Socio-cultural Components Research Articles

CHUVASH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS AND CONTACTS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY IN THE WORKS OF V.D. DIMITRIEV OF THE SOVIET PERIOD

Vasily Dimitrievich Dimitriev, who by his fundamental works inscribed his name in the cohort of outstanding scientists of the Volga-Urals, was a deeply national historian. With that said, it seems relevant to clarify his views on the relations and contacts of the Chuvash and the Russians in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. In the regional literature, this issue is addressed only in the most general terms. The purpose of the study is to provide a detailed historiographical analysis of the historian’s works on the outlined issues published by him during the Soviet period. Materials and methods. This publication analyzes the essay, the article and the brochure written by V.D. Dimitriev before 1991, which relatively fully reflected his position on the topic under consideration. The study was carried out on the basis of using the systematic, historical-comparative and historical-anthropological methods. Research results. V.D. Dimitriev devoted a number of works to the topic of Chuvash-Russian relations and contacts in the Soviet times, which differ significantly from each other in the form of material presentation. A panoramic picture of the relationship between representatives of two ethnic communities, appearing from the essay «Communication of the Chuvash with the Russians and the influence of the Russian culture on the Chuvash one in the late XIX – early XX centuries» (1968), is based on the testimonies and observations of the villagers. The essay is distinguished by its pronounced factual character. Based on reports from local correspondents, ethnographic essays and notes from contemporaries, in the context of individual localities, the author shows the contacts of Chuvash and Russian peasants in the Chuvash region at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, qualifying them as friendly. At the same time, he identifies populated areas where ethnic partners were somewhat wary of each other. Strengthening of capitalist relations in the countryside, seasonal work, commercial and industrial activities of peasants, progress in the development of school education are considered in the publication as channels that stimulated assimilation of the Russian language by the Chuvash, the influence of Russian material and spiritual culture on the Chuvash way of life, economy and behavioral stereotype. In the article he wrote, «I.Ya. Yakovlev – a proponent of peoples rapprochement» (1969) the author’s analytical statements concerning contacts between the Chuvash and the Great Russians were reflected mainly indirectly, through the optics of analyzing the worldview and practical activities of the Chuvash teacher I.Ya. Yakovlev. The main socio-cultural components of Chuvash-Russian relations in the era of market relations are briefly shown in the brochure «Forever with the Russian people» (1976). Structurally, the material presented in it by the author serves as an information and analytical bridge connecting the realities of different historical eras into a single whole. Conclusions. The works written by V.D. Dimitriev in the Soviet time on the topic of Chuvash-Russian relations and contacts, which are not free from the ideology of the Soviet era, are executed in a classical manner and represent a methodologically verified, well-structured sample of a scientific product, which in its basic provisions continues to remain modern and in demand by the scientific audience today.

Psychotherapy in Treating Female Sexual Dysfunction.

This paper provides a summary of the biopsychosocial approach to the identification of female sexual dysfunction, with a particular focus on psychological, interpersonal, and sociocultural components. A summary of psychotherapeutic approaches to the management of female sexual dysfunction, for cases warranting a specialist referral, is provided. Approaches including sensate focus sex therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based approaches, and systematic desensitization are summarized. This information may support obstetric and gynecologic health care professionals in engaging in interdisciplinary care and in providing an informative and warm referral to patients who would benefit from psychotherapeutic approaches.

Vyāsa’s Bakavadhaparvan: A Source for Bhāsa’s Madhyamavyāyoga

As its primary/explicit source, the Madhyamavyāyoga has the Hiḍiṃbavadhaparvan, where Bhīma kills Hiḍiṃba and marries his sister Hiḍiṃbā. As a possible secondary/implicit source, it also has the Bakavadhaparvan, where Bhīma kills Baka and ends up saving a Brahman and his family. This paper proposes a comparison between the two epic sources, on one hand, and the dramatic adaptation, on the other, to determine the key features of such supposed merging. To that end, it examines (1) psycho-affective components (sneha), (2) socio-cultural components (dharma), and (3) religio-philosophical components (toya/jala). The main conclusion is that, on these subjects, the resemblances of the play with the story of Baka are more significant than those with the story of Hiḍimba.

