Social Welfare Department Research Articles

Big Data Framework Classification for Public E-Governance Using Machine Learning Techniques

Using Machine Learning (ML) in many fields has shown remarkable results, especially in government data analysis, classification, and prediction. This technology has been applied to the National ID data (Electronic Civil Registry) (ECR). It is used in analyzing this data and creating an e-government project to join the National ID with three government departments (Military, Social Welfare, and Statistics_ Planning). The proposed system works in two parts: Online and Offline at the same time; based on five (ML) algorithms: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), and Naive Bayes (NB). The system offline part applies the stages of pre-processing and classification to the ECR and then predicts what government departments need in the online part. The system chooses the best classification algorithm, which shows perfect results for each government department when online communication is made between the department and the national ID. According to the simulation results of the proposed system, the accuracy of the classifications is around 100%, 99%, and 100% for the military department by the SVM classifier, the social welfare department by the RF classifier, and the statistics-planning department by the SVM classifier, respectively.

Status of Living: Challenges Encountered by the Immediate Family of Patriarch Inmates

Imprisonment of any family member affects the lives of the immediate members, especially if it is the head of the father who is convicted, leaving other members in pain because of the situation. This study determined the challenges encountered by the family members of the patriarch inmates in Iligan City, Philippines, during the first quarter of 2021. The study utilized the phenomenological research design. Ten identified family members composed the number of participants interviewed using a structured interview guide made by the researcher. The study utilized Moustaka’s Transcendental Analysis in analyzing the data. Responses to the interview were analyzed utilizing NVivo software producing the four main themes: striving for sustenance and survival; financial and moral drawbacks; emotional grief; and annoying unsolicited public opinions towards the situation. These identified challenges encountered by the family members may serve as a benchmark for the concerned government agency in crafting programs that will help the family members of the patriarch inmates. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen the support system of the concerned government agency towards the family members of the patriarch inmates. Furthermore, since most of the challenges the family members encounter is more focused on the emotional aspect of their lives, the social welfare department may strengthen their programs in supporting these families through effective evaluation of the situation for them to craft appropriate counseling techniques for these identified families. Keywords : emotional grief, imprisonment, moral drawbacks, striving for sustenance, unsolicited public opinions

The Effectiveness of Group Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Structured Matrix Treatment on Quit Addiction Self-efficacy, Distress Tolerance, and Mindfulness in Individuals with Stimulant Drug Abuse

Background: Drug abuse causes irreversible damage to human health at both micro and macro levels among the aggravating problems of human society. Objectives: This research aimed to evaluate the role of group dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and structured matrix treatment (SMT) on quit addiction self-efficacy, distress tolerance, and mindfulness in individuals with stimulant drug abuse. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was based on a pretest-posttest design with test and control groups. The population included drug abusers referring to the centers of addiction rehabilitation affiliated with the Social Welfare Department, Ahvaz, Iran, in 2021. A total of 75 individuals were selected using convenience sampling and allocated to one control group and two experimental groups. Participants in all three groups completed the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the Quit Addiction Self-efficacy Questionnaire. The first experimental groups underwent eight sessions (90-minute sessions per week) of group DBT. The SMT was performed on the second experimental group for fourteen 90-minute sessions, and the control group did not receive any training. Then, the data were analyzed statistically using the multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: DBT and SMT groups increased quit addiction self-efficacy, distress tolerance, and mindfulness in the experimental group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference between DBT and SMT groups regarding distress tolerance in the individuals with stimulant drug abuse (P = 0.020). Conclusions: Based on the results, DBT and SMT were effective in quitting addiction self-efficacy, distress tolerance, and mindfulness among drug abusers, improved psychological states, and reduced drug abuse in individuals.

