Social Sanctions Research Articles

A Free Market of Morals: Boycotting, Liberalism, and Property

The development of the practice of boycotting during the Irish Land War (1879–82), and its subsequent spread beyond Ireland to the United States, sparked outrage and concern. This was prompted by the specific intellectual challenges the practice posed for liberals on both sides of the Atlantic. In relying on a liberal defense of free speech and freedom of association, early boycotters in the 1880s were able to demonstrate the dependence of property rights on social sanction while also remaining initially impervious to legal censure. As a result, the definition and extent of property rights came under scrutiny because of the ease and simplicity by which they could be curtailed through social force. It is observed here that consequent legislation to insulate commercial wealth from boycotting’s parallel moral economy required the reinforcement and development of political justifications of the state’s right to manage economic interactions in the name of social stability and public welfare. The paper argues that boycotting was so threatening to classical visions of liberal individualism precisely because it was so firmly grounded in individualistic premises. It observes not only that boycotters used the language of “free trade” to defend the practice but also that the practice itself contained latent political assumptions about social organization. The argument also suggests that, contrary to much current academic opinion, rights-based popular resistance can be directed toward egalitarian ends.

SOCIO CULTURAL PROFILE D0NGRIA KANDHA TRIBE OF ODISHA

The Dongria Kandha, a section of the Kandha tribe of Odisha, live on the top of the Niyamgiris, a rugged mass of hill ranges situated on the borders of Rayagada and Gunupur sub-division of Rayagada district. In the case of the Dongria village the traditional panchayat is still effective and runs along democratic principles as before and serves the people well in the matters of maintaining social control and enforcing social sanctions. Every Dongria village had and still continues to have its own traditional council as part of the political organization. Considering the levels of economic development the Kandha tribe of Odisha are divided into several sub-sections such as- Kutia Kandha, Dongria Kandha, Jharia Kandha and Desia Kandha. Dongria section of the Kandha community. They are found in the Niyamgiri hill ranges, which comprise 3 Community Development blocks namely: Bissamcuttack, Kalyansingpur, Muniguda of Rayagada and Gunupur sub-division of Rayagada district.

Penerapan Hukuman Mati Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia Ditinjau dari Sisi Hak Asasi Manusia

The rampant corruption that has plagued Indonesia recently has prompted law enforcement officials to continuously strive and brainstorm hard on how to impose punishments or sanctions that can deter corrupt individuals and those contemplating such despicable acts. Many suggestions and viewpoints have been put forth by observers and legal experts in the country regarding appropriate punishments for corrupt individuals to instill a sense of deterrence among wrongdoers and provide a "shock therapy" for those considering corrupt activities. Various actions have been proposed, such as imposing social sanctions, seizing all their assets (leading to poverty), and even imposing the death penalty on corrupt perpetrators. In the current era of reform, efforts to prevent and eradicate corruption and the corresponding punishments for offenders have evolved alongside the increasing discourse on imposing the death penalty for criminal acts. There are many arguments for and against the death penalty in corruption cases. These differing opinions on the death penalty vary, with some agreeing to set an example and serve as a deterrent to those considering similar actions, while others disagree because they find it unjust and a violation of someone's right to life. In Indonesia, the implementation of the death penalty for corrupt individuals is already regulated by laws and regulations. Article 2 paragraph (2) of Law No. 20 of 2001 regarding the Eradication of Corruption states: "In the event that the act of corruption as referred to in paragraph (1) is committed under certain circumstances, the death penalty may be imposed." Paragraph (1) reads as follows: "Any person who, unlawfully, enriches oneself or others or a corporation to the detriment of the state's finances and economy, shall be punished with life imprisonment or a minimum of 4 (four) years and a maximum of 20 (twenty) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from at least Rp200,000,000.00 (two hundred million rupiah) to a maximum of Rp1,000,000,000.00 (one billion rupiah).