Clothing as a socio-cultural component of personal appearance: conceptualization of the model

Clothing as a socio-cultural component of personal appearance: conceptualization of the model

Validity and reliability of the Sustainable HEalthy Diet (SHED) index by comparison with EAT-Lancet diet, Mediterranean diet in Turkish adults.

Food consumption and diet are strongly associated with sustainability. The Sustainable HEalthy Diet index was developed to measure the nutritional, environmental, and sociocultural components of sustainable diets and healthy eating patterns. However, a methodological approach has yet to be proposed for Turkish adults. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the SHED index in Turkish adults. Data were collected from 558 healthy adults using a web-based questionnaire. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and repeatability was evaluated using the test-retest method. Construct validity was investigated using the EAT-Lancet diet and the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS), and the adapted SHED index structures' accordance was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. Good reliability and repeatability were found (r = 0.758 and 0.795, respectively). A higher SHED index score was related to a greater intake of grains, fruits, and vegetables and a lower intake of meat, eggs, and dairy compared to EAT-Lancet diet food groups. A higher SHED index score was associated with a lower saturated fat and added sugar intake. While the SHED index was associated with greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet (r = 0.334, p < 0.001), it was negatively associated with non-alcoholic and diet non-alcoholic beverage consumption (r = -0.257 and -0.264, respectively; p < 0.001). The SHED index showed good validity and reliability in Turkish adults. Our results suggest that the SHED index can be used in epidemiological and intervention studies because it allows the measurement of diets in terms of health and sustainability to propose adaptations accordingly.

Sociocultural Cognitive Development (SCCD) of language learning in an extended reality environment

The present technology provides multifaceted aid in education through teaching and learning. Synchronous and asynchronous teaching-learning became popular with regular add-on updates with the required amendments, as f2f teaching has restrictions. One such advancement is extended reality (XR) technology in language learning, which has accelerated since the pandemic. Despite the increased use of technology in teaching and learning, few studies concerning sociocultural cognitive development (SCCD) are available. Therefore, this study is concerned with the possibility of Vygotsky’s sociocultural grounds in extended reality (XR) being used as an enriched resource in English language learning (ELL). On this occasion, the study reviews recent scholarly articles on XR tools in language learning to determine how the sociocultural components of XR contribute to potential learning in achieving its outcomes.

Methodological discourse of the global economy

Methods. The research is based on the use of interdisciplinary methodology to analyze the phenomenon of modern globalization. The systemic approach is used to present the global economy as a complex, open system within which the economic, political, legal, and sociocultural components of human civilization interact with each other. On the basis of analysis and synthesis, the multi-aspect and multi-faceted nature of the concept of the global economy is determined, and through the use of the method of classifications, the theoretical and methodological approaches of interdisciplinary studies of global problems are distinguished. Results. The article examines the current trends in the development of the world economy. The interconnectedness and interdependence of the countries of the world, their economies have been demonstrated. It is shown that economic processes within the global economy are closely related to transformations not only in the economic, but also in the political, legal, social and socio-cultural spheres of the functioning of human civilization. The multi-aspect nature of the phenomenon of globalization, which gives rise to the ambiguity of its interpretation by different authors, has been established. Novelty. The use of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of globalization processes is proposed. The theoretical and methodological approaches of interdisciplinary studies of global problems are singled out. Practical value. Establishing the multifaceted nature of the phenomenon of the global economy and determining the features of an interdisciplinary methodology for its research will allow to obtain more advanced information about the patterns of functioning and modern trends in the development of the world economy.

