Types Of Social Relationships Research Articles

Los procesos de mixturación socioespacial y su evolución en la ciudad de Temuco, 1992-2017

La producción actual del espacio urbano chileno está fuertemente condicionada por el actuar del mercado inmobiliario y la flexibilización que el Estado hace de las normativas de edificación. A partir de este escenario, en las últimas décadas es posible observar importantes problemas de segregación residencial en las principales ciudades chilenas, lo que agrava las posibilidades de encuentro entre distintos grupos. Si bien el tema de las relaciones sociales en las ciudades ha sido abordado por muchos estudios, lo cierto es que la gran mayoría utiliza los indicadores tradicionales de segregación residencial, obviando con ello los determinantes que configuran la posición de clase en los espacios urbanos. El presente trabajo describe los procesos de mixturación socioespacial en Temuco, una de las ciudades intermedias de Chile con mayor crecimiento poblacional en el último tiempo. Considerando las dimensiones ocupacionales de las personas en el mercado laboral, que teóricamente están a la base de la noción de clase social, se comparan el nivel y tipo de relaciones sociales en distintas zonas de la ciudad durante el periodo intercensal 1992-2017. Combinando análisis estadísticos descriptivos y exploratorios, y utilizando la zona y entidad censal como unidad territorial, los resultados indican una ampliación de la mixturación social en extensas áreas, y una consolidación de las clases más altas al poniente de la ciudad. Finalmente, y como constata este artículo, los grupos más favorecidos se han distanciado con el tiempo de las clases medias y bajas.

Social Distance Towards Students with Disabilities in Inclusive Education

ABSTRACT Social distance is operationalized as the willingness of respondents of the general population to engage in direct, immediate, reciprocal social interactions with persons of another group and to achieve a degree of closeness through these interactions. The aim of this study was to examine the willingness of students with typical development to accept a certain type of social relations with peers with disabilities in inclusive education, as well as the association of gender and age differences in social distance with the type of disability. A modified Bogardus social distance scale was used for research purposes. The sample consisted of students with typical development sand their peers with disabilities (N-398), aged from 7 to 15 years of age who attend inclusive primary schools on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The results of the study showed that students with typical development do not generally reject social contacts with their peers with disabilities, as shown by the overall lower social distance, but social distance grew in areas of emotional and physical closeness. Students expressed the highest social distance toward peers with autism, while the lowest social distance was manifested towards peers with sensory impairments. Gender and age differences were confirmed. The girls expressed lower social distance, as did the students of higher school age (from 11 to 15 years of age).

Negative Life Events, Social Ties, and Depressive Symptoms for Older Adults in China

Negative life events are considered important risk factors of depression among older adults. An overwhelming amount of literature suggests that individuals with the most supportive social relations tend to make a better recovery from stressful life events. As for which types of ties matter the most, whether being family, relatives, friends or the broader community, existing literature is much less consistent and has documented varying effects across different contexts. This study is set in China, which traditionally relies on family systems and filial obligations for old-age support. Using two waves of data from China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey, we examine the protective effect of different types of social relations on depressive symptoms, including those who are living in the household, children who live close by or far away, as well as their ties with family, relatives, and friends.

From Controllability to Interaction: the Ratio of Approaches to Conceptualizing the Phenomenon of Manageability

The term “manageability” is used in many sciences and academic disciplines and has always been the object of lively research interest. This paper aims to conceptualize the phenomenon of manageability in technical sciences, management, sociology, psy-chology, pedagogy, political science, with a particu-lar focus on political and sociological analysis. The subject of this research is the dynamics and bound-aries of changes in the content of the term “man-ageability” in modern socio-humanitarian knowledge. The research method is a theoretical and comparative analysis of approaches to conceptualiz-ing the phenomenon of manageability. As a result of the author's analysis, a semantic difference between the most common designations of the term “man-ageability” is revealed: governability, manageability, controllability. A characteristic of each meaning is given, as well as their hierarchy is presented de-pending on the nature of the interaction between the subject and the object of control, as well as the level and type of social relations. The mechanism of controllability transition from direct controllability to active interaction of subjects and self-organization is revealed. The novelty of the author's research lies in a comprehensive analysis and systematization of approaches to the conceptualization of the term “manageability” in the field of sociology, political science, economics, psychology, pedagogy, as well as in identifying interdependencies in understand-ing this phenomenon.

Visual Sentiment Analysis With Social Relations-Guided Multiattention Networks.