Beyond a facility: A cross-sectional survey on WASH service levels and informal social accountability in childcare centres in Nairobi's informal settlements

Abstract Access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is crucial for a healthy start in life. Social accountability has a potential for enhancing WASH services in childcare centres. However, there are inadequate studies to understand how informal social accountability mechanisms contributes to WASH service provision. To address this gap, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in Korogocho and Viwandani informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya, to explore the relationship between different levels of WASH services (ranging from basic to limited or nonexistent) and indicators of informal social accountability, including rewards, sanctions, voice, and responsiveness. We employed multinomial regression analysis, utilizing a robust error variance estimator to account for potential biases. Our findings revealed disparities in WASH service provision between the two studied areas, with childcare centres in Korogocho exhibiting higher access to basic WASH services compared to those in Viwandani. Our analysis also highlighted a significant association between informal social accountability mechanisms and the provision of WASH services. Notably, the sanction mechanism exhibited a correlation with all WASH services, suggesting its pivotal role in shaping service delivery outcomes. In light of these findings, it is imperative to prioritize efforts aimed at reinforcing social accountability mechanisms in WASH service delivery frameworks.

‘I have it, so I understand it, I feel it’: The secondary school experiences of adolescent females with ADHD in England

AbstractThis research explores how adolescent females who have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience secondary education in England and make sense of their identity. Within schools, responsibility for supporting this population is placed in the hands of teachers, though prior research suggests that teachers feel underconfident in their ability to do so. Informed by a notion from the disability rights movement ‘nothing about us, without us’ (Charlton, Nothing about us without us: disability oppression and empowerment. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000), this study places the voice of people with ADHD at the centre of research. Using an interpretivist approach, qualitative data was gathered through unstructured interviews with five participants and was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Findings suggested that participants' experiences of education and identity formation were shaped by internal cognitive differences in skills relating to executive function (EF) and sensory differences. The implications of social construction of the ADHD label had an impact, both on how participants understood their identities, and how teaching staff were reported to respond to ADHD‐traits which participants felt they had little control over. Participants reported differences in their perceived ability to self‐advocate and described experiences of attempting to adapt their ADHD‐traits to reduce the risk of social or educational sanction in response to their differences.

Formulation of Social Work Criminal Sanctions for Perpetrators of Minor Corruption Crimes Based on Justice

In Indonesia, the formulation of criminal sanctions in the Indonesian Criminal Code has progressed, namely the adaptation of the mindset that criminal sanctions do not always have to be punitive. The benchmark of the provisions of Article 85 of the Criminal Code refers to the criteria, measures, and conditions for the imposition of criminal sanctions against social work sanctions for general criminal offenses, while specifically regulating special criminal offenses outside the Criminal Code, for example, Corruption which is regulated in Law Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Corruption. This type of research is normative juridical research with analytical descriptive specifications using the statute approach, case approach, and comparative approach. The data sources in this research are secondary data sources in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Research data was collected through a literature study using qualitative data analysis techniques. The results showed that there has been a paradigm shift in Law Number 23 Year 2023, which has regulated the existence of social work punishment as one of the main punishments, which previously did not exist in Law Number 1 Year 1946. The ideal formulation so that the application of social work can be applied is by looking at Law Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law Number 21 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Corruption Crimes and must also be able to see the existence of Law Number 1 of 1946, Article 10 of the Criminal Code does not regulate social work.

Animal-welfare-labelled meat is not a stepping stone to animal-free diets: empirical evidence from a survey

ABSTRACT A survey is used to test a stepping stone model for meat reduction and farm animal suffering elimination. People’s preferences to eat conventional meat, animal-welfare-certified meat and plant-based meat substitutes are measured in hypothetical situations where everyone else eats certified meat or plant-based meat substitutes. These preferences reflect social norms about food. When everyone else follows a harmful social norm, such as eating conventional meat, violating this norm by following a different diet becomes costly due to social sanctions. Either the survey method has a low sensitivity to detect real stepping stones, or the survey evidence suggests that animal-welfare-labelled meat is not a stepping stone towards the reduction and elimination of animal-based meat. If people transition to eating welfare-labelled meat, they may become less likely to eliminate meat from their diet. Everyone eating welfare-labelled meat is an absorbing state, which prevents a further transition to animal-free meat substitutes. The survey shows very weak and mixed evidence that the introduction of an animal welfare label could be counterproductive for animal welfare. In the long run it could result in a locked-in equilibrium with a less harmful social norm, i.e. a suboptimal state of animal farming that still contains animal suffering.

CRIMINAL LAW ANALYSIS THE CRIME OF INCEST AND THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THE VICTIM.