Efficiency of Local Resource Mobilization in the Implementation of Socio-Economic Programmes by Local Churches in Kibra, Nairobi, Kenya

Poverty is a human phenomenal that society continually ponders about and has been in existence since time in memorial. Governments and international organizations have developed strategies towards poverty reduction. Churches through their social welfare departments have not been left behind in seeking appropriate ways of addressing the socio-economic struggles that members within their community face. This journal article focuses on one of the largest impoverished slums in Nairobi, Kenya; Kibra slum. The reported census population of Kibra has always been contentious but the stories of the residents and the living conditions within the settlement clearly depict the struggles experienced. Kibra is home to unemployed and underemployed residents who struggle to put food on their tables every day. Majority of whom are tenants with months of rent arrears because paying rent is not a priority. They live in one-roomed houses with little organization for sewage and toilet facilities. A single toilet and bathroom are shared by several families at a fee that is not inclusive of their rent. In response to these and other challenges such as education and health care, local churches in the slum have set up socio-action programmes. This article stems from my research work among Kibra residents, and documents the findings that respond to the effectiveness of local church programmes to utilize local resource mobilization in poverty reduction among residents. The researcher uses a mixed methods research approach. Drawing from the research findings, socio-economic programmes run by the church have a high dependency on external finding and are not taking advantage of the human capital within the slum community. Residents also exhibit high levels of dependency on the church or the pastor running the programme. There are however programmes that are set up by the residents such as savings groups or a youth centre encountered in the research that do not rely on any external support. The youth and members of the savings groups contribute their resources to run their programmes. Their local resource mobilization efforts enhance their participation and ability to make decisions and take responsibility of these decisions. Dependency on external support and hand-outs have crippled residents of Kibra slum however on the other hand, it is possible for residents to identify a project that meets their needs and run it successfully with their own resources. Keywords: Local Resource Mobilization, Churches, Slums, Poverty DOI: 10.7176/JPID/61-07 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Big Data in E-government: Classification and Prediction using Machine Learning Algorithms

Many countries have used big data to develop their institutions, such as Estonia in policing, India in health care, and the development of agriculture in the United Kingdom, etc. Data is very important as it is no longer oil that is the most valuable resource in the world, but data. This research examines ways to develop the Iraqi state institutions by using the big data of one of its institutions (electronic civil registry) (ECR) using the mining and analysis of this data. The pre-processing and analysis of this data are carried out depending on the needs of each institution and then using Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Its use has shown remarkable results in many areas, especially in data analysis, classification and forecasting. We applied five ML algorithms that are Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), and Naive Bayes (NB) carried out in the Orange Data Mining tool. According to the simulation results of the proposed system, the accuracy of the classifications was around 100%, 99%, and 100% for the military department by the SVM classifier, the social welfare department by the RF classifier, and the statistics-planning department by the SVM classifier, respectively.

A phenomenological study of addiction recovery at a model drug abuse center, Social Welfare Department, Punjab, Pakistan

This article attempts to provide an insight into the experiences of drug addicts at a rehabilitation center, run by the provincial Social Welfare Department in Lahore, Pakistan, through a qualitative approach. The menace of drugs is increasing worldwide, including Pakistan. Effective treatment and rehabilitative services can lower the prevalence rate of drug addiction. The aim of this research was to understand/explore the experiences of research participants about the phenomenon of drug addiction and rehabilitation services provided in the field of social welfare. This research extends the current knowledge of individuals’ drug addiction by revealing the complexities and intricacies of this behavior.

Pūao-te-Ata-tū and dissenting voices of change at New Zealand’s oldest school of social work

INTRODUCTION: The Ministerial Advisory Committee Report on a Māori Perspective for the New Zealand Department of Social Welfare (1986) offers an historic reference point from which to examine education and training reforms initiated at Aotearoa New Zealand’s oldest school of social work and designed to better address the needs and aspirations of Māori and those working with Māori. Pūao-te-Ata-tū is an internationally unique example of social research facilitated by distinguished Māori leaders and senior government officials using indigenous methods. The Vice Chancellor of Victoria University was approached in 1986 along with its new Professor of Social Work about becoming drivers of Pūao-te-Ata-tū Recommendation 10(c) to “assess the extent to which tertiary social work courses are meeting cultural needs for those public servants seconded as students to the courses”. The early passing of alumnus- Elder John Rangihau, shortly after Pūao-te-Ata-tū was published, left a legacy—acknowledged posthumously by the Council of Victoria University in 1989—when a senior Te Rangihau Scholar teaching and research position was established with Ngāi Tūhoe. A decade of reform in social work education and research at Victoria University saw important movement towards supporting and promoting Māori perspectives in the delivery of community social services in three New Zealand regions. IMPLICATIONS: Five lessons learned about partnerships from the Victoria University experience are highlighted as issues that promote cultural responsiveness in support of Māori whānau, tamariki and rangatahi. The Wellington programme closed at the start of the new millennium without addressing the VUW Council relationship with Ngāi Tūhoe, highlighting broken promises.

