Socio-historical Practice Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-КУЛЬТУРНЫХ УСЛОВИЙ НА УРОВЕНЬ ФАМИЛЬЯРНОСТИ В ОБЩЕНИИ

Socio-cultural factors influence on manifestation of familiarity communication in modern society is studied in the article. Familiarity communication is defined in the work as a specific form of speech behavior, conventionally fixed by the cultural and socio-historical practice. Research of personal speech preferences in a socio-cultural context makes it possible to substantiate the reasons for choice of certain verbal or non-verbal means with familiarity orientation, which is regulated by the level of cultural, ethical, moral and value attitudes formation of both the individual and society as a whole. It is noted that differences in familiarity communicative style use in institutional and everyday spheres of society are caused by socially determined distribution of communicants' socio-cultural characteristics and are associated with cooperative or disjunctive communication strategy implementation. The paper describes the results of empirical material analysis, which combined samples of modern speech oral statements by native Russian speakers and modern literary works fragments with examples of common ways and means of expressing familiarity, as well as the author's sociological survey. The data obtained as a result of processing indicate dependence of familiarity manifestation degree on participants' social-role or status position in communication, as well as the particular socio-communicative situation specific conditions.

Marxism and Religion: from Atheistic Prejudice to Scientific Approach

Introduction. In the light of Marxist social ontology, the theoretical inconsistency of Marxist atheism is revealed.Methodology and sources. The contradictions between these two aspects of Marxism are examined in the context of the works of K. Marx, F. Engels, V.I. Lenin, R. Luxemburg, and a number of contemporary materialist philosophers. Marxist philosophy is analyzed in a postpositivist key as a set of research programs within which atheism should be seen as an optional, hypothetical element of their “protective belt”.Results and discussion. Marxist social ontology, which has a communist character, and Marxist atheism, which is based on the bourgeois Feuerbachian worldview, cannot coexist in the “solid core” of Marxist research programs. Materialist dialectics exposes the bourgeois-enlightenment idea of the omnipotence of human reason, on which Marx's conviction that “conscious planned control” of social production will abolish religion is based. Scientific atheism is just as impossible as scientific theism, because ideas about God do not lend themselves to an unambiguous scientific definition due to their apophatic aspect (which, among other things, does not allow for attributing authentic Christian theology to idealist philosophy). Socio-historical practice does not confirm the superiority of the atheistic worldview over the religious one. The rejection of permanent resistance to religion follows from the Marxist requirement of a concrete-historical approach to superstructural social phenomena. The general philosophical and anthropological basis of scientific analysis of different worldviews makes it possible to constructively engage in interfaith dialogue as well as dialogue between atheists and believers.Conclusion. In a world of transformed social forms, the concept of fact is radically problematized. And this calls into question the atheistic critique of religion along the lines of “illusion or reality”. As long as the question of authentic human reality is not resolved in practical terms, an objective critique of the various concrete-historical manifestations of religion and atheism is possible on the scale of research programs only through the parameter “humane or inhumane”, that is, through an analysis of the impact of this or that worldview on the development of living human individuals and the essential human forces.

Leadership moments: Understanding nurse clinician-scientists' leadership as embedded sociohistorical practices.

Nurse clinician-scientists are increasingly expected to show leadership aimed at transforming healthcare. However, research on nurse clinician-scientists' leadership (integrating researcher and practitioner roles) is scarce and hardly embedded in sociohistorical contexts. This study introduces leadership moments,that is, concrete events in practices that are perceived as acts of empowerment, in order to understand leadership in the daily work of newly appointed nurse clinician-scientists. Following the learning history method we gathered data using multiple (qualitative) methods to get close to their daily practices. A document analysis provided us with insight into the history of nursing science to illustrate how leadership moments in the everyday work of nurse clinician-scientists in the "here and now" can be related to the particular histories from which they emerged. A qualitative analysis led to three acts of empowerment: (1) becoming visible, (2) building networks, and (3) getting wired in. These acts are illustrated with three series of events in which nurse clinician-scientists' leadership becomes visible. This study contributes to a more socially embedded understanding of nursing leadership, enables us to get a grip on crucial leadership moments, and provides academic and practical starting points for strengthening nurse clinician-scientists' leadership practices. Transformations in healthcare call for transformed notions of leadership.