These days, social media users tend to express their feelings through sharing images online. Capturing the emotions embedded in these social images involves great research challenges and practical values. Most existing works concentrate on extracting the visual feature from a global view, while ignoring the fact that visual objects are also rich in emotion. How to leverage the multilevel visual features to improve the sentiment analysis performance is important yet challenging. Besides, existing works view each social image as an independent sample while ignoring the rich correlations among social images, which may be helpful in detecting visual emotion. In this article, we propose a novel model called social relations-guided multiattention networks (SRGMANs) to incorporate both the multilevel (region-level and object-level) visual features of a single image and the correlations among multiple social images to conduct visual sentiment analysis. Specifically, we first construct a heterogeneous network consisting of various types of social relations and introduce a heterogeneous network embedding method to learn the network representation for each image. Then, two visual attention branches (region attention network and object attention network) are devised to extract emotional and discriminative visual features. For each branch, we design a self-attention module to capture the emotional dependencies among visual parts. Besides, a network-guided attention module is also designed in each branch to focus on more network-related emotional visual parts with the guidance of the topology information. Finally, the attended visual features from the two attention models, together with network representation features, are combined within a holistic framework to predict the sentiment of social images. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our model on three benchmark datasets.

The role of dopamine signaling in prairie vole peer relationships

Dopamine signaling mediates the formation of some types of social relationships, including reproductive pair bonds in the socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). In addition to these pair bonds with mates, prairie voles demonstrate selective preferences for familiar same-sex peers. The dependence of peer relationships on dopamine signaling has not been tested, and the mechanisms supporting these relationships may differ from those underlying pair bonds. We examined the effects of pharmacological manipulations of dopamine signaling on peer partner preference and socially conditioned place preference in female prairie voles. Haloperidol blockade of dopamine receptors at multiple doses did not alter selective preferences for familiar same-sex partners, suggesting that dopamine neurotransmission is not necessary for the formation of prairie vole peer relationships, unlike mate relationships. Dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine facilitated peer partner preferences under conditions normally insufficient for partner preference formation; however, in the absence of effects from blockade, it is difficult to distinguish between a role for dopamine in partner preference formation and the generally rewarding properties of a dopamine agonist. Prairie voles exhibited socially conditioned place preferences for new but not long-term same-sex peers, and these preferences were not blocked by haloperidol. These results suggest that prairie vole peer relationships are less dependent on dopamine signaling than pair bonds, while still being rewarding. The data support distinct roles of dopamine and motivation in prairie vole peer relationships relative to mate relationships, suggesting that reproductive bonds are mediated differently from non-reproductive ones.

Detecting and quantifying social transmission using network-based diffusion analysis.

Although social learning capabilities are taxonomically widespread, demonstrating that freely interacting animals (whether wild or captive) rely on social learning has proved remarkably challenging. Network-based diffusion analysis (NBDA) offers a means for detecting social learning using observational data on freely interacting groups. Its core assumption is that if a target behaviour is socially transmitted, then its spread should follow the connections in a social network that reflects social learning opportunities. Here, we provide a comprehensive guide for using NBDA. We first introduce its underlying mathematical framework and present the types of questions that NBDA can address. We then guide researchers through the process of selecting an appropriate social network for their research question; determining which NBDA variant should be used; and incorporating other variables that may impact asocial and social learning. Finally, we discuss how to interpret an NBDA model's output and provide practical recommendations for model selection. Throughout, we highlight extensions to the basic NBDA framework, including incorporation of dynamic networks to capture changes in social relationships during a diffusion and using a multi-network NBDA to estimate information flow across multiple types of social relationship. Alongside this information, we provide worked examples and tutorials demonstrating how to perform analyses using the newly developed nbda package written in the R programming language.

Predicting Tie Strength of Chinese Guanxi by Using Big Data of Social Networks

This paper poses a question: How many types of social relations can be categorized in the Chinese context? In social networks, the calculation of tie strength can better represent the degree of intimacy of the relationship between nodes, rather than just indicating whether the link exists or not. Previou research suggests that Granovetter measures tie strength so as to distinguish strong ties from weak ties, and the Dunbar circle theory may offer a plausible approach to calculating 5 types of relations according to interaction frequency via unsupervised learning (e.g., clustering interactive data between users in Facebook and Twitter). In this paper, we differentiate the layers of an ego-centered network by measuring the different dimensions of user's online interaction data based on the Dunbar circle theory. To label the types of Chinese guanxi, we conduct a survey to collect the ground truth from the real world and link this survey data to big data collected from a widely used social network platform in China. After repeating the Dunbar experiments, we modify our computing methods and indicators computed from big data in order to have a model best fit for the ground truth. At the same time, a comprehensive set of effective predictors are selected to have a dialogue with existing theories of tie strength. Eventually, by combining Guanxi theory with Dunbar circle studies, four types of guanxi are found to represent a four-layer model of a Chinese ego-centered network.