Collective value of Abiriwatia and protective informal social control of child neglect: Findings from a Nationally Representative Survey in Ghana.

Evidence of the protective role of informal social control by community members (family members, friends, and neighbours) in child neglect has received considerable attention. Likewise, the protective effects of informal social control interventions in neglect are theorised to be common and highly efficacious in communities that have sanctioned informal interventions through collective social values and norms. Yet, no research has examined this theoretical postulation within the field of community/neighbourhood research in child maltreatment. We tested the theory-driven hypothesis by examining the interaction effects of protective informal social control of neglect and the collective value of Abiriwatia (a collective value based on lineage with norms on collective childcare duties) against the frequency of child neglect. Data consist of 616 caregivers' self-report of child neglect in the past year, from the Ghana Families and Neighbourhood Study. Hypotheses were tested using random effects regression models with standard errors corrected for settlement/community clusters. Protective informal social control of child neglect was significantly associated with fewer neglect in the past year (B=-0.79, p < 0.05). The interaction between protective informal social control of child neglect and the collective value of Abiriwatia was negative (B=-0.07, p < 0.05). The findings suggest that strengthening the collective normative commitment to childcare would promote family members' intervention to protect against neglect situations, and their intervention can deter further acts of neglect. Community neglect prevention programmes should take advantage of the findings to strengthen community norms that sanction collective childcare duties. Community child protection committees of the Department of Social Welfare should develop social groups and informal associations to strengthen Abiriwatia in Ghana.

Poverty Governance System in The Public Sector Administration Affairs in Malaysia

This manuscript attempts to determine the concept of governance, the practice of the poverty governance system and the good governance approaches that the public sector administration in Malaysia is applying. The paper is based heavily on the literature review and report from the Economic Planning Unit and National Audit Department. Empirical evidence has shown the public sector administration has been practicing good governance based on work ethics principles initiated by the National Institute of Public Administration. The Department of Social Welfare is selected as an institution that actively manages and administers any issue related to poverty and welfare services. However, the criticisms and complaints towards the public sector services, especially regarding working practices efficiency, remain to be heard. This has been highlighted as the biggest challenge to the public sector. This article implies the issue of poverty will be administered in a well-managed environment along with the good governance approaches but applying ‘good enough governance’ can be considered a realistic target for the governance system in the public sector. The main viewpoint is the quality and sustainability of public sector services are much more important rather than achieving good governance in its totality.

대학의 상담면접 실습교과목에 플립러닝 교수법 적용 경험

Objectives The purpose of this study is to apply the flipped learning in the counseling practice course and to explore the students' counseling practice experience. Methods For this purpose, the course of ‘counseling process and practice’ opened in the second semester of 2020 at the department of social welfare at C university in Jeju island and courses were designed and operated using the flipped learning. For data collection, 47 students were asked to write a counseling practice experience report every after counseling practice experience and a review about the operation of the flipped learning at the end of the class. Colaizzi's phenomenological method was applied for analysis. Results As a result of the analysis, the counseling interview practice experience of university students applying the flipped learning method was found in three categories: ‘connectivity of on-off learning’, ‘improving counseling practice through learning transfer’, ‘expansion of self-reflection opportunities’. And 10 subcategories, 27 the central meaning was derived. The students experienced that watching a video in the dictionary was modeling for practicing counseling interview in -class, and it was helpful in the practice class because there was a connection to learning. In addition, a positive experience of expanding the opportunity for self-reflection on counseling was reported through practice experience report. Conclusions As a result of the study, the demonstration of the counseling video presented in advance of the class was helpful in the application of the practice in-class, and the flipped learning method was experienced as effective by improving the counseling interview competency and acquiring confidence. In addition, the practical experience report after classroom instruction promoted the development of counselors through self-reflection with reflective thinking. It was suggested that a structured curriculum should be operated to enable the operation of counseling practice courses using the flipped learning method in the future.