Становление и трансформация идеалов и норм научного поиска в контексте общественного прогресса

Scientific activity draws ideals and norms from socio-historical practice. Historically, science is associated with the development of culture, in which science acts as one of the activities for acquiring knowledge about the world and the person in it. Scientific knowledge interacts with other segments of culture, with other types of non-scientific knowledge. The ideological picture of each epoch formed by the whole system of knowledge becomes the basis for scientific ideas. The ideals and norms of a certain stage of culture, one way or another, are embodied in the parameters of scientific research. On the basis of a retrospective, the article examines the existing and probable directions of development and search for ideals and norms of scientific knowledge. As a hypothetical assumption, a proposal was made to include reasonable forces that surpass human culture in the modern scientific picture of the world. After all, latently this is already contained in the form of the anthropic principle, the idea of the unlimited development of scientific knowledge, the doctrine of social progress. However, such a piece of scientific knowledge should not be developed on the basis of traditional religious ideas. A similar picture of the world is being developed in the scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists, the CETI project.

Human education as a socio-historical practice: a necessary dialogue

This article reinforces the importance of focusing on the socio-historical perspective in understanding human formation and emancipation of subjects, highlighting the relevance of reference authors, Marx (1970), Saviani (2011), Vygotsky (1991) and Tonet (2006) in construction of the theoretical basis. The objective of the work was to discuss, from the perspective of socio-historical practice, the process of human formation and emancipation of subjects, highlighting the importance of social and historical aspects in this process. For that, we used a methodological approach of bibliographic review, with the objective of analyzing and synthesizing the knowledge available in the scientific literature about the process of human formation and emancipation of the subjects, based on the historical-cultural theory. The reflections and conclusions presented in this work contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the area and provide subsidies for discussion and action in favor of an emancipatory human formation, capable of promoting a more just, egalitarian and transforming society.

Психологічні аспекти засвоєння знань здобувачами вищої освіти

The purpose of the study In this work, special attention is paid to the examination and consideration of the psychological features of the following elements of the process of knowledge acquisition: the motivational sphere of learning; perception of new material; formation of scientific and theoretical thinking based on the understanding and generalization of educational material during the assimilation of scientific concepts and solving problems; consolidation of educational material and its application in practice; features of independent work, mental development and ability of students to learn. Material and methods. We used the following methods: analysis, generalization and systematization of information of scientific and methodical literature. Results. Assimilation of knowledge is a complex process that encompasses the mechanisms and ways of formation of individual experience by a student, which occurs throughout education and throughout life as a result of observation, generalization, decision-making and own actions, spontaneously or in special educational conditions. Learning is a complex intellectual activity of an individual that combines all cognitive processes, namely sensory-perceptual, mnemonic, thinking and metacognitive knowledge, which ensure meaningful processing, preservation and reproduction of material, which ensures the result of learning and educational activities. Knowledge is the result of the process of cognition and the adequate reflection of reality in the student's mind in the form of ideas, concepts, judgments, theories, verified by socio-historical practice and certified by logic. Studies can be pre-scientific, life, artistic (as a specific way of aesthetic mastering of reality), scientific (empirical and theoretical). Knowledge is characterized by such qualities as systematicity, generalization, awareness, flexibility, effectiveness, completeness, strength. The knowledge acquired in the process of studying in higher education institutions is characterized by a different depth of penetration of education seekers into their essence, which, in turn, is determined by the achieved level of knowledge of this field of phenomena, learning goals, individual characteristics of students, available stock of knowledge, the level of their mental development, the adequacy of acquired knowledge – the age of the individual. The assimilation of scientific knowledge by students takes place by solving educational mental tasks, moving from the abstract to the concrete and from the general to the individual. Having chosen the path of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, students must first learn the basic concepts – the components of the theory of science (of the subject), which gives an understanding of its general features and helps to reveal its partial manifestations. At the same time, this path must be combined with the reverse – from specific to general. Assimilation is the process of perceiving, processing and preserving the acquired knowledge and applying it in solving practical and theoretical tasks. It has a complex internal structure, which covers the acquisition of new information, transformation, adaptation of information to solving tasks, verification and control of results. The process of assimilation of new material is preceded by the readiness of students to participate in the learning process, the formation of an active and positive attitude to future cognitive activity, the creation of a motivational sphere, reliance on previous knowledge and experience, and focusing attention on the object of knowledge. Any activity is generated by certain motives and takes place under certain conditions, so that there is a desire to learn, in the educational situation there must be motives that direct the individual to master certain knowledge and skills. Conclusion. The process of assimilation of knowledge is an important component of the process of learning and educational activities, a necessary condition and the main mechanism of mental development of a person throughout his life, the basis of comprehensive development of a student's personality. This explains the large number of concepts and studies of the learning process in general and the process of knowledge acquisition in particular. The concept of the step-by-step formation of mental actions has gained special importance