UKRAINIAN AS A HERITAGE LANGUAGE: HOW TO KEEP LEARNERS MOTIVATED

The process of learning/acquiring Ukrainian as a heritage language is characterized by such factors as motivation, identity, and multilingualism. Motivation as a special concept of heritage language education is of great importance, and the quality and result of learning depends on its interpretation, awareness, and direct implementation in practice. The purpose of the article is to analyze different types of motivation as a fundamental concept that affects the process of teaching/learning/acquiring Ukrainian as a second language in children’s classrooms. Instrumental and integrative types of motivation can overlap or be specifically expressed concerning a new situation of learning a heritage language. It is also often the case that inheritors are motivated to learn an inherited language because of a connection (family, patriotism, and more and more often genetic, etc., the so-called heritage-related orientation). The intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of school-age students is interdependent, and for those who learn a heritage language, the model of distinguishing between language proficiency and the socio-psychological need for cultural identification is effective. Cultural identification is often a more important motivational factor and prevails. Language attitudes and the importance of self-determination within the community determine motivation, in particular for Ukrainian-Russian bilinguals who learn Ukrainian outside of Ukraine. The article offers ways to increase learners’ motivation and specific techniques for doing so (e.g., incorporating a socio-cultural component into classroom instruction; developing students’ intercultural awareness; helping students build on their successes in small steps; increasing students’ interest and engagement in tasks; increasing students’ sense of satisfaction), as well as tips for interpreting and addressing learners’ motivation in crises, including refugee situations. Motivation for learning a heritage language is a special complex concept, the consideration of which (by all involved (parents, students, teachers, community representatives) and the specifics of the situation (e.g., a refugee situation) determines the effectiveness of the learning process or its existence in general. Key words: motivation, Ukrainian as a heritage language, multilingualism, heritage language learner.

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE IMPACT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS ON THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The article examines the theoretical and applied foundations of the impact of socio-cultural factors on the modern business environment under the influence of external and internal factors. The article shows the two-aspect relationship between the macroeconomic and microeconomic environments in the context of taking into account the socio-cultural impact on them. Based on the analysis of approaches to the concept and structure of the socio-cultural component of a business entity, the author offers her own vision of its main elements: organizational (corporate) and managerial culture; motivation; communication; diversity, equality and inclusiveness (DEI). Accordingly, the main directions of research on the socio-cultural factors of the business environment are highlighted and ways of their implementation in the domestic space are proposed. The least researched in Ukrainian science and domestic practice are issues related to the formation of a managerial culture that takes into account diversity, equality and inclusiveness. The necessity of an in-depth study of motivation and communication as important socio-cultural factors is substantiated. This is primarily due to the change in priorities during the military aggression of the rf in favor of the needs for protection, psychological, physical and mental health, opportunities for professional and personal self-realization, etc. Communication processes in a business environment are designed to focus on an individualistic approach to each employee with an appropriate reward system based on their needs and motivations. The socio-cultural factors proposed by us in their interaction most fully correspond to the current global and domestic trends in the functioning of the business environment on the basis of adaptation and innovation management. In the context of searching for ways of post-war recovery of Ukraine and its sustainable development in the system of global partnership, the need to form a professional management system capable of managing the socio-cultural component of an enterprise to increase its success and competitiveness is actualized. Priorities for further research and ways to introduce socio-cultural factors into the domestic business environment are substantiated. The author proves the necessity of improving the management of an economic entity on the basis of formation of a professional management system, in which an employee is considered as a personality and the highest value capable of self-realization, quality of teamwork, and ensuring the competitive advantages of an enterprise in the real business environment.

Сериал как инструмент формирования социокультурной компетенции студентов в процессе обучения иностранному языку в неязыковом вузе (на примере итальянского языка)

The aim of the research is to determine the didactic possibilities of a TV series as a source of sociocultural competence formation for students studying a foreign language at a non-linguistic university. The article substantiates the thesis that a TV series, being an important sociocultural phenomenon of our time, can be used to master the national and cultural component of the country of the studied language and world sociocultural trends. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that for the first time a methodology has been developed for working with a sociocultural component of a TV series in foreign language classes with students of a non-linguistic university. As a result, it was proved that a TV series as a didactic tool not only contributes to the assimilation of nationally specific information about the country of the studied language, but also allows learners to trace global sociocultural transformations, which is especially relevant in the context of multicultural education.

