Value Of Social Welfare Research Articles

Oles Pardabaitak in Pakpak Ethnic: A Semiotics Study

This article is entitled “Oles Pardabaitak in Pakpak Ethnic: A Semiotics Study”. This study aims to (1). describe the motifs contained in the function of the pardabaitak of the Pakpak Batak ethnic group. (2). describe the function of the motifs contained in the oles pardabaitak of the Pakpak Batak ethnic group. (3). describe the symbol value of the motifs contained in the Pakpak Batak ethnic pardabaitak oles. The theory used in analyzing the data is theory of semiotics put forward by Charles Sanders Pierce. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research with structured interview observation. Based on the results of research and discussion, the author found that there are 7 forms motif values of kelang pajonggir, gerga, epen buaya, gatip dabbal, sirat, rambu, sisi. In addition, there are 10 equipment pamapan, lili, pagabe, baliga, totar, pangihunan, hatolungan, patibohonan, sorha, panaitan. And the value of motif found in this study id the value of social solidarity, mutual cooperation, courtesy, harmony, discipline, welfare and gratitude. Keywords: oles pardabaitak, sthnic batak pakpak,motif,semiotic.

Learning Decision-Making Functions Given Cardinal and Ordinal Consensus Data

Decision-making and reaching consensus are an integral part of everyday life, and studying how individuals reach these decisions is an important problem in psychology, economics, and social choice theory. Our work develops methods and theory for learning the nature of decisions reached upon by individual decision makers or groups of individuals using data. We consider two tasks, where we have access to data on: 1) Cardinal utilities for d individuals with cardinal consensus values that the group or decision maker arrives at, 2) Cardinal utilities for d individuals for pairs of actions, with ordinal information about the consensus, i.e., which action is better according to the consensus. Under some axioms of social choice theory, the set of possible decision functions reduces to the set of weighted power means, M(u, w, p) = (∑ᵢ₌₁ᵈ wᵢ uᵢᵖ)¹ᐟᵖ, where uᵢ indicate the d utilities, w ∈ ∆_{d - 1} denotes the weights assigned to the d individuals, and p ∈ ℝ (Cousins 2023). For instance, p = 1 corresponds to a weighted utilitiarian function, and p = -∞ is the egalitarian welfare function. Our goal is to learn w ∈ ∆_{d - 1} and p ∈ ℝ for the two tasks given data. The first task is analogous to regression, and we show that owing to the monotonicity in w and p (Qi 2000}, learning these parameters given cardinal utilities and social welfare values is a PAC-learnable task. For the second task, we wish to learn w, p such that, given pairs of actions u, v ∈ ℝ₊ᵈ, the preference is given as C((u, v), w, p) = sign(ln(M(u, w, p)) - ln(M(v, w, p))). This is analogous to classification; however, convexity of the loss function in w and p is not guaranteed. We analyze two related cases - one in which the weights w are known, and another in which the weights are unknown. We prove that both cases are PAC-learnable given positive u, v by giving an O(log d) bound on the VC dimension for the known weights case, and an O(d log d) bound for the unknown weights case. We also establish PAC-learnability for noisy data under IID (Natarajan 2013) and logistic noise models for this task. Finally, we demonstrate how simple algorithms can be useful to learn w and p up to moderately high d through experiments on simulated data.

The Effect of Discounting on the Formulation of an Aquifer Management Policy Based on Groundwater Trading

Optimal groundwater management is a necessary condition for achieving the objective of sustainable development, which is directly linked to issues of intergenerational equity. Thus, groundwater management policy shaping has to consider such issues, in particular through the implementation of appropriate discounting methods. The existing literature in the field of groundwater management focuses on a single discount function (DF), the exponential one, without considering the impact of different DFs on the results obtained. At the same time, tradable water rights (TWR) systems have been suggested as policy instruments for more efficient and sustainable water use. This paper focuses on the impact that different DFs have on the formulation of groundwater management policies based on TWR. To this end, a dynamic model is formulated, which concerns groundwater pumping from an aquifer by two groups of users participating in a TWR system and four different DFs are considered to calculate the present value of social welfare: no discounting, exponential, hyperbolic and Gamma discounting. The results of simulations based on data for an aquifer in Northern Greece show that there is a high sensitivity of the results to the DF, which has a direct effect on social welfare from groundwater consumption, aquifer’s hydrological behavior and TWR system intertemporal economic efficiency.