<p>Incest refers to sexual or marital relationships between family members that are prohibited by law. Incest cases are often considered taboo and illegal and can have serious psychological and legal repercussions. the most common perpetrators of sexual violence, including incest, are fathers and uncles. Such as the case that occurred in Banyumas, Purwokerto in March 2023 last year. This is sad because many of the perpetrators of violence in the personal sphere are considered and expected to be protectors such as fathers, uncles, and husbands. Criminal responsibility for the perpetrators of incest can be charged with Article 287 of the Criminal Code or Article 419 of Law No.1 of 2023. Meanwhile, the formulation of incest against children can be charged using Article 294 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code or Article 418 paragraph (1) of Law No.1 of 2023. In addition, the social-psychological impressions obtained by victims who experience incest will experience prolonged trauma. Social impressions are typical, namely that the child will be ostracized by his family, and discriminated against by the community. This article is written using normative and qualitative research methods that begin with an approach that focuses on analyzing applicable legal norms or regulations. The aim is to understand, explain, and interpret the written law. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of criminal law liability and child protection law in the decision and analyze the social sanctions obtained by the victim.</p><p>Keywords: Incest; criminal code; child protection law; social sanction; psychological impact.</p>

‘On Not Eating Rice Whilst Grieving’: An Exploratory Study on The Relationship Between Me Ro’ Death Ritual And Self-Management

Me ro' tradition mandates families of a recently deceased person to abstain from consuming rice and entering rice fields until the deceased is buried. However, executing this tradition is considered challenging due to rice’s position as staple food with religious significance. Furthermore, the difficulty of adhering to Me ro' lies in the virtue of self-management of the family members. This exploratory study uses an observational method and in-depth interviews to collect information. Triangulation, involving documentation, recording, and peer-reviewed sources, is employed to ensure the validity, impartiality, and ethicality of the information. Two elders from Simbuang Village and two students who are originally from the village, but have studied outside of Simbuang Village serves as the informants of this study. The result of this study reveals Me ro' tradition to require stringent procedures, social sanctions, and economic obligations, which renders it to be challenging to fulfil. Moreover, to successfully accomplish Me ro', it depends on psychological, social, existential determinants, and lifestyle factors. Therefore, practicing Me ro' is not solely contingent on individual self-discipline, but also relies on the community's involvement to encourage, motivate, and supervise the Me ro' practice. In conclusion, it relies upon individual’s self-management and the community's ability to collectively support and supervise in the procedures.

Spatial multi-criteria decision analysis for site selection of wind power plants: a case study

ABSTRACT Site selection for wind power plant (WPP) installation is a complex process that includes not only technical requirements but also physical, economic, social, and environmental sanctions. This study was carried out to determine optimal sites for WPP installation within the borders of Çanakkale province using spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Within the scope of the study, sites with a high level of suitability where a WPP can be established were determined by the geographic information system (GIS) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The results were examined in two ways: by excluding and not excluding forest areas. After creating the two separate suitability maps, the annual electrical power generation potential (GP) map of the study area was generated. The results show that for the case where the forest areas were excluded, 67.26% of the study area is restricted and 29.94% is highly suitable, and for the case where the forest areas were not excluded, 58.94% is restricted and 36.25% is highly suitable. The total GP value of the highly suitable sites is 104,061.61 GWh/year. When the locations of existing WPPs were examined for control purposes, it was seen that the majority of them were located inside the areas with high suitability and outside the non-installable areas, but some of them were established in forested areas.

Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies

When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.

Persistent or temporary? Effects of social assistance benefit sanctions on employment quality

Abstract This article analyzes the effects of sanctions for unemployed recipients of the social assistance benefit in Germany. I conduct an analysis using administrative data from 2012 to 2018, applying a dynamic entropy balancing approach. In contrast to most previous analyses of benefit sanction effects, I analyse outcomes over a longer period and assess effects on various dimensions of employment quality, including education (mis)match. The results show, in line with previous research, that benefit sanctions increase the employment probability in the first months after treatment. In the long run, the employment probability and employment quality of sanctioned benefit recipients are lower than those for the comparison group of non-sanctioned benefit recipients, indicating long-lasting negative effects. The negative consequences of benefit sanctions for employment quality are hence not temporary, but persistent.