The cancer caregiving burden trajectory over time: varying experiences of perceived versus objectively measured burden.

The objective of this study was to comprehensively understand the burden experienced by caregivers (CGs) providing home-based, end-of-life care to patients with cancer. We examined the relationship between objective and subjective burden including whether and how burden changes over time. A case series of terminal cancer patient-caregiver dyads (n = 223) were recruited from oncology clinics and followed for 12 months or until patient death. Data were collected every other week and in-person from CGs in their homes using quantitative surveys, diaries, and monthly structured observations. Bivariate correlations revealed a significant association between subjective burden and activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), high-intensity tasks, and time spent on ADLs; these correlations varied over time. Models examining the slope of subjective burden revealed little systematic change; spouse caregiver and patient functional limitations were positively, and Black caregiver was negatively associated with subjective burden. Generally, the slopes for measures of objective burden were significant and positive. Models showed subjective burden was positively associated with most measures of objective burden both within caregiver (concurrent measures were positively associated) and between CGs (those with higher subjective also had higher objective). Cancer caregiving is dynamic; CGs must adjust to the progression of the patient's disease. We found an association between subjective and objective burden both within and between CGs. Black CGs were more likely to report lower subjective burden compared to their White counterparts. More detailed investigation of the sociocultural components that affect caregiver experience of burden is needed to better understand how and where to best intervene with targeted supportive care services.

Concept of «Mystery» and its Realization in the Works of J. Lippard and N. Buntline

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the linguistic means expressing the concept of «mystery» in the fictional works of J. Lippard and N. Buntline, the allocation of its socio-cultural component and the field model construction of lexical units representing this concept. The relevance of the research is due to the interest of modern linguistics in the study of the conceptual sphere of artistic works of the «urban mysteries» genre by American authors.Methodology and sources. The study was conducted within the framework of a linguistic and cultural approach using methods of description, comparison, interpretative analysis, conceptual analysis, the method of dictionary definitions analyzing, structural and semantic analysis, and the method of quantitative calculations. The illustrative material of the study consisted of more than 74 lexical units representing the «mystery» concept in the language, 45 of which were found in the analyzed works. The material was obtained by the method of directed sampling from the fictional works of American authors of the 19th century.Results and discussion. This article discusses and analyzes various interpretations of the concept of «mystery» by domestic and foreign scientists; defines the role of the concept in the work of fiction as a whole and in the analyzed novels of two authors J. lippard and N. Buntline; identifies the features of the linguistic implementation of the «mystery» concept; classifies the linguistic units of the concept according to their parts of speech, semantics and stylistic coloring; analyzes the writers’ linguistic pictures of the world and the conceptual sphere of their works, the illustrative zone of which reveals the reasons for the similarity not only of the storylines of the works, but also of their lexical content.Conclusion. The study made it possible to describe and illustrate the individual style of American authors of the 19th century through a system of expressive means that correlates the inner world of the writer with the artistic reality, the artistic world of the text created by the «poetic» language. The mental world can be interpreted in cognitive terminology as an individual poetic conceptual sphere, or the conceptual system of the author, consisting of a conceptual, objective, associative, figurative and symbolic layer of the concept. The study showed that the learning of the writer's linguistic picture of the world and the conceptual sphere of the work can be carried out using a field model, analyzing the LSF forming the «mystery» concept. The analyzed LSF is distinguished by a more specific vocabulary composition, the complication of the seme structure of words, the seme expansion and the restructuring of their hierarchy, which together form the artistic worldview of the authors.