Refueling Mental Health: Digital Reading Predicts Psychological Resilience for Left‐behind Children in Rural China

ABSTRACTBeyond the easy and equal access to massive online contents, will digital reading bring more social welfare values for disadvantaged groups? Take left‐behind children (LBC) in rural China as example, whose mental health issue has widely aroused public concern. Lacking of sufficient parental supervision and educational resources leads to insufficient development of psychological resilience and makes them vulnerable to mental health problems. As psychological resilience is a critical protective factor for maintaining mental health, in this paper, we wonder whether digital reading could perform as an alternative way with easy accessibility and numerous resources to supplement LBC's resilience development. We conducted a field questionnaire study on LBC (N = 217) and investigated the predictive effect of digital reading on psychological resilience. After controlling sociodemographic variables and common resilience protective factors, hierarchical regression results demonstrated that digital reading predicted an additional 4.3% of the variation in resilience above the control variables, indicating digital reading a positive promoter of LBC's psychological resilience. Moreover, by systematically exploring the fine‐grained digital reading variables, we also found intrinsic motivation to read and recreational digital reading (e.g., reading comics and communicating online) to be the two most stronger predictors of psychological resilience.

교육복지우선지원사업의 개선방안에 대한 질적 사례연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine from the perspective of workers how the educational welfare priority support project is being operated, how to improve it, and what direction to move forward. Methods As a research method, a qualitative case study was used that can explore and examine the context of special situations. For a qualitative study of the experience of the educational welfare priority support project, a total of six interviews were conducted with three participants twice each. Results In the current state of educational welfare priority support projects, changes in children and adolescents and the scope of targets were discussed in relation to the target. In practical difficulties, difficulties in collaboration between schools or regions, quantitative and qualitative problems of human resources, and budget-related problems were mentioned. The directions for educational welfare priority support projects should be to establish the philosophical value of education welfare priority support projects, support for customized growth based on resource-linked, improve human resources (competent employee training, mandatory placement of workers), improve policy systems (self-evaluation system, integrated operation), and improve awareness. Conclusions As a result, for the development of educational welfare priority support projects, it is necessary to implement educational welfare priority support projects based on the philosophical value of school social welfare, and to strengthen worker capabilities, improve awareness, establish a monitoring system, expand manpower and budget, and continue research on educational welfare priority support projects.

An Integrated Design of Heat and Power Market for Energy Hubs Considering the Security Constraints of the System

According to the development of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units, and energy converter equipment such as Heat Pumps (HP), energy scheduling of thermal and electrical systems became more dependent on each other. Multi-energy systems with new technologies require new designs as Integrated Heat and Power Markets (IHPM) to use the complementary capabilities of multi-energy systems such as Energy Hubs (EH). In this regard, a decentralized market structure is provided to make the opportunity of trading heat and power bilaterally for connected EHs of the distribution system under an integrated market framework. The proposed market structure based on the ADMM improves the social welfare value, reduces the operating costs, and considers the privacy-preserving requirements for the market clearing process. Results analysis indicates that P2P energy trading enables the use of complementary capabilities of EHs, and also reduces the required reserve margin of each entity. According to the obtained results, the evolution of the IHPM would increase the line loading of the power system by up to 28%, which can lead to line congestion if the security constraints of the system not be considered in the electrical market design. The convergency and optimality of results are validated by a centralized model.

The phenomenon of traditional philanthropy through the voluntary sector in shaping community identity

The role of the state is needed to suppress illegal philanthropic practices, how the state can make Pancasila a "civic religion". Pancasila as the basis and pillar of society's civility as well as the "social glue" where sanctified spaces and symbols become markers of social identification that connect individuals in a common bond. The purpose of this research is to discuss the phenomenon of traditional philanthropy through the voluntary sector in shaping community identity. This research uses qualitative research methods, with the research design using a descriptive approach research design. In this study, the author conducts library research, then describes the phenomenon of traditional philanthropy through the voluntary sector in shaping community identity. The results show that philanthropy develops along with the development of human life itself. Voluntary sector refers to organizations whose primary goal is to create social impact rather than profit. This is often called the third sector, civil society or the nonprofit sector. The value of social justice and community welfare, especially in developing community identity empowerment, such as health services for poor families, economic empowerment, scholarships, job training, capital provision for middle to lower traders and others aimed at empowering community identity through philanthropy.

