Socio-psychological Phenomenon Research Articles

Feminisation of Extremism as a Socio-Psychological Phenomenon

Feminisation of Extremism as a Socio-Psychological Phenomenon

Main principles of the socio-psychological phenomenon in housing architecture research: an overview of scientific theories

This study conducts an analytical review and systematization of modern scientific theories of the 21st century related to various aspects of contemporary housing space development. A detailed analysis of literary sources and academic interests in this field has established that a comprehensive description of the socio-psychological phenomenon in the context of housing architecture requires the integration of positions based on theoretical approaches from architecture, urban planning, psychology, sociology, and political science. The primary focus of scholarly interest is the systemic consideration of key theoretical positions that represent the socio-psychological phenomenon, as well as the explication of scientific models capable of integrating the intangible aspects of the "human dimension" into the research context of architectural space and urban planning. The aim of the article is to identify key positions and regularities that exist in modern urban-architectural theories. To achieve this goal, the article outlines the following main tasks: Systematization and critical analysis of 15 scientific theories concerning the socio-psychological aspects of architecture and urbanism; Identification of the main regularities on which the researched theories are based; Integration of diverse disciplinary perspectives (architecture, urbanism, sociology, psychology) into a unified theoretical framework for a comprehensive study of the interrelations that influence the architectural organization of the human residential environment. These tasks will allow for the identification of connections and regularities in the scientific theories of architecture and urbanism, theoretical approaches, and facilitate their application in the process of creating more harmonious living spaces. The object of the study are 15 scientific theories in the field of architecture and urban planning, which were either created or have become widely recognized in the scholarly literature in the 21st century. The subject of the study is the interrelationships between the socio-psychological aspects of human life activity, which directly influence the formation of the residential environment. Among the research methods used in this article is a scientific review of academic literature, including scientific articles, books, conference abstracts, dissertations, and other scholarly publications. This stage involves the identification and selection of relevant sources focused on architecture, sociology, psychology, urbanism, and political science with an emphasis on the residential environment and its socio-psychological aspects. After conducting an exhaustive integrative analysis, fundamental principles describing the socio-psychological dimension in the architecture of urban residential spaces were highlighted. Based on the obtained data, the conceptual foundations of the socio-psychological theory of architecture were characterized. Thus, this study focuses on the necessity of forming the foundations of socially oriented architectural practice that reflects modern human needs in the context of rapid social changes and the evolution of the spatial-cultural environment.

From the Socio-Psychological Aspects of Digitalization to the Reflection of the Nature of the Word Phenomenon

In connection with the ongoing processes of social transformation, informatization and digitalization, there is a tendency to increase emotional tension and anxiety in society. Studies of the impact of digitalization on the security of the individual and society, analysis of the positive and negative aspects of digitalization are relevant. Part of the population is afraid of depersonalization, replacing the name with a digital code. Against this background, the search for a philosophical understanding of the word, as well as the name, is actualized in a comparative analysis with a digit and a digital designation, the problem of attention to the word as a spiritual phenomenon and cultural historical value is posed. Thus, the process of digitalization is a complex cultural, historical and socio-psychological phenomenon. At the personal level, the realization of personal freedom and responsibility in choosing worldview values and aspirations contributes to reducing frustration in an era of change, at the social level it is important to maintain the priority of spiritual values and meanings, where the word should remain as the highest ability that distinguishes a person from the world of animals and things.