Methodological approaches to the development of linguistic personality: structure, formation ways, social and cultural components

Relevance. The motivation to learn a language and form a new linguistic identity is more relevant than ever since languages, more and less spread, are the means of communication in the modern globalised world. Purpose. The aim of the article was to outline the model of its formation, with the steps to achieve it, which include considering the structure of the phenomenon, recognising the ways of language identity formation, determining the approaches to its formation, and also to single out the important components. Methodology. The study used the basic methods of knowledge: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and general scientific methods: generalisation, abstraction, classification, modelling, structural method, and method of analytic and synthetic processing of information. Results. The notion of linguistic personality has been defined, and approaches to describing its structure have been studied. It is pointed out that the development of linguistic personality is based on the specific structure of the concept of learning and the cultural potential inherent in it. An algorithm for the formation of a certain linguocultural type of linguistic personality is outlined, which supposes the allocation of conceptual, image-perceptual, and value aspects, and the presence of an important sociocultural component. It is highlighted that the basic element of the mentioned element is filled with ethnically specific components, defined as “the cultural potential of a linguistic personality”. It's also emphasised, that the theory of evolution of Kazakh linguistic personality needs to fill in its structural system characteristics, constructed on the basis of the results of the study of Kazakh linguistics. Conclusions. The valuable content in ethnolinguistics, ethnopedagogy, history, culturology, etc., that preserves and enriches the Kazakh culture, is established, from where the material should be derived. The article is of interest to linguists, who study linguistic personality, culturologists, educators, and sociologists.

‘The first rearguard battle’: an analysis of the autarkic (re)planning for Spanish grain agriculture, 1937–1959

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the process of reordering and intensification associated with the Spanish cereal sector, which began in 1937 under Franco's regime. Considering the process as a practice of design and spatial re-planning of the territory, the first stage focuses on the reordering of the sector through an intense state interventionism in the processes of production, distribution, and consumption of cereals. The second stage, framed in a context of significant economic development in the country encouraged by the international context, focuses on the adoption of multiple measures for the intensification of production. Approached from an anthropic perspective of instrumentalisation of the natural environment, this process would lead to the reconfiguration of the structure of operations and to the alteration of part of the biophysical and sociocultural components of the sector.

Сопоставительный анализ геоконцептов «Пекин» и «Шанхай» в «наивной» географии Китая

This article focuses on the reconstruction and comparative analysis of the geocognitive concepts ‘Beijing’ and ‘Shanghai’ in the ‘naïve’ geography of China. The study is conducted within the framework of geocognitive studies developed by the Perm School of Computer Linguistics. Geocognitive studies, as a science of conceptualizing mental representations of space, enable a better understanding of people's mental maps, their perceptions of the world and adaptation in the surrounding space, which can be valuable in the development of urban projects, tourist routes, marketing strategies, and many other areas where geographic aspects are important. The method of material collection employed in the study is geocognitive mapping – an experiment aimed at creating ‘naïve’ maps conducted using the vector graphics web editor Creative Maps Studio. The research material consists of 96 ‘naïve’ maps of China created by student informants from universities in China representing 45 regions. The informants were asked to draw a map of China using the web editor and supplement the drawn objects with associations or representations related to them. The processing of the textual layer of all collected maps, necessary for subsequent modeling of geocognitive concepts, was carried out in the information system Semograph, and graphical explication of graphosemantic models of the geocognitive concepts was performed using the SciVi program. In the informants’ perceptions, the geocognitive concept ‘Beijing’ is a more complex semantic formation, based on the political role of the capital, linking the country in social, cultural, and historical aspects. The geocognitive concept ‘Shanghai’ encapsulates perceptions of an economic and commercial metropolis – the ‘Magic City’ of the modern global world. During the analysis of the cities, it was found that historical, sociocultural components, and personal experience significantly influence the associations and/or representations of informants.