사회복지관 실무자의 이용자중심실천에 미치는 영향요인

The purpose of the study was to identify direct and indirect effects of social welfare value fit and creativity on client-focused practice of social workers in community welfare centers. For the purpose of this study, surveyed data from 203 social workers working in community welfare centers Seoul metropolitan area, was analyzed as secondary data. Result of the structural equation modeling analysis showed that social welfare value fit and creativity had significant direct effects on client-focused practice of social workers in community welfare centers, after accounting for control variables in the study. In addition to the direct impacts of the variables of interest in the model, social welfare value fit had indirect positive effects on client-focused practice of social workers through creativity. Based on the findings of the study, as practical implications of the study, field-oriented education and supervision, organization based on social welfare values, formation of a horizontal organizational culture, and expansion of work discretion were suggested.

THE INTERGENERATIONAL MORTALITY TRADE-OFF OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN POLICIES.

In lower‐income countries, the economic contractions that accompany lockdowns to contain COVID‐19 transmission can increase child mortality, counteracting the mortality reductions achieved by the lockdown. To formalize and quantify this effect, we build a macrosusceptible‐infected‐recovered model that features heterogeneous agents and a country‐group‐specific relationship between economic downturns and child mortality and calibrate it to data for 85 countries across all income levels. We find that in some low‐income countries, a lockdown can produce net increases in mortality. The optimal lockdown that maximizes the present value of aggregate social welfare is shorter and milder in poorer countries than in rich ones.

A road pricing model involving social costs and infrastructure financing policies

This research develops a non-linear continuous optimisation model to estimate tolls for multi-class and multi-period traffic considering integral social costs such as congestion externalities, pavement damage, environmental emissions, operational travel costs, and user travel time cost, in addition to maintenance and construction of road infrastructure costs. The approach uses social welfare principles, formulating a function to calculate the social welfare of a multi-class flow that moves in multiple periods based on a stochastic discrete choice model and considering infrastructure financing constraints. A case study was conducted applying the model to a road in the Colombian Caribbean region and estimated the value of tolls using the particle swarm optimisation heuristic. Results showed that infrastructure policies considering partial financing resulted in higher social welfare values. Scenarios requiring toll revenue to be higher than infrastructure cost can shrink demand and cause distributive issues.

Government Policies for the Natural Resource Management of Minerals and Coal Based on Social Welfare

<em>This research aims to describe the natural resources management policies in the mineral and coal sectors. The description is based on the social welfare value contained in Law No. 3 of 2020 concerning Amendment of Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining, as well as Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Employment and Labour Law. This research employed a normative judicial method based on law regulations that are conceptualized as principles or norms and have evolved into proper human behavior standards. Secondary data were employed by exploring literature correlated with the mineral and coal mining management law and analyzed using juridical-qualitative techniques. Subsequently, the research indicated that the Indonesian government policy in the Mineral and Coal, alongside Omnibus Laws, are unable to accommodate social welfare values and support only profit-oriented businesspersons. This research is expected to proffer suggestions for the central or regional government to make regulations prior to the social welfare principle.</em>

The relationship between social capital and objective welfare of cocoa farmer households in Tolada Village, North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Social capital is an important aspect of developing more advanced agriculture. Community social capital, such as trust, mutual cooperation, networks and attitudes, play a major role in community behaviour, and if managed properly, it will be able to empower the community. Various elements of social capital found in rural areas are alleged to be able to contribute to the objective welfare of rural communities, especially farmers. This research uses s descriptive quantitative research method, namely the method used to measure and describe the data regarding the elements of social capital owned by cocoa farmers (trust and network) and their relationship with objective economic welfare. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between social capital and the objective welfare of cocoa farmer households. The results showed that the correlation value of social capital and objective welfare was in the medium category, where the social capital of the farmer's life took place in an intimate, mutual trust and could take advantage of the existing network to collaborate to solve agricultural problems.

Social welfare gains from innovation commons: Theory, evidence, and policy implications

Innovation commons – which we define as repositories of freely-accessible, “open source” innovation-related information and data - are a very significant resource for innovating and innovation-adopting firms and individuals: Availability of free data and information reduces the innovation-specific private or open investment required to make the next innovative advance. Despite the clear social welfare value of innovation commons under many conditions, academic innovation research and innovation policymaking have to date focused almost entirely on enhancing private incentives to innovate by enabling innovators to keep some types of innovation-related information at least temporarily apart from the commons, via intellectual property rights. In this paper, our focus is squarely on innovation commons theory, evidence, and policy implications. We first discuss the varying nature of and contents of innovation commons extant today. We summarize what is known about their functioning, their scale, the value they provide to innovators and to general social welfare, and the mechanisms by which this is accomplished. Perhaps somewhat counterintuitively, and with the important exception of major digital platform firms, we find that many who develop innovation-related information at private cost have private economic incentives to contribute their information to innovation commons for free access by free riders. We conclude with a discussion of the value of more general support for innovation commons, and how this could be provided by increased private and public investment in innovation commons “engineering”, and by specific forms of innovation policymaking to increase social welfare via enhancement of innovation commons.