THE EFFECT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN TERMS OF WOMEN’S MENTAL HEALTH DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The most common issue throughout this pandemic is domestic violence. Women are the most victims of domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic. Domestic violence is a pattern of aggression, torture, or harassment used to retain authority over a spouse in a close relationship. Around 57% of domestic violence cases were reported from women during Movement Control Order in Malaysia. The objective of this study is to identify the effect on the issue of domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic. The researchers employed quantitative approaches to collect long-term data on domestic violence incidents during the COVID-19 Pandemic with four registered counselors from the National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN) and the Department of Social Welfare. According to the counselor’s perspective, the study’s findings show several effects of domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Mothers as Teachers: The New Role of Mothers in the New Normal

The COVID-19 pandemic brought havoc to everyone but much more to child-rearing mothers. This qualitative study explored the new roles of mothers in the new normal specifically as being teachers to their children. Six mothers, who had public and private elementary grade children were purposely chosen. Information was gathered through a researcher-made validated interview questionnaire. Collection of information was done online through Facebook messenger and emails. Data analysis produced six themes, namely, complication in becoming mother-teachers, benefits in teaching one’s own children, supervision of children’s studies, impression of children of the modular schooling, considerations on children’s learning and reflection on mothers’ learning. Each theme was discussed thoroughly. To address the situation of these mothers, the Department of Education might consider giving support through home-visit tutorials. Teachers could introduce strategies to mothers on how to manage the studies with their children. Moreover, the Local Government Unit (LGU) may initiate alternative solutions led by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) to unburden the mothers of their situations.

Awareness of Women on VAWC (RA 9262): Basis for Information Dissemination on Women’s Rights Program

The study aims to determine the awareness of women on Republic Act 9262, the Anti -Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004. It also aims to describe the profile of the respondents in terms of: age, civil status, number of children, educational attainment, present work, monthly family income and sources of IEC; the level of awareness on intimate partner violence in RA 9262; the relationship between the sources of IEC materials and level of awareness of the respondents; the relationship between the profile and level of awareness on intimate partner violence in RA 9262; the perceived seminar and training need to alleviate their condition; and the perception on government agencies needed to provide help and support.&#x0D; The methodology was quantitative. Purposive sampling was used to identify 202 respondents who were at least 18 years old and living with a partner or husband. The majority of respondents were 25-65 years old, married, with 0-3 children, a high school degree, and a monthly salary of 5,001- 10,000.00. The respondents stated that they learned about intimate partner abuse by watching television. The majority of respondents were aware of RA 9262's reference to intimate relationship abuse. On RA 9262, there was a strong association between the respondents' forms of information, education, and communication (IEC), civil status, number of children, educational achievement, and degree of awareness. This study shows that comprehensive knowledge of RA 9262 through IEC modalities is required to ensure the safety of women and children. Training program on women’s rights, seminar on child protection and livelihood training are the top three perceived training needs of the respondents in which the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), Philippine National Police (PNP), Department of Health (DOH) and State Universities and Colleges (SUC) are the government agencies needed to provide the trainings needs of the respondents.