Политические ценности российской молодежи: традиционные смыслы в современных условиях

The article presents the results of a political-psychological study of the political values of Russian youth. The conceptual model of the study is based on an understanding of political values as semantic dominants of individual and group political consciousness. The empirical basis of the study was data from a survey of young people aged 14 to 30, conducted using survey procedures (n = 2500) and focus groups (n = 8). In the system of political values of Russian youth, the most significant are peace, security, justice, human rights, legality, freedom, order, and the least significant is nationalism. Young people’s understanding of justice includes both rationalistic socio-economic and political-legal interpretations, as well as spiritual and moral meanings traditional for our mentality (truth, honesty, decency). At the same time, it is the traditional understanding of justice that directly correlates with the current demand of young people for sincerity and honesty in politics. Freedom, in terms of semantic content, combines historically established moral (including religious) and rationalistic principles. It is perceived by young people as independence, will (liberty), security. Patriotism is one of the ten most significant political values, but does not occupy a leading position. Most young people in our country consider themselves patriots. Among the traditional semantic lines of understanding patriotism, the position of “love for the Fatherland” is dominant, reflecting the emotional nature of young people’s value-based attitude to their country. Russian youth are characterized by so-called paternalistic attitudes and orientations, which express their value-based attitude towards the state. Young people’s ideas about the state include not only political, but also sociocultural components that have deep historical roots. In addition, young people perceive the state as the subject of the implementation of their political values. Traditionality itself, as an axiological concept, has little meaning that is not entirely defined for young people. As a result of the study, it is concluded that traditional components have been updated in the system of political values of modern Russian youth. They manifest themselves both at the level of the hierarchy of values and in the semantic content of axiological concepts.

Implementation of the sociocultural component in textbooks on Russian as a foreign language (on the example of textbooks published in Russia)

Implementation of the sociocultural component in textbooks on Russian as a foreign language (on the example of textbooks published in Russia)

4C/ID for Foreign Language Communication Teaching

Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a specialized instructional approach that combines empathic listening and culturally nuanced communication skills to enhance students’ preparedness for real-life cross-cultural interactions. By incorporating both psychological and specific sociocultural components within the 4C/ID model framework, this study aims to address the gaps in traditional communicative language teaching, which often emphasizes linguistic competence but lacks focus on the deeper cultural, psychological, and sociological dimensions essential for meaningful communication in diverse cultural contexts. Specifically, this study seeks to determine whether this integrated approach can improve communicative competence, bridge performance gaps between high- and low-achievers, and support the development of culturally adaptive communication skills among language learners. Background: While communicative language teaching approaches have significantly improved students’ readiness for real-life interactions, traditional methods often fail to prepare learners for the complexities of cross-cultural communication. These approaches typically emphasize linguistic competence and practical conversation skills but rarely incorporate deeper communicative competencies rooted in cross-cultural psychology, sociology, ethnography, or cultural studies. As a result, students may be able to use the language fluently yet lack the awareness of sociocultural behaviors, non-verbal cues, and context-specific communication strategies essential for meaningful cross-cultural exchanges. This study addresses these limitations by implementing a specialized training program based on the 4C/ID model, designed to integrate empathic listening and culturally nuanced communication skills, divided into psychological and specific sociocultural components. This provides a more comprehensive approach to preparing students for authentic intercultural interactions. Methodology: Experimental comparison of the effect sizes of a conventional language teaching methodology (the control group) and a 4C/ID model for communication teaching (the experimental group). Twenty-seven adults (25 females, 2 males, age range 18-36, mean age = 21.3) were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. They underwent cognitive testing before the learning period. The analysis showed no statistically significant differences in the groups’ results (Mann-Whitney U test). The students were taught Japanese using two methodologies for nine months. The experimental group had 4C/ID communication training, while the control group had conventional tasks. To assess language skills, written and oral tests were employed. The assessment of subjects’ oral skills was a blind test performed by a native speaker. Contribution: This paper contributes to the field of language education by advancing a comprehensive approach to teaching communicative competence that goes beyond traditional linguistic training. It introduces an instructional model that integrates empathic listening with culturally specific skills, combining insights from cross-cultural psychology, sociology, and ethnography within the framework of the 4C/ID model. Findings: - The ability to maintain dialogue is improved by the awareness of extralinguistic phenomena pertaining to a given speech community. - The systematic approach to communication teaching decreases the gap between low-achievers and high-achievers. - Special communication training affects the oral exam results but not the written exam. Recommendation for Researchers: To enhance the clarity and accuracy of research findings, it is advisable to differentiate between the pure linguistic, psychological, and sociocultural aspects of communication. Utilizing tests such as pre-tests and/or post-tests, tailored to the specific research objectives, can help in measuring these aspects separately and in isolation. Future Research: Future studies should explore the long-term effects of empathic listening and sociocultural training on communicative competence across diverse cultural contexts. Additionally, the research could investigate the minimum linguistic proficiency required to effectively employ these skills and the potential for adapting this approach to other fields where cross-cultural communication is essential, such as international business and healthcare.