"Safe and just operating space" for the sustainable development of the social-ecological system in the Liangzi Lake Catchment, Hubei Province, China.

The increases of human activities threaten the health of the earth's ecosystem, and pre-sent a big challenge to regional sustainable development and environment conservation. How to maintain a safe ecological environment together with social and economic development is an important issue for sustainable development. Under the theoretical framework of "safe and just operating space", we integrated lake sediment records, environmental monitoring data, and socio-economic data in Liangzi Lake Catchment, analyzed the status of key eco-environmental processes and achievement degree (the completion of the current value of social basic indicators relative to the target value) of residents' social welfare, and constructed a "safe and just operating space" for the sustainability of local social-ecological system. The results showed that the indicators including freshwater utilization, cultivated land resources, air quality, soil and sediment regulation, and chemical pollution in the catchment had exceeded the environmental ceiling and were at the "dangerous" level, which should be regulated in the future. As for the social welfare, the achievement degree of clean water, sanitation facility, and industrial innovation were relatively low. The per capita GDP was negatively correlated with soil and water conservation and air quality, indicating the negative effects of social and economic development on water, soil, and air. With multi-source environmental data, especially long-term limnological records, we effectively reconstructed the historical environmental change process, revealed the deficiency of environment and residential well-being in local social ecosystem management, which would provide important insights for regional sustainable development.

La responsabilidad social de las facultades de Medicina. Una exigencia inaplazable para adaptarse a las necesidades de la población

Social responsibility (SR) is a philosophy which starts to permeate the medical schools and drives the need to revise their mission in society and how to better contribute to its development for equity, participation, collaboration and social welfare values. We speak of the fact that medical schools must become aware of their obligations to satisfy the needs of society, as expressed by the global consensus in SR. In some countries, especially in the Anglo-Saxon ones, USA, Australia and Canada SR where has already being implemented. In Europe its implementation is still limited, except for some very specific cases in France and Belgium due to the Francophone Network. For some authors we are facing a change in the medical education paradigm which may have similar impact as the Flexner report in 1910, when a radical change took place, both in the training of the doctor and in the professional practice, which led to specialization and detriment of general medicine.The aim of this article is to clarify the concept, background and implications of SR in health science schools, as well as to present the main models developed up to now, all of them oriented to Primary and Community Care, a weakness that the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted.

The Value of Social Welfare in Wonhyo’s Unconstrained Conduct

본 연구에서는 원효의 무애행에 내재된 사회복지 가치를 파악하였다. 원효의 궁극적인 관심은 중생의 깨달음 즉 중생구제에 있었다. 원효는 중생의 삶 속 깊이 들어가 중생과 더불어 호흡하고, 그 깨달음을 온 세상에 구현하고자 솔선수범한 자비로운 보살이었다. 원효의 대표 사상은 일심사상, 화쟁사상, 무애사상으로, 일심이 요익중생을 위한 관념적 실천논리라면, 무애는 행동(실천)논리이다. 무애는 불교가 궁극적으로 추구하는 세계로, 일심의 근원으로 돌아가서 중생들을 풍요롭고 이익 되게 하는 귀일심원 요익중생(歸一心源 饒益衆生)의 또 다른 표현이다. 중생구제를 위한 원효의 무애사상은 어디에도 걸림이 없고 분별을 벗어난 자유의 상징이자, 자비 실천을 통해서 깨달음을 추구하는 보살의 실천행으로 투영되었다. 그리고 무애사상은 이분론적 대립과 분열을 넘어선 자유의 몸짓으로 중생들의 아픔을 자신의 고통으로 느끼며 다가선 자리이타의 실천행이자 자비행 그 자체였다. 당시 신분제의 억압과 전쟁으로 피폐해진 백성의 고된 삶을 치유하고 정토로 안내하기 위한 원효의 무애행은 현대사회의 사회복지실천 즉 복지행이라 할 수 있다. 그리고 원효의 중생구제와 불교대중화를 위한 무애사상은 모든 경계와 차별을 없앤 평등과 일원(一圓)의 걸림 없는 회통의 세계로 인간존엄성과 자유, 평등, 사회적 연대 등을 기본적인 가치로 하여 모든 사람들의 안락한 삶과 행복을 추구하는 사회복지와 그 지향점을 같이하고 있다. 또한 원효 무애행의 대표적인 사례인 무애가, 요석공주와 설총, 사복의 설화 등에 사회복지 가치가 고스란히 녹아 있다. 원효의 일생은 중생구제를 위한 무애행의 삶이자, 복지행을 실천한 진정한 보살의 삶이었지만, 현대사회에서 원효의 무애사상과 복지와 관련한 직접적인 연구는 거의 찾아볼 수 없었다. 이에 본 연구는 무애사상과 복지의 관련성에 관한 직접적인 연구로서 의의가 있다. 아울러 물질의 기술이 무한 발전하고 있는 4차 산업혁명시대에 원효의 무애사상과 복지행은 정신적 복지를 중시하는 동양의 사회복지 가치를 견지하는데 큰 의의가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Growth, mobility and social progress