“Medicines is all that I can sometimes offer them”: challenges of providing primary diabetes care to persons with disabilities in Tamil Nadu

BackgroundPersons with disabilities have a higher risk for and poorer outcomes of type 2 diabetes. Primary health care providers face several challenges in providing primary diabetes care for them. This study was conducted to explore the challenges faced by primary health care providers in delivering primary diabetes services to persons with disabilities.MethodsWe performed a qualitative research study by conducting in-depth interviews among 13 primary health care providers including medical officers, staff nurses, community health workers and a physiotherapist. We adopted a descriptive qualitative research approach to data collection and analysis.ResultsPrimary health care providers often could only prescribe medications to persons with diabetes by proxy due to poor accessibility of the facilities. They felt that these patients also had poor compliance to treatment. They felt that the lack of standard guidelines for diet and exercise for persons with disabilities prevented them from giving them appropriate advice on the same and even if they did, persons with disabilities would find it very difficult to adopt dietary changes and physical activity as they were dependent on others for even their daily activities. They also felt that they couldn’t perform annual screening tests due to lack of accessibility to higher facilities. Some primary care providers did local innovations such as formation of peer support groups, utilization of resources of other programs to reach out to persons with disabilities and innovative physical activity techniques to care for persons with disabilities. They recommended that there is a need for specific guidelines for management of diabetes among persons with disabilities, treatment of chronic diseases among persons with disabilities must be incentivized and there must be intersectoral coordination between social welfare department and health department to achieve the goal of care for persons with disabilities.ConclusionsPrimary health care providers faced substantial challenges in providing primary diabetes care for persons with disabilities. There is a need for an effective public health policy to address these challenges.

Working precariously within the social welfare system in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic: Resilience without resistance among non-regular frontline workers

ABSTRACT The global COVID-19 pandemic exposed structural inequality perpetuated by neoliberalism. essential workers, including helping professionals, have experienced a high-stress level. This pilot study examined the challenges faced by social welfare workers in Japan during the pandemic. Japanese social welfare departments in municipal governments, which are primary providers of public assistance and social services, are staffed by government officers (GOs, permanent government employees) and non-regular frontline workers (NRs, hired on annual contracts, predominantly female, covering direct casework). Informed by narrative inquiries, five individual interviews of GOs and NRs were conducted. The thematic analysis highlighted the increased employment instability, individualisation, and powerlessness among NRs. NRs expressed intensified stress from the safety risk, long working hours, and insufficient organisational support. Stratified by different types of contracts, resultant tasks, and genders, NRs experienced intensified isolation, leading to burnout. The implications of working precariously in the pandemic under the neoliberal social welfare systems are discussed.

코로나19에서의 대학생활 적응에 대한 신입생의 인식유형 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the freshmen experiences and perceptions on college life while adjusting to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The P-sample consisted of 33 full-time freshmen enrolled in the department of social welfare. Using Q-methodology, these students categorized 34 Q-sample statements from October 1 to 20. Results Analyzing the scores from the 34 statements using Q factor analysis through QUANL-PC program, freshmen perceptions on college life adjustment were classified into three types: (a) showing approval of online learning but preferring for face to face learning and having low academic achievement, (b) showing adaptive online learning but pursuing face to face learning and having moderate academic achievement, (c) showing adaptive online learning and having high academic achievement. Conclusions Result of this study suggests that actual online learning is needed to better evaluate the benefits, challenges and useful strategies of successful students and to revised in order to help freshmen to successfully adjust to college life, improve academic performance and develop employee competencies.

코로나19에서의 대학생활 적응에 대한 신입생의 인식유형 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the freshmen experiences and perceptions on college life while adjusting to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The P-sample consisted of 33 full-time freshmen enrolled in the department of social welfare. Using Q-methodology, these students categorized 34 Q-sample statements from October 1 to 20. Results Analyzing the scores from the 34 statements using Q factor analysis through QUANL-PC program, freshmen perceptions on college life adjustment were classified into three types: (a) showing approval of online learning but preferring for face to face learning and having low academic achievement, (b) showing adaptive online learning but pursuing face to face learning and having moderate academic achievement, (c) showing adaptive online learning and having high academic achievement. Conclusions Result of this study suggests that actual online learning is needed to better evaluate the benefits, challenges and useful strategies of successful students and to revised in order to help freshmen to successfully adjust to college life, improve academic performance and develop employee competencies.