Postmetaphysical Conundrums: The Problematic Return to Metaphysics in Horkheimer’s Critique of Instrumental Reason

Postmetaphysical Conundrums: The Problematic Return to Metaphysics in Horkheimer’s Critique of Instrumental Reason

Use of secondary names in communicative situations of medical discourse (based on a questionnaire of medical workers)

The purpose of the article is to investigate the reasons and ways of creating secondary nominations in modern Ukrainian medical discourse, to find out the features of the use and purpose of such names in different communicative situations. In the article descriptive, comparative and statistical research methods are used. The frequency of use of secondary names, namely unofficial substitutes for medical terms, in the communicative situation doctor – doctor was investigated by the method of questionnaires of medical workers. In the scientific work the circle of specialists is described who use secondary definitions as a informal substitutes for medical terms in a communicative situation doctor – doctor. The most common secondary names used in the situation of doctors – patients are analyzed. Conclusions. Recent studies by both foreign and domestic linguists prove that the secondary lexical nomination is the result of the natural development of language due to the cognitive and cognitive-communicative needs of human being in socio-historical practice. The emergence of new names leads to a concentration of new information in the verbal sign. Secondary names as an euphemisms for official medical terms are named and their mitigating and correct purpose is noted

Категории стихийного и планомерного в осмыслении истории человечества

The article discusses some significant aspects of studying the problem of spontaneity and planning in the course of mankind’s history. The author emphasizes the fundamental importance of a clear definition of the epistemological premises of the research. With this regard, the articles analyzes the main versions of the epistemological substantiation of the projecting role of consciousness – the concepts of “radical constructivism” and socio-historical practice. The author examines the role of ideology in mass movements of the 20 th century, the nature of ideocratic societies created on their basis, and issues of the structural composition of society as a determining factor in its historical evolution. It is argued that in view of all the ideologies that guided large masses of people, the course of history in the 20 th century did not undergo significant changes and was, as in previous eras, chiefly spontaneous. At the same time, according to the author, the spontaneous nature of history does not reject the constructive role of thinking. Reasonable purpose has always been, is, and will be the most important characteristic of human activity. At the same time, the author asserts that the course and results of historical development are determined by objective necessity. Finally, the article considers the current problems of mankind, caused by the large-scale use of information technologies. The article concludes that in such circumstances the role of reliable knowledge as an indispensable requisite for development of rational strategies for sustainable development has grown considerably.

The problem of social trust in the context of system methodology

The article examines the epistemological status of the phenomenon of social trust. The research purpose is to explicate the concept of trust in connection with the fundamental transformation of socio-historical practice and social knowledge. The priority methodological task is to study the problem within the framework of the system methodology evolution and consider the parameters of trust in the intervals of non-classical and post-non-classical systems analysis. The study is based on a philosophical-scientific paradigm approach. Epistemological situations of autonomous and conventional application of different paradigms are modeled in the study of the phenomenon of social trust. In non-classical systems analysis, social trust is an internal characteristic of a society-system in the mode of its correct functioning. Social trust is one of the social order mechanisms. Social trust is also associated with subjective trust, ordering the interaction of subjects. Intersubjective interactions entail the legitimation of the social order. The transformation of social trust in the modern world is associated with trends in the reduction of the role of normativity, the fragmentation of socio-historical existence. There appears augmented reality, which contains to a certain extent the elements of pseudo-being. Subjective social trust can no longer support holistic meanings. In a situation of change in epistemological attitudes to determine the specifics of social trust, a systems analysis of weakly and highly non-equilibrium states of the intersystem environment is promising. Social order formulas are still inadequate for modeling intersystem environmental states (relations between states, blocs, unions, etc.). Within the framework of the post-non-classical systemic methodology, social trust refers to the signs of social holism. Social trust contributes to the emergence of stable intersystem conditions, the formation of a regulatory environment, which becomes an acting unit. Social trust in all philosophical-scientific paradigms is indicative of the rationality of social-historical existence.