EMOTIONS THROUGH THE PRISM OF GERMAN PAREMIES

The article explores the concept of human emotions as a dynamic, systemic, socio-psychological phenomenon with distinct linguistic-cultural specificity and national characteristics. The choice of this research topic is driven by a perceived spiritual crisis affecting humanity in general, and the German ethnic group in particular, as well as by an anthropocentric approach to contemporary linguistic issues. The German language is seen as peripheral in many research contexts. The hypothesis underpinning this study suggests that a spiritual crisis is linked to a lack of inner harmony, arising from cognitive dissonance. From a theoretical perspective, cognitive dissonance should encourage individuals to engage in cognitive processes, enhancing their understanding of the world and their place within it. This process includes critical examination of received information and validation of its truth. Discomfort caused by mental dissonance can be resolved by changing behaviors or beliefs, controlling emotions, revising values or conflicting ideas, or increasing emotogenic knowledge.The article emphasizes that the definition of emotion remains open-ended, with its interpretation often tied to specific philosophical teachings, biological, somatic, psychological, cognitive, eclectic, or linguistic theories. The primary objective of the study is to establish a paradigm of the most typical emotions experienced by the German people over many centuries, as evidenced by paremias (proverbial expressions). Emotions that are codified in texts more than three times are identified as typical. Despite significant contributions from philosophers, psychologists, ethnographers, historians, sociologists, linguists, and philologists to the study of emotions, many aspects remain unresolved, particularly with respect to emotions in texts and paremias. Through this research, the concepts of "emotion," "emotion in text," and "emotion in paremia" are clarified. The study also provides a brief overview of the German way of life during the 8th to 18th centuries, offering examples of explicit and implicit emotions, as well as their variants. Additionally, emotional patterns and their variations are examined, distinguishing positive, neutral, negative, and undefined emotions based on semantic features. Ultimately, the article confirms the idea that there is a relationship between emotions and the cultural and spiritual experiences of an ethnic group.

Methodological principles of forming the "image of the enemy" in the minds of ukrainian servicemen during the russian-ukrainian war

The relevance of the study is due to the development of scientific and practical knowledge regarding the moral and psychological aspects of war, one of which is the sociopsychological phenomenon "the image of the enemy" as a component of the social consciousness of war participants. Its formation depends on the readiness of Ukrainian servicemen to destroy the enemy and the appropriate moral and psychological state in general to perform combat tasks. The purpose of the article is to determine the theoretical and methodological principles of identifying the formation of the "enemy image" in the minds of Ukrainian servicemen in the process of communication and its formation if necessary.In the research process, general scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalization. And special methods: model of neurological levels of R. Dilts for determining markers in communication and logical levels of the formation of the "image of the enemy" in the minds of Ukrainian servicemen, as well as for the formation of the "image of the enemy" if necessary. The method of interpretation is used to reveal the meaning of the statements of military personnel. The interdisciplinary approach made it possible to combine the development of a few humanitarian sciences, namely: philosophies of war, social psychology, social communications, and neurolinguistic programming.The main results of the study consist in the identification of markers in communication and logical levels of formation of the "image of the enemy" in the minds of Ukrainian servicemen during the Russian-Ukrainian war. According to R. Dilts' pyramid of logical levels, which are manifested in communication at the following levels: environment, behavior, strategies, values, and identity. And at the mission level, the "image of the enemy" acquires its final formation and completion. In addition, a toolkit has been developed for officers in internal communication work to identify the logical levels of formation of the "image of the enemy" in the minds of servicemen and its correction or formation in the process of communication. The materials of the article are of practical value for the military administration that organizes and manages internal communication work in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and for officers who conduct it with their personnel. The theoretical significance of the conducted research lies in the expansion of the humanitarian discourse of military science based on an interdisciplinary approach, which made it possible to involve effective methods, principles, and approaches of other humanitarian sciences to solve the actual tasks of military science.

The Scale of the Personality as a Socio-Psychological Phenomenon

In modern cultural and historical conditions, the problem of finding human in a human being is relevant. The purpose of the work is to identify psychological manifestations of the personality that determine its scale. The object of study is the phenomenon of “personality scale”. The conducted associative experiment and the subsequent content-analysis of the obtained results allowed to make a specialized semantic differential, the factor analysis of which presented a detailed five-factor scale model of personality. The resulting model of the scale of personality includes such psychological manifestations as charismatic, tolerant, will, authority, patronage. Thus, a complex understanding of the personality scale allowing to consciously manage its activity by the subject to achieve maximum self-realization has been proposed.

The problem of violence of a teenager in the educational environment (review)

The article describes a socio-psychological phenomenon that characterizes the regular, long-term negative impact, bullying in the children’s collective. This phenomenon is called ,,bullying” and is most common in adolescence. The results of the theoretical analysis characterize this phenomenon and determine its causes, are aimed at identifying the position of a teenager in a bullying situation, the formation of interpersonal relationships in a peer group, as well as manifestations of anxiety, aggressiveness, significant connections between the positions that teenagers occupy in a bullying situation and their personal characteristics.

