting with specific mosaic domains and ending with nosologically defined mental disorders of neurotic genesis or psychosomatic illnesses, resulting in a state of psychological maladaptation.
 The purpose. Develop a program of psychological correction based on the detection of states of psychological maladaptation in civil servants.
 Materials and methods of the research. The main group consisted of 78 civil servants with the domain of psychological maladaptation, the experimental group consisted of 81 civil servants, among whose members no domain of psychological maladaptation was detected.
 Results. States of psychological maladaptation among civil servants were conceptualized as a holistic clinical and psychological, and socio-psychological phenomenon that has a multicomponent origin of biopsychosocial nature. We have identified the peculiarities of professional deformation and the psychoemotional state among the civil servants, and have determined the specifics of their mutual influence and the role of each parameter in the origin of the development of psychological maladaptation among the persons concerned.
 Conclusions. The study found that the essential factor in the formation of states of psychological maladaptation is the disparity between the level of stress caused by the working environment of a civil servant and his personal and adaptive resource base.

Late marriages of modern Ukrainian men as a socio-psychological phenomenon

Late marriages of modern Ukrainian men as a socio-psychological phenomenon

ЭТНИЧЕСКАЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ КАК СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ФЕНОМЕН: ОБЗОР МЕТОДОВ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

This article presents a detailed theoretical analysis of ethnic identity as a socio-psychological phenomenon. The structure of ethnicity is outlined (cognitive, affective and behavioral components). Ethnic identity is regarded as an integral part of social identity. On the individual level ethnic identity is viewed as a special form of Self-concept, at the same time ethnicity is considered as a group characteristic. This paper examines research methods which are used to measure ethnic identity in Russian and foreign cross-cultural studies. Foreign surveys which are dedicated to the examination of ethnic identity are divided by the author of the article into two categories: culture-specific methods (e.g. surveys which can be used to study only one specific ethnic or cultural group) and general methods (surveys which can be used among respondents who come from different ethnic backgrounds taking into account translation and adaptation of these methods). The present article provides evidence that in Russian psychological tradition cognitive and affective components of the ethnic identity are primarily measured. Behavioral context of ethnicity is examined occasionally. Modern Russian and foreign surveys which measure behavioral component of ethnicity and which are rarely used in contemporary Russian ethnopsychological empirical studies are described in detail. The studies of how identity is translated into everyday practices as well as the degree of behavioral involvement with an ethnic group and studies dedicated to the factors which influence the revival of ethnicity are viewed as perspective goals for contemporary researchers.