Challengers to Conceptual Understanding of Sustainable Development Regarding Decentralization of Power and Responsibility in the Conditions of the Postmodern Society

Globalization processes and crisis tendencies of modern society prompt them to be solved primarily in the framework of management, top-level management, and government management. Reforming in most developed countries goes in two directions: delegation of authority to places, decentralization of power and, accordingly, strengthening the responsibility of local authorities for decisions made, in accordance with the accumulation of experience and competencies, will certainly contribute to the sustainable development of territories. The idea of decentralization of power is quite young, since almost until the twentieth century, federalized (decentralized) states were perceived as weak, which corresponded to reality in the conditions of constant wars of conquest. As historical examples come to mind two remarkable events that occurred at different times in different countries, and, accordingly, had different consequences. The vital activity of people in society, the way of their self-affirmation and development in the world, socio-historical practice. Since the socio-historical practice of people is based on their activities, in which there is not only a rapid transformation of the natural and social conditions of life of people, but also of themselves. The basis of socio-historical practice of people is world experience, embodying various contacts of people with nature and with each other in the process of various activities, where the leading role belongs to management and self-government. With the development of the economy and the growth of individual demand, due to the increasing complexity of social contacts, society was faced with an increase in social contradictions.

Atividade científica e a questão da não neutralidade da ciência: perspectiva epistemológica de Hugh Lacey

Esse artigo tem a pretensão de provocar reflexões sobre atividade científica e a não neutralidade da ciência, tendo como fundamento epistemológico a perspectiva teórica de Hugh Lacey. Contemplando suas percepções sobre os valores e a atividade científica, destacam-se as perspectivas que perpetuam nas práticas da ciência contemporânea, bem como os valores modernos de controles que predominam no campo científico. Metodologicamente, classifica-se esta pesquisa como de natureza bibliográfica, de caráter descritivo e qualitativo. Os resultados obtidos enfatizam o pluralismo metodológico defendido pelo autor como princípio necessário para a neutralidade da ciência uma vez que a sua teoria parte do pressuposto de que existe uma relação dialética entre ciência, atividade científica e bem-estar humano. Destaca-se, também, a necessidade de que o ensino das ciências seja praticado a partir de perspectiva crítica reflexiva, sem ser relativista uma vez que a ciência é uma prática sócio-histórica inserida no mundo dos valores e da experiência humana, empreendida por agentes humanos, cujas ações são explicáveis em termos de suas crenças, percepções, deliberações, desejos, valores e outros ensejos intencionais.

It’s not just “us” versus “them”: Moving beyond binary perspectives on intergroup processes

ABSTRACT The social psychology of intergroup relations has emerged largely from studies of how one group of people (e.g., whites) think and feel about another (e.g., blacks). By reducing the social world to binary categories, this approach has provided an effective and efficient methodological framework. However, it has also obscured important features of social relations in historically divided societies. This paper highlights the importance of investigating intergroup relationships involving more than two groups and of exploring not only their psychological but also their political significance. Exemplifying this argument, we discuss the conditions under which members of disadvantaged groups either dissolve into internecine competition or unite to challenge the status quo, highlighting the role of complex forms of social comparison, identification, contact, and third-party support for collective action. Binary conceptualizations of intergroup relations, we conclude, are the product of specific sociohistorical practices rather than a natural starting point for psychological research.