Rumors and Conspiracy Theories in Bulgarian Social Media During COVID-19 Pandemic

This study examines the socio-psychological phenomenon of rumors during the global pandemic of 2020-2022, focusing on the case of Bulgaria. Messages from a closed online group (254 participants) with a thematic profile related to traditional remedies were analyzed. Content analysis revealed the most prevalent beliefs about the COVID-19 pandemic, such as “10% of vaccinated individuals will die within 5 years” and “the pandemic is aimed at destroying small businesses,” among others. It is argued that rumors and conspiracy theories thrive during times of social crisis and uncertainty. Moreover, it is highlighted that individuals often tend to hold onto false beliefs even when presented with evidence that contradicts them. The study concludes that four factors play a significant role in maintaining misconceptions: (1) the need to reduce stress, (2) low levels of education, (3) cultural memory and traumatic past experiences that shape present judgments, and (4) the phenomenon of mental schemas, making it harder for individuals to change their established beliefs and opinions. These four factors contribute to people’s resistance to accepting new information that contradicts their familiar mental schemas. By providing accurate information and facilitating open discussions about existing misconceptions, communication specialists can help counter conspiracy theories that undermine the efforts of governments and public institutions.

Mindfulness as a factor of personal stability in a changing world

The everyday world, the sociocultural reality surrounding a person and its conceptualizations can nowadays change several times during the life of one generation. At the same time, changes occurring in reality, in ideas about it and in ideas about the changes themselves are often not synchronized, creating gaps between objective reality and its subjective interpretations. The most constructive response to the challenges of a changing world is mindfulness as a cultural practice and a special state of consciousness. Today, there are two leading approaches to the phenomenon of mindfulness, one of which belongs to the Eastern philosophical and religious tradition, and the other to the Western psychological tradition. A deeper analysis reveals the diversity of facets and interpretations of mindfulness in modern research. Awareness as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon allows us to record the processes of transformation of the modern world into a new state. The observed increase in awareness (and mindfulness) in everyday life and the increased interest in this phenomenon among scientists represents a spontaneous coping strategy in a situation of turbulence. Along with this, the thoughtful observer reveals the antinomic nature of the transformations taking place in the world, where the fashion for mindfulness is accompanied by the opposite process — mindlessness, or unawareness. Lack of mindfulness is associated with behavioral automatisms and schematisms of consciousness, with the absence of doubts about the legality and adequacy of the categories describing reality. The availability of alternative modes of interpretation, sensitivity to context and to the fluidity of change can transform mindlessness into mindfulness. One of the cultural practices that foster mindfulness and awareness today is the Stoicism movement. In methodological terms, mindfulness refers to those categories that correspond to transdisciplinary approaches and tasks of integrating psychological knowledge. This integration takes place both at the interdisciplinary level and within psychology, where the development of mindfulness unites various psychological approaches and practices and allows us to bridge the notorious gap between the academy and applied fields of knowledge.

20~30대 직장 남성의 체면민감성이 화장품 구매성향에 미치는 영향

Background/Objectives: Cosmetics have been recognized as the means to make the appearance more beautiful and enhance self-satisfaction since the 20th century, and not only women but men are also investing a lot of time and money in managing their appearance using cosmetics as interest in them rises. In particular, an interest in the beauty increases among male MZ generation in their 20s and 30s, which they are gradually receiving attention as a major consumer group in the male beauty market. In this regard, setting male workers in 20s and 30s with purchasing power as the target, through social face, which is a socio-psychological phenomenon and Korean consumers react sensitively in the overall life, this study's purpose is to find out the influence of social face sensitivity affects upon cosmetics purchasing propensity based on lifestyle and appearance management behavior.
 Methods: The subjects of the study were 703 male workers in their 20s and 30s across the country, and an online questionnaire was used as the research method.
 Results: Such results of this study confirm that the social face sensitivity of working males in their 20s and 30s influences the propensity to purchase cosmetics, and there is a significant effect according to lifestyle. It was confirmed that working males in their 20s and 30s, the higher the social face sensitivity that feeling consciousness to others, the more they pursued appearance management behaviors, and shows higher tendency in pursuit of ostentation when purchasing cosmetics.
 Conclusion/Implications: As this study provides basic data on the factors and influences that affect the cosmetic purchasing propensity of working males in their 20s and 30s, who are consumers of interest in domestic male beauty market, it expects this will help developing the male beauty industry in the future.