Comparison of the effect of two interventions of group dialectical behavior therapy and structured matrix treatment on pathological narcissism and craving for drugs among drug abusers

Background and aims: Pathological narcissism is one of the personality disorders in drug abusers, and its main characteristic is self-conceit and lack of empathy and solidarity with others. The present study aimed to compare the effects of group dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and structured matrix treatment on pathological narcissism and craving for drugs among drug abusers in Ahvaz. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study based on a pretest-posttest design with control and test groups. The study population consisted of all drug abusers visiting the addiction rehabilitation centers affiliated with the Department of Social Welfare, Ahvaz, Iran, in 2021. Of them, 75 individuals were selected as the sample through the cluster random sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and a control group. Participants in all three groups completed the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) and the Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) as the pre-test. The first experimental group participated in eight 90-minute sessions of group DBT. Moreover, the second experimental group underwent fourteen 90-minute sessions of structured matrix treatment. Finally, all participants took a post-test, and data were statistically analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The results showed that both group DBT and structured matrix treatment reduced pathological narcissism and craving for drugs in experimental groups (P&lt;0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups in the mean scores of pathological narcissism and craving for drugs. Conclusion: As our findings demonstrated the effectiveness of group DBT and structured matrix treatment in reducing pathological narcissism and craving for drug among drug abusers, these two interventions, along with other therapies, are recommended to improve the mental state and reduce craving for drugs among drug abusers.

APLIKASI MODEL RESILIENSI TERHADAP USAHAWAN OKU KE ARAH PEMBENTUKAN PERNIAGAAN LESTARI

Person with Disabilities (PWD) is an individual that suffers a long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments, preventing one from full and effective participation in society when faced with challenges. The challenges and pressures as a disabled person are very high especially for the individual that was born normal. The relation of PWD with hardship and poverty is very close because of the inability to manage oneself, run a business or find a job to generate an income. The tenacity and strength to rise again by an individual who has faced the misfortune or difficulty shows the characteristics of a person who has a high resilience. The Resilience Model is applied in this study as a guideline to enhance the resilience among PWD’s entrepreneurs. The findings of this study focus on the external protective factors (social support, psychological intervention, public facility and source of inspiration) and the internal protective factors (religion, learning motivation, awareness of social support and self-identity) that influence the level of resilience among PWD’s entrepreneurs. Hence, it is believed that this study could help the PWD’s entrepreneurs to sustain their business while for the authorities like Department of Social Welfare (JKM) and Zakat Centre need to strengthen their role in order to realize the PWD-friendly ecosystem. A future empirical study would be able to strengthen the Resilience Model as suggested in this study.

Adolescent Pregnancy the Case of Wa West District in Upper West Region of Ghana

Adolescence is the phase of life between childhood and adulthood from ages 10 – 19 years. This age category is further divided into sub categories as Early (10 – 14years) adolescent and late (15 – 19years) adolescent. It is a very unique stage of human development and an important time for laying the foundation for good health. All the vices emanates from this stage of life if not managed well. This is the stage where there is rapid physical, cognitive and psychosocial development. Adolescents constitute a significant proportion of our population (about 21.9%) [AHSPS 2016-2020]. A cross sectional descriptive design was used in this study where data was collected at a point in time across the health facilities with Reproductive and Maternal Health Services. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were used to have a fair assessment of the issues. This study design was adopted as most appropriate because it offered the researchers the opportunity to delve deeply into the issues and appropriately respond to the objectives. &#x0D; The principal respondents were the pregnant Adolescent girls and adolescent girls that delivered in 2021 who had contact with health service providers within the year. Health facilities that provide Reproductive Health Services were purposively sampled from 9 Health Centres and 13 CHPS compounds. In total 390 pregnant adolescent girls who were either pregnant or lactating were studied. The secondary respondents were parents of the pregnant adolescents and lactating girls, staff of Ghana Education Service as well as department of social welfare who were purposefully selected because of the critical role they play in adolescent health related issues. The number of adolescent pregnancies by age category, early adolescence (10 – 14years) and late adolescence (15 – 19years). The late adolescent recorded the highest number of pregnancies (N=383, 98.2%) and seven (7) pregnancies occurred within the early adolescent category with the youngest adolescent being 13years.