СЕНСОВИЗНАЧАЛЬНІ ПРИНЦИПИ ФІЗИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ В НОВІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ШКОЛІ

The change of social values and priorities in society, the radical and systematic reformation of general secondary education, the construction of the New Ukrainian School, highlight the need for the transformation of behavioral models and social thinking in the field of education, shifting emphasis from authoritarian pedagogical techniques to the value methodological platforms of partnership pedagogy. Pedagogical education in Ukraine should become creative, humanistic, human and cultural-creative. Nowadays, the humanitarian component is not sufficiently represented in the scientific educational literature, the sense-defining principles, on which the scientific-methodical and social basis of pedagogical education in the field of physical culture and human health should be formulated, are not clearly formulated. The purpose of the work is to study and determine the main sense-defining principles of physical culture in the New Ukrainian school and outline possible ways of implementing these principles in a transformation of the education system of all levels. The article shows that the result of education in the field of physical culture and human health should be the formation of stable motivation, ability and desire for students to follow a healthy lifestyle, value attitude to life and health, to promote their physical, mental, social and spiritual development on the basis of partnership pedagogy. The determined value methodological platforms of partnership pedagogy are based on communication, interaction and collaboration between the teacher, the student and the parents in order to build a life-saving healthcare and educational trajectory of the child. The content of education in the field of physical culture and human health is based on the formation of the competencies necessary for successful self-realization in society, reflects the social experience of material and spiritual values created by man in the process of socio-historical practice. It is revealed that the formation of a united European educational space places certain requirements not only on the scientific and educational potential, but also on pedagogical skills, personal and social-behavioral qualities, and the image of teaching staff. The the sense-defining principles of physical culture in the New Ukrainian school are researched in the paper, and it is concluded that physical culture should become the basis for the implementation of a new way of life, the further development of the Ukrainian nation. It emphasizes the importance of improving education in the field of physical culture and health of inter-university, regional and international contacts for both teachers and students, regular exchange of experience at seminars, conferences and symposiums, exchange of students, postgraduate students, teachers, joint projects, scientific-experimental programs. Key words: New Ukrainian school, sense-defining principles of physical culture, partnership pedagogy, pedagogical image, quality of professional training of future teachers of physical culture and human health.

Термінологічно-понятійні проблеми пізнання оздоровчо-рекреаційного напряму розвитку фізичної культури сучасності

Vasyl Sutula Purpose: to highlight the peculiarities of the use in terms of socio-historical practice of the terms and, accordingly, the concepts of fitness, wellness, and to establish their connection with the general (consensus) definition of the concept of culture. Material & Methods: are the analysis of special literature, which covers various aspects of the development of basic forms of social manifestation of culture, as well as a systematic and historiographical approach to the analysis of this problem. In the process of research, Google's online search service (Google Books Ngram Viewer) was used. Results: the materials obtained with the use of the Google Books Ngram Viewer search engine indicate that the active use of the terms and began at the turn of the 20th century almost synchronously, however, the growth rate of the use of the term fitness were significantly higher. The term in english-language publications in the relevant segments of the historical period studied is relatively rare in comparison with the frequency of use of the terms fitness, wellness and culture. The materials obtained from the use of this system also showed that in the german-language printed publications, the phrase does not occur while the words physical and recreation, as separate language classes, are widely used. Similar features also appear in the publications printed in French, Spanish and Italian. Conclusions: a comparative analysis of the obtained materials suggests that recreation is considered in English practice as an important factor in the health of a person and his active longevity, as well as a significant factor in solving the problems of youth. This term began to be used in English-language practice for the name of one of the areas of leisure activities of the working and middle classes, as well as of students as a special social-demographic group. The analysis shows that by this time a holistic notion about the subject and subject area of recreation has not yet been formed, that the concept of is rather vague, vague and contradictory.

AGROFORESTRY KALIWU IN SUMBA: A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Agroforestry is one of the popular land management systems in Indonesia. The system helps the farmers to increase agricultural production, social life, and ecological stability. Traditional community in Sumba had been implementing agroforestry for a long time, known as Kaliwu and as a part of the indigenous knowledge. Kaliwu as a system is constructed socially through an intensive interaction between local people and its environment and transmitted from generation to generation. This study aimed to asses sociological aspects in behind Kaliwu practices, which allegedly become key factor the sustainability of this system socially, exist until now. The study was conducted for a year in 2009 in the Waimangura Village, Sumba Island. As social research, data was collected through social survey on 30 respondents, in-depth interview, observation, and literature review. Data was analyzed by using quantitative and qualitative procedures. The results indicated that sociologically, Kaliwu as an authentic knowledge of land management system passed on from generation to generation and constructed along with the socio-historical practices by the local people of Sumba. Social norms (adherence to traditional values, arrangement of labour systems, conflict management) and social institution of farmer group became social factors that play significant role to make kaliwu sustainable.