Social Capital in Social Construction: In-Depth Investigation of Early Marriages in Bawean Island, Indonesia

Early marriage in Bawean Island involved long-term experiences and understanding of actors’ sociocultural. The phenomenon of early marriage has never been studied using social construction. This research aims to reveal the social construction of early marriage through the dialectical situation of externalization, objectivation, and internalization in early marriage. This research uses a qualitative case study approach by collecting data through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. This research was conducted on Bawean Island with 31 participants throughout 2023. The results of this study were as follows: first, actors perceived and interpreted early marriage as avoiding social sanctions (out-of-wedlock pregnancy) to avoid social embarrassment; economic solutions; religion does not prohibit early marriage; avoiding religious sanctions; and early marriage is not considered to violate state law and can be legalized. Second, early marriage continued because parents and other social organizations, such as religious leaders and hamlet heads, acquired social capital. The role of hamlet heads in supporting the administration and testifying in the marriage dispensation trial is regarded as objective, allowing the state to legalize early marriages. In addition to continuing practical programs aimed at female actors, outreach to the entire family about the dangers of early marriage, and adding psychological and health expert witnesses to trials, special consideration must be given to social capital, which needs to be taken into account in future research.

The Study of Settlement Preservation Pattern for Environmental Sustainability in Canggu Village, Badung Regency, Bali Province

Canggu is one of the settlements Village in the southern coastal community in Bali which is currently experiencing very rapid tourism development. This village has a relatively flat topographic condition, as well as being one of the areas of Majapahit descent. The rapid development of tourist accommodation that currently occurs in Canggu, has an impact on the high conversion of land use, and the disruption of local community settlements. Seeing this fact, it is considered necessary to make an evaluation study on the development of spatial planning which will later be used as input in determining spatial land use control policies in Canggu Village. This research uses qualitative methods, case studies using field observation techniques and interviews, which are then compared with literature reviews in the form of regional spatial policy studies and relevant theories. The analysis was conducted on the residential area of Canggu Village, which aimed to determine the main causes of land use change and displacement of local community settlements. From the results of the analysis, which is then compared with literature studies, it is expected to be able to find a solution to preserve the urgency of local community settlements. The results of the analysis show that the implementation of spatial concepts sourced from culture is more respected by the community compared to local government policies. The hulu-teben concept as the basis for the preservation of settlement spatial values derived from the Tri Hita Karana cultural philosophy, is considered very effective and feared by the community because it is related to social sanctions that must be borne by the community, which are outlined in pararem.

Tussle of identities: Indian women engineers on work–family conflict

PurposeThis study aims to focus on understanding the work–family conflict of Indian women engineers through the lens of identity conflict.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews conducted with 20 Indian women engineers working in India and abroad of varying ages and work experience helped in understanding the types, sources and coping decisions about work–family conflicts experienced by them. Thematic analysis was conducted to analyse the qualitative data.FindingsThe findings reveal that as women engineers negotiate their “engineering” and “woman” identities, work–family conflict manifests as a battle of time and responsibilities, psychological strain and behaviour-based conflict. Furthermore, self-expectations and negative social sanctions play an important role in augmenting the experiences of these conflicts. The results also reveal how women re-strategize their career decisions to conciliate their conflicting identities.Originality/valueThis study furthers the literature on resolving work–family conflict by taking an identity perspective. Recommendations in literature such as work flexibility and part-time work, place the onus on women to increase their capacities to perform different roles better. Examining work–family conflict from an identity perspective allows us to look at the psychological processes underlying the challenges women face in balancing work and home in a male-dominated profession. These give insights into the need to go beyond accommodations in the workplace to redefine gender roles and relations for equal participation of women in the modern workforce.

FORMATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION CHARACTER IN THE YOUNGER GENERATION BASED ON PANCASILA IDEOLOGY

Corruption has become a serious issue in various layers of society and the state, posing a threat to morals, ethics, and sustainable development. To address this problem, efforts to instill anti-corruption character education are of utmost importance. The aim of this research is to analyze the ways to shape anti-corruption character among the younger generation based on the values embedded in Pancasila, so that the Indonesian youth can grow up as honest and anti-corruption individuals. The results of this study indicate that efforts can be made to cultivate anti-corruption character from an early age in children, starting even before they enter school, by teaching them about justice and not encroaching upon the rights of others. Furthermore, educational activities for students and university students can be employed to introduce anti-corruption character. Lastly, by advocating anti-corruption actions on social media, it will manifest a form of social sanction against wrongdoers and cultivate an anti-corruption attitude in the wider society.