Shifting Alliances: Iran-Pakistan Relations in the Aftermath of the Islamic Revolution and Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

This study investigates the multifaceted relationships that have emerged between Iran and Pakistan in the years following the Islamic Revolution in 1979 and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1980. This article offers light on the profound geopolitical transformations that have occurred in the region, highlighting how the United States' loss of Iran and the Soviet Union's conquest of Afghanistan significantly affected the balance of power in the region. The study is centered on the developing relationship between Iran and Pakistan, and it takes a journey through historical events such as Iran's backing for the Afghan Mujahideen, the effects of the Iran-Iraq conflict, and the difficulties that arise from different perspectives on Afghanistan. Furthermore, it investigates the socio-cultural components that form the connection between the two countries, particularly in the region of Balochistan. The economic components are subjected to a careful evaluation in this article, which also investigates trade trends and the blocked gas pipeline between Iran and Pakistan. The research comes to a conclusion with strategic recommendations for both countries to improve their bilateral relations in a world that is fast changing. These proposals are discussed in light of the current geopolitical circumstances.

MEMOIRS AS EGO-DOCUMENTS: VECTORS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NARRATIVE, PRINCIPLES OF USE AND INTERPRETATION

Abstract &#x0D; The purpose of the article is to analyse and review the views of foreign scholars on the problem of memoir sources, their interpretation as ego-documents; to clarify modern theories and discourses on the motivation and vectors of internal narration; studies on the interpretation of self-presentation, the construction of plot structures in memoirs/autobiographies; to highlight the interplay of social construction on memory and understanding your own self. Methodology. The principles of historicism, objectivity, multifactoriality, systematicity, socio-cultural, anthropological, and critical-analytical approaches were followed in the course of the study. The methods of historiographical analysis and synthesis, comparative studies, scientific criticism, systematic and analytical, and historical and comparative methods were used. The scientific novelty lies in the disclosure of the conceptual approaches of foreign humanities to the study of the source potential of memoirs, event reflection display problems, memory in written self-presentation. It is found that historical science, sociology, philology, and psychology are actively appeals to memoir/autobiography studios as a unique source of personal experience, imagination, and demonstration of the variability of representation of the past.&#x0D; Conclusions. So, memoirs serve as a tool for studying socio-cultural components, historical context, and identity. Today, ego-history is gaining popularity through the dissemination of interventional autobiographies, which are used by historians themselves, constructing history in real time in the first person. Thus, ego-documents significantly expand the scope of academic discourse and demonstrate the relationship between the individual and the collective. A distinctive feature of the contemporary views of American researchers and authors is the identity, the unification of the terminology of memoir and autobiography, that is, the emergence of a hybrid form. Memoirs are an expression of a substitute tradition in relation to the official tradition, giving autonomy to an individual vision. Memoirs play a social role in historical reconstruction. Memoirs/autobiographies are sources of "authentic" knowledge of everyday life on a certain continuum, the history of imagination and values, as opposed to abstraction. The meanings of the experience are merged into semantic formats and organised into vectors of autobiographical narrative. The historian who works with ego-documents as written codes in the course of research gains new knowledge that reveals the specifics of unknown facts and destroys the stability of already conventionally or factually formed opinions, i.e. initiates revisionism of information and a revolution in already established statements that are equated with canons.