Social Design Experiments: Toward Equity by Design

In this article, we advance an approach to design research that is organized around a commitment to transforming the educational and social circumstances of members of non-dominant communities as a means of promoting social equity and learning. We refer to this approach as social design experimentation. The goals of social design experiments include the traditional aim of design experiments to create theoreticallygrounded and practical educational interventions, the social agenda of ameliorating and redressing historical injustices, and the development of theories focused on the organization of equitable learning opportunities. To illustrate how we use social design methodology, we present two examples that strategically reorganized the sociohistorical practices of communities to expand learning as a key goal. We conclude with a discussion of the opportunities this approach creates for learning scientists to form effective research partnerships with community members, as well as the responsibilities it entails for creating a more just society.

On the issue of socio-historical practice of interfirm coordination of enterprises and the creation of business networks in the industry of the USSR

The expanding of company’s boundaries has its limits. At the same time, however, the desire of businesses to ensure a stable development, to form a model for sustainable interaction with contractors (supply of the production and sale of finished products) positioned outside the scope of hierarchical structures, stimulated the transition from random, one-time transactions to long -term mutually beneficial partnership. Such kind of cooperation is reflected in the use of different means and methods of coordination of industrial and economic activities, the formation of strategic alliances and business networks. Coordinating institutions and business networks consisting of many companies and organizations are typical of any modern economy, regardless of socio-political organization of the state. The article describes the practice of sectoral and intersectoral cooperation, the experience of the economy of the USSR supply chains, clusters and networking arrangements (formal and informal) of industrial enterprises, taking into account the specifics of the Soviet economic system. Distinctive features of Soviet coordinating institutions different from foreign analogues were provoked by the predominance of administrative regulation, a low degree of autonomy of enterprises, the specific nature of the properties of the industrial and scientific and technological potential in the country .It is indicated that the reduced effectiveness of the planning-distribution system and lack of direct interaction of enterprises have contributed to the development of informal and non-formal horizontal links between economic agents.

The genesis of collective health in Brazil

During the 1970s in Brazil a social space directed towards health problems on the population level, called collective health, was created and institutionalised. To what extent did this Brazilian invention correspond to a specific socio-historical practice? The works published on this topic have considered social medicine as a homogeneous phenomenon without empirically studying the specificities of national experiences. To bridge this gap, a historical study on the genesis of collective health in Brazil was carried out based on Bourdieu's field theory. The interaction between the paths of the founders and the conditions of historical possibilities were researched through documentary and bibliographical sources, as well as through in-depth interviews of the founders. This social space originated from a meeting of agents with different social backgrounds but who interconnected, creating a structure that was independent of each agent considered individually. One of the components of this establishment was the joining of theoretical production and the implementation of health reforms that resulted in the organisation of a universal health system. This study attempts to show how the international political situation and the contradictions of the national crisis created a universe of possibilities, allowing for the genesis of this sui generis space in Brazil.

Gate-keeping and localizing in scientific translation publishing: the case of Richard Taylor andScientific Memoirs

AbstractGrowing interest in studying translation through a sociological lens and the relative lack of attention by translation scholars to the production of scientific translations provide impetus and rationale for this case study. Richard Taylor's editorial work for theScientific Memoirsperiodical is examined, with a particular focus on his conception of the utility of translation in the service of scientific advancement in Britain. The roles of gate-keeper and localizer of scientific material are attributed to Taylor, roles which he exercised through promotion of scientific translation, selection of texts to publish and editorial interventions in translations. The historical case study sheds light on activities of editing, translating and publishing science in mid-nineteenth-century Britain but is also illustrative of research areas where the interests of translation scholars and historians of science may converge. By centring attention on Taylor's editorial role, some of the material and social contingencies of this publishing activity are highlighted, enabling us to gain a deeper appreciation of scientific translation as sociohistorical practice.