Recommendations for The Implementation Of Social Sanctions In Health Sector Corruption Cases

Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes was made separately from the Criminal Code (Weetboek van Straftrecht) to make social sanctions an alternative to the imposition of other basic sanctions, but the technical implementation is still not yet clear. Based on this, researchers focus on recommendations for implementing social sanctions in cases of corruption in the health sector. The method used is normative juridical, namely through an approach and analysis of the relevant laws and regulations, the results of which can then be used as recommendations in the form of SOPs. The research results found that the Criminal Reform Policy Analysis in the New Criminal Code provides a better scope than the previous Criminal Code because the variety of contents in the new Criminal Code provides many choices of basic criminal sanctions. Recommendations for the application of social work punishment are part of the theory of legal objectives and a form of justice for victims, as well as criminal alternatives as supplements for perpetrators of criminal acts. Alternative social work criminal sanctions, which have just been included in the New Criminal Code through Law Number 1 of 2023, can be applied to corruption crimes in the health sector in the form of additional social criminal sanctions

“Within five seconds, I can already see the contradictions and the conflict with society”: Applying the normative conflict model to a collectivist society

AbstractThe normative conflict model of dissent predicts how group members will behave when experiencing conflict with the group on a normative basis, as a function of the extent to which they identify with their group. While strongly identified members will dissent and challenge prevailing norms because they have the group's interests in mind, weakly identified members will distance themselves because the group is not important to them. The normative conflict model has so far been empirically examined only in Western populations. The purpose of the present study is to apply the normative conflict model to a collectivist Arab society. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 28 young Arabs, graduates of one of the only alternative schools operating in Arab society in Israel. As students, they were exposed to liberal norms that were very different from the dominant norms in Arab society. The findings show that while dissent is the most common practice that the study participants adopt, some of them also distance themselves from society. As opposed to the model's prediction, those who distance themselves do care about their group and feel they belong to it. Findings also reveal that the severity of social sanctions imposed on dissenters motivates them to conform regardless of the conflict with society. The findings are discussed and interpreted in accordance with the normative conflict model. Further examination of the model in the context of additional non‐Western societies is needed.

The Black Mouth Society and governance on the Great Plains

Abstract This paper analyses the institutional incentives and constraints of the Black Mouth Society – the traditional police of the pre-colonial Mandan and Hidatsa tribes – to understand how it successfully maintained social order without abusing power. The Black Mouth Society was a fraternal organization of middle-aged men that monitored and enforced rules created by the village council and chiefs. Two categories of institutions ensured reliable policing. First, on the front end, a long probationary period and system of unanimous consent facilitated the selection of reputable men who would wield policing power responsibly, reducing the chance of predation. However, individual Black Mouths occasionally abused their power. Therefore, on the back end, public communication created common knowledge, leading to social sanctions in the form of shame and restitution that punished abuses and limited further abuse. Thus, well-functioning self-governance, including reliable policing, is possible without a centralized state, as these tribes have demonstrated.

Social norms that sustain transactional sex and associations with sexual health outcomes: A mixed-methods study in the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé, a rural-Indigenous region of Panama.

The Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé (CNB), home to >200,000 Indigenous people, is one of the poorest regions in Panama. We describe transactional sex (TS) behaviours, normative beliefs and factors associated with TS among Indigenous adolescents(14-19years) in the CNB. We conducted a mixed-methods study in the CNB between January and November 2018, which included a qualitative study with participant observation and semi-structured interviews that focused on descriptive norms related to TS; and a cross-sectional study among public-school-going adolescents using self-administered questionnaire to report sexual behaviour and injunctive norms related to TS. Participants in the epidemiological study were also asked to submit samples for HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhoea testing. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to organise and analyse field notes and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative analysis included four models: TS experience and acceptance of a TS offer and the associations of these outcome variables with demographic and behavioural variables and HIV/STI infections. In the qualitative study among 20 adolescents, we found that people offering TS were reported to be from within and outside of the community, and included older men and women, and disturbingly, teachers. Participants reported feeling individual and collective agency in the decision to engage in TS and described little social sanctions for participation. In the quantitative study among 700 adolescents(309 girls[45.1%],379 boys[54.9%]), we found that girls(18.8%;58/309) and boys(15.5%;58/379) reported similar levels of having been offered TS, and of acceptance among those offered(girls 81.4% [35/43]; boys 77.8% [35/45]). TS was found to be associated with the reported forced sex and HIV/syphilis seropositivity. Due to widespread acceptance and feelings of agency, interventions would not be effective if they focused on eliminating the transactional component of sexual encounters. Instead, interventions should focus on individual and household economic stability, increasing violence reporting, bringing perpetrators to justice, and adopting condom use during all sexual encounters.