Theoretical prerequisites for studying the phenomenon of monetary culture

Introduction. The article deals with the prerequisites for studying the phenomenon of monetary culture of the individual. The author analyzes monetary culture and the role of money from the perspectives of philosophy, sociology, economics and psychology. Aim. To analyze scientific studies on monetary culture as a socio-psychological phenomenon conducted by Ukrainian and foreign scientists. Methods: system analysis, synthesis, and generalization. Results. The analyzed the theoretical prerequisites for studying the phenomenon of monetary culture, its social and psychological nature, as well as the main theories of money. Researchers propose different approaches to social and psychological aspects of money. A relatively new concept of monetary culture is defined as the process and result of the individual's development of knowledge about money, monetary behavior skills, and a holistic reflection of monetary relations. Conclusions. The article analyzes the main theoretical approaches that are the prerequisites for studying monetary culture as a socio-psychological phenomenon.

ОППОРТУНИСТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ В СФЕРЕ ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ

The study of economic and behavioral factors of rational environmental management and environmental conservation is of fundamental importance for achieving national development goals and the eff ective response of Russian society to the great challenges facing it. The article presents the results of systematization of modern research, which can become the basis for studying the phenomenon of behavioral opportunism in the fi eld of environmental management. Various approaches to determining the essence and forms of opportunism are considered, attention is paid to the problem of its measurement, including the original approach of one of the authors. A review of the theory of opportunism as a socio-psychological phenomenon is given. The connection between opportunism in the fi eld of environmental management and the theory of sustainable development is shown. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between behavioral opportunism in the fi eld of environmental management and corruption. The conducted research lays the foundation for an interdisciplinary (economic-ecological-psychological) project to study the factors of opportunistic behavior in the fi eld of environmental management.

К вопросу об исследовании социально-психологических особенностей современных монашествующих

Monasticism as a socio-psychological phenomenon has passed a long evolutionary path. For several centuries, certain elements of monastic life and the organizational structure have undergone changes, but the basic essence of monastic service has remained unchanged. The study of the socio-psychological portrait of modern Orthodox monasticism in the context of radical changes in socio-political, cultural and spiritual life in our country is relevant in the context of the social and pedagogical ministry of Orthodox monasteries in Russia, the dynamics of their development in accordance with the ongoing changes in the life of society, its social needs. Currently, there are several works devoted to modern monasticism as a historical, cultural and socio-cultural phenomenon, but none of the researchers focused on the socio-psychological features of the perception of monastic ministry by the monastics themselves. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to highlight the results of the study of modern Orthodox monasticism in the light of socio-psychological processes and public relations to monastic asceticism. Psychodiagnostic methods, biographical method and included observation were used as research methods. The results obtained allow us to judge the motivational features of monastic tonsure, some personal characteristics of representatives of modern monasticism, gender differences in the evaluation of their ministry among those who ascribe in male and female monasteries.

Стратегии психологического воздействия онлайн грумера на несовершеннолетнюю жертву в ситуации сексуальных домогательств

Introduction. The article is devoted to the socio-psychological phenomenon of psychological influence of online groomer on the victim in the situation of online sexual harassment. Theoretical analysis. In general, online sexual harassment refers to unwanted messages that include verbal and photo-visual information of sexual nature. It is noted that the concept of online sexual grooming is identified with this phenomenon. Empirical analysis. In the study, respondents (N=170) answered an anonymous questionnaire about online sexual grooming they had experienced when they were underage. In most cases, online groomers are adults, aware of the victim’s age, focusing mostly on the girls aged 10–12 (35.9% of cases) and 13–15 years old (44.1% of cases). Conclusion. The most significant strategies of psychological influence on the victim of online grooming include the use of flattery and compliments, as well as manipulation of such psychological features of the target of harassment as curiosity and lack of understanding of correct behavior patterns. Sexual online groomers predominantly target minors between the ages of 10 and 15. It is typical for these victims to conceal from their parents the facts of their abuse by groomers.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ ИНСТИТТУТА СМЕРТНОЙ КАЗНИ В РОССИИ