We evaluate social progress on the basis of panel data on individual incomes by comparing the value of social welfare in the observed panel data to its value in a situation where individuals receive their first period income in each period. We derive necessary conditions for the welfare gain to be positive, and show how it can be decomposed in an effect of economic growth, a mobility effect and a cost due to aversion to time fluctuations given individuals’ ranks in the income distribution. The mobility effect, generated by reranking in the income distribution has two components: a cost due to time fluctuations in incomes and a benefit, due to equalization in time averaged incomes. We illustrate the analysis using CNEF data for Australia, Korea, Germany, Russia, Switzerland and the US. Our results indicate that the largest component of social progress is the equalization of time averaged income, induced by reranking. In countries with high growth (Australia, Korea and Russia), the growth effect is larger than the mobility effect, but in countries with low growth (Germany, Switzerland and the US), the opposite holds true. The poor performance of the US is explained by the large costs of income fluctuations and the way economic growth is distributed.

Physical Responsibility Versus Financial Responsibility of Producers for E-Wastes

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a legislative mandate that requires a producer to be accountable for the whole life cycle of its product—from product design to final disposal. The EPR system is imposed to solve the problem of the growing e-waste in different areas of the world. Different countries have different system designs and approaches in EPR, depending on the country’s legislation, customer demand, incentives, and resources; it can either be a physical responsibility or a financial responsibility. Physical responsibility is when the producers are responsible for the physical movements of the e-wastes necessary, while financial responsibility is when the producers are financially supporting all the costs needed to successfully fulfil the EPR goals. In this study, we will determine which type of EPR system is better by doing a comparison on its social welfare value using a social welfare model. This study uses a notebook computer as an example, and based on our analysis, we conclude that the physical responsibility is better if and only if the rate of return of e-waste is equal to or greater than a certain percentage. Otherwise, the financial responsibility model outperforms the physical responsibility model. A sensitivity analysis is also carried for each parameter used in the two models for determining the significance.

Does Information Asymmetry Impact Sub-Regions' Cooperation of Regional Water Resource Allocation?

Water resources allocation is an urgent problem for basin authorities. In order to obtain greater economic benefits from limited water supplies, sub-regions must cooperate with each other. To study the influence of cooperation among sub-regions and the symmetry of cooperation information on the interests of the basin authority and each sub-region, this study proposes a regional water allocation model in three different situations: (1) non-cooperation; (2) cooperation and information symmetry; (3) cooperation and information asymmetry. The proposed model clearly reflects the Stackelberg game relationship between the basin authority and sub-regions. Finally, the model is applied to the Qujiang River Basin in China, and the decisions of the basin authority and sub-regional managers of the Qujiang River Basin under three different situations are discussed. The results show that regional cooperation benefits both the cooperative regions and the social welfare value of the entire river basin, when compared with non-cooperation.

Differentially Private Double Spectrum Auction With Approximate Social Welfare Maximization

Spectrum auction is an effective approach to improve the spectrum utilization, by leasing an idle spectrum from primary users to secondary users. Recently, a few differentially private spectrum auction mechanisms have been proposed, but, as far as we know, none of them addressed the differential privacy in the setting of double spectrum auctions. In this paper, we combine the concept of differential privacy with double spectrum auction design and present a differentially private double spectrum auction mechanism with approximate social welfare maximization (DDSM). Specifically, we design the mechanism by employing the exponential mechanism to select clearing prices for the double spectrum auction with probabilities exponentially proportional to the related social welfare values and then improve the mechanism in several aspects, such as the designs of the auction algorithm, the utility function, and the buyer grouping algorithm. Through theoretical analysis, we prove that DDSM achieves differential privacy, approximate truthfulness, and approximate social welfare maximization. Extensive experimental evaluations show that DDSM achieves a good performance in terms of social welfare.