The death penalty is a special social phenomenon, a special cultural and socio-psychological phenomenon, to which extensive philosophical, historical, legal and fiction literature is not accidentally devoted. The death penalty has always, always and everywhere occupied a special place in the public consciousness, it has always been given special attention, its topic knew no bounds of public interest. To this day, such punishment is the most severe, at the same time the most controversial kind. Goals. A comprehensive author's study of the gradual development of the institution of the death penalty in Russia. Methodology. In the course of the research, historical methods, methods of logical, statistical analysis were used. Conclusions: A complete and accurate analysis of the formation and development of the institution of the death penalty from tsarist Russia to the USSR is given. The practice of applying punishment in the form of the death penalty is investigated. It is concluded that it is impossible to establish accurate statistical data about this punishment, since the criminal statistics of previous years were classified.

Анализ правовых и социально-психологических аспектов феномена «чайлдфри»

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the psychological foundations of «conscious childlessness» as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon, as well as the formation of a psychologically and legally justified attitude to it. The subject of the scientific research was the psychology of the phenomenology of «childfree», its purpose was to study the legal and socio–psychological aspects of «conscious childlessness». The research methodology was based on axiological, phenomenological, humanistic, genetic and activity approaches in psychology, the provisions of gender psychology, family psychology and deviantology. Both general philosophical research methods (abstraction, deduction, induction) and a private scientific method – content analysis of domestic and foreign sources on the Childfree problem were used. 20 diverse publications were analyzed, primarily in the field of deviantology, family psychology, social psychology and engineering, regulatory legal acts.
 As a result of the study, the corresponding genesis and multifactorial determination of the ideology of «conscious childlessness» are shown. Potentiating the emergence of childfree tendencies in society were social attitudes, the development of feminist movements, the leveling of biological instincts of generosity, the spread of psychotechnologies of social engineering, the change in the technological way of life of society. A special role in the existence of «childfree» as a phenomenon is assigned to economic goal-setting. The negative consequences of «conscious childlessness» for society are given. Since the conscious philosophy of childlessness aggravates the demographic situation in the state, the objective necessity of solving this problem at the level of the state and society, as well as in practical psychology, is justified. The novelty of the scientific research is that it shows an atypical path for social development and a socially dangerous (dead-end) path of childbirth – conscious childlessness. The material of the article is aimed at strengthening the institution of family and marriage, as well as psychological prevention of the occurrence and existence of the phenomenon of childfree in Russia.

Internalized Racial Oppression in Teresa Ann Willis’ Like A Tree Without Roots

Internalized racial oppression is a multi-dimensional interdisciplinary phenomenon that plagues many ethnic groups in America. However, little attention has been given to this race-based issue. The aim of this research paper is to highlight internalized racial oppression as a socio-psychological phenomenon in the novel of the African American writer Teresa Ann Willis’ Like A Tree Without Roots which is a story of suffering as well as of healing. In this young adult fiction, the protagonist is subjected to an internalized set of values that creates its own cycle of victimization leading to feelings of self-hatred, self-doubt and disrespect for her race and herself. An integral part of this culture is the White standards of beauty. The paper unravels the severe psychological effects of the internalization of Western beauty standards on the identity formation of African American teen girls. The paper focuses on oppression theory in relation to sociology and psychology to analyze the novel understudy. In addition, Liberatory/critical consciousness will be tackled as a concept in the educational system that proves to be highly important to fully comprehend this phenomenon of internalized racial oppression.

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL NATURE OF BULLYING: OPPORTUNITIES FOR ORGANIZING PREVENTIVE WORK AT SCHOOL

Background. Bullying is an urgent problem both due to high prevalence and the growing number of bullying varieties in the digital environment. Distance learning, changes in traditional forms of leisure activities and in supervision over the teen behavior set the problem of developing prevention programs for bullying and cyberbullying. Objective. We sought to summarize the outcomes of empirical research on teen bullying as a basis for organizing the preventive work. Methods and sampling. A theoretical review of the results of empirical studies of teen bullying in the Scopus, ERIC, RSCI databases for the last  years was carried out. Results. In adolescence, bullying exists as a type of experimental behavior aimed at the understanding and adjusting to group norms in the context of teen’s personal self-determination. Bullying behavior is determined not as much by the individual typological characteristics of a teenager but by the characteristics of interaction in groups of family, peers, and the school community. Bullying is a group behavior that follows the logics of the group process. A feature of teenage bullying is the obligatory presence of a group of other teenagers. Outside the group and without it, attacks on the victim lose their purpose. Teen groups tend to socially approve of bullying as a demonstration of the benefi ts of controlled group activity in order to achieve group goals. Bystanders are extremely important actors in bullying, both in reinforcing and even provoking violent events, and in containing and stopping them. The role structure of teen bullying is unstable and mobile and is characterized by the presence of ambivalent role positions. Conclusion. Understanding teen bullying as a socio- psychological phenomenon caused by the interaction of a teenager with reference groups of peers, family, and school makes it possible to develop effective programs for its prevention and termination.

Social Optimism of Russians in a Crisis: Results of a Longitudinal Study

The article considers the main approaches to the study of social optimism as a socio-psychological phenomenon, highlights its theoretical structure and functions. The results of a longitudinal empirical study conducted among adult Russians (N = 664, six measurements) from March 3 to December 26, 2022 and aimed at identifying the socio-psychological antecedents of the stability of social optimism in the conditions of crisis are presented. It is shown that social optimism is directly related to personal characteristics that underlie the resilience: self-efficacy, perceived control, dispositional optimism, positive reframing and seeking emotional support in a critical situation. The study reveals that perceived control increases the stability of the individual's social optimism in a crisis. The higher the social well-being of the individual, the belief in his ability to contribute to the development of society, the more stable is social optimism. The hypothesis is confirmed that social optimism is enhanced by socio-psychological characteristics that facilitate the consolidation of efforts for a joint response to the challenges of the crisis: civic identity; perceived social support; empathy for others affected by the war; generalized trust; trust in civil society institutions; as well as political self-efficacy, that is, the belief in the ability to influence political decisions made in the country. On the contrary, social optimism is negatively associated with belief in a dangerous world, social cynicism, and a conspiracy worldview. The main contribution to the stability of social optimism is made by collective political self-efficacy, while social cynicism accelerates its decline. The results of the study made it possible to suggest the existence of two complementary mechanisms for maintaining social optimism: through strengthening civic identification and the importance of the collective future for the individual (this role is played by moral foundations of respect for authority, loyalty to one’s group and sanctity) and through empathy and strengthening the importance of mutual assistance in a crisis (under the influence of "individualizing" moral foundations of caring for people and fairness).

Современный культурный контекст представлений о будущем в юношеском возрасте

Introduction. The article describes the results of an empirical study of ideas about the future in the context of the socio-psychological phenomenon of the extended childhood and youth. For boys and girls the future is a positive time in which work depends on study and knowledge. Before the onset of adolescence, the future is blurred, and at the age of youth, the future depends on work, which determines the creation of a family, the appearance of children and self-understanding. Methodology and sampling of the study. In this study the method of I.S. Cohn “Me in 5 years” was used. The sample consisted of 1,538 boys and girls aged from 14 to 28. Four age groups were identified, which correspond to adolescence (14 years old), early adolescence (15-18 years old), late adolescence (19-23 years old), the age of youth or the onset of adulthood (24-28 years old). The sample was formed according to the “snowball” principle by sending a link to the study to educational organizations in Russia by e-mail. The text data obtained were analyzed using the statistical software package “R” (version 21.0). The main results of the study. The analysis of the texts of the essays showed that most often when talking about the future, respondents use the words: “I hope” and “I want”. For teenagers (14 years old), the word “I will” comes out on top, and for young people of the age of youth or the onset of adulthood (24-28 years old), the word “work” comes out on top. The words “I hope” and “I want” occur most often in the age groups from 15 to 23 years old. Discussion and interpretation of data. Meaningful topics of ideas about the future include: desires, expectations, opportunities, values, achievements and goals. At the same time, opportunities are associated with family and work, the value is life, which depends on a good job and a good person nearby. Goals are associated with their own personality in the future, with an understanding of time, as well as with what boys and girls think, dream, love and know. The study also showed that the formation of a subjective position regarding one's own future takes place in several steps/stages. Conclusion. The meaningful directions of ideas about the future are: desires, expectations, opportunities, values, achievements and goals. The discussion of the future family and future work is the material, and not the central core of a meaningful idea of the future. Teenagers see the future in positive colors, without separating their own desires from opportunities.