Components of the normative element in the mechanism of legal regulation of civil relations

English Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the structure of the normative element of the mechanism of legal regulation of social relations. The mechanism of legal regulation of relations is considered as a system of legal means, methods and forms which regulate social relations. At the same time, under current conditions of the society development such regulation is achieved with minimal normative of the state. Scientists claim the variability of the normative element of the mechanism of legal regulation of social relations. The normative regulator is not the only way of influence on the subject’s assessment of abilities in the social environment. The above-mentioned is manifested in the field of relations free of the state imperative pressure – relations, which formation is conditioned by the sphere of a person’s private life. Legal regulation of social relations in this field is achieved through the mediation of other regulators which have a common nature with the legal norm but a subjective limitation of their obligation. Variability of the parameters making their content and essence may not always be fit into previously established normative regulators. Therefore, the legal norm may not regulate certain types of social relations. Moreover, the disposition of legal norms may not even meet the real needs of the subjects of a particular relationship. Or vice versa, a legal norm may contain only declarative principles or definitions, complicating the appropriate level of legal regulation of relations. It is proved that legal norm is not a fundamental element of the mechanism of legal regulation of social relations, through which relations between the society members from the essential field to the real field and formation of corresponding legal relations between them are regulated. Corresponding regulatory influence is provided by other regulators of various legal nature, but of identical axiological significance. The author argues that along with the legal norm the legal means for ensuring the mechanism of legal regulation of public relations include alter-normative regulators (agreement, practice), which represent a mutually agreed formation and further application of a corresponding normative structure to the specific model of behaviour of the participants of legal relations. Besides, over-normative (legal principles) and quasi-normative (judicial acts) regulators are distinguished along with normative and alter-normative regulators. Ukrainian Abstract: Стаття присвячена дослідженню структури нормативного елементу механізму правового регулювання суспільних відносин. Механізм правового регулювання відносин розглядається як система правових засобів, способів та форм, за допомогою яких впорядковуються суспільні відносини. При цьому таке впорядкування, в сучасних умовах розвитку громадянського суспільства досягається мінімальним нормативним примусом держави. Вченим стверджується про варіативність нормативного елементу механізму правового регулювання суспільних відносин. Нормативний регулятор стає не єдиним засобом впливу на оцінку суб’єктом можливостей в соціальному середовище. Яскраво зазначене проявляється в сфері відносин, які позбавлені державного імперативного примусу - відносини, формування яких обумовлено сферою приватного життя людини. Правове регулювання суспільних відносин в цій сфері досягається за посередництвом інших регуляторів, які мають спільну с нормою права природу але суб’єктну обмеженість своєї обов’язковості. Варіативність параметрів, які формують їх зміст та сутність не завжди можливо вписати у вже сформовані нормативні регулятори. Тому норма права може і не регулювати деякі види суспільних відносин. Більш того, диспозиція правової норми може навить не відповідати дійсним потребам суб’єктів певних відносин. Чи навпаки, правова норма може містить в собі виключно декларативні засади, принципи або дефініції, що ускладнює належний рівень правової регламентації відносин. Доведено, що норма права не є основним елементом механізму правового регулювання суспільних відносин, за посередництвом якого відбувається упорядкування відносин між членами соціуму від сфери сутнісного до сфері дійсного та формування відповідних юридичних зв’язків між ними. Відповідний регламентаційний вплив забезпечується за допомогою інших регуляторів, які мають різну правову природу, але тотожне аксіологічне значенням. Автором доводиться, що нарівні з правовою нормою правовим засобом забезпечення дії механізму правового регулювання суспільних відносин виступають alter-нормативні регулятори (договір, звичай), які представляють собою взаємоузгоджене формування та подальше застосування відповідної нормативної конструкції до індивідуально-визначеної моделі поведінки учасників правових відносин. Крім того, поряд з нормативними та alter-нормативними регуляторами виокремлені наднормативні (принципи права) та quasi-нормативні (судові акти). Через те, що правовою нормою не вичерпується регламентацій вплив на суспільні відносини, відповідний елемент механізму правового регулювання вимагає свого структурного корегування. Вченим вводиться термін нормативний конструкт як сукупність тотожних правовій нормі юридичних конструкцій для характеристики елементу механізму правового регулювання суспільних відносин

The evolutionary dynamics of social systems via reflexive transformation of external reality

One of the main challenges of the social sciences is to explain metasystem transitions from biological to social systems in the process of evolution. These transitions correspond to the emergence of the structure of the subject in which the external world is internalized as a symbolic image. This structure has the potential of rationally reflecting the external world and encoding it in human language. The structure of the subject was defined by Freud and Lacan within the framework of psychoanalysis and modeled by Vladimir Lefebvre using the algebra of simple relations. In that context, the binary oppositions of the Western (W) and Eastern (E) types of cognitive reflection generate not only opposite types of societies but also form the spatiotemporal pattern within a society as a whole underlying its homeostasis and internal dynamics. This opposition between Western and Eastern types is not identical to, but mirrors the probably genetically determined opposition between individuals with primarily selfish or altruistic behavior. The structure of the reflexive subject represents the basis of a sociotype that can be considered as the third component of biosocial being in addition to genotype and phenotype; it is defined a social form of the individual bonded by the social environment and social interactions. The transition to a different type of social relations and structure is based on an anticipated reflexive choice by an individual that is accompanied by a coherent response from the society. This change is defined as a “social transaction” and can be modeled by the logic of the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics. In the history of human civilization, social transactions have resulted in the advancement and distribution of new knowledge and technologies, and in the formation, merging, splitting and decline and re-emergence of particular types of societies.

Components of the normative element in the mechanism of legal regulation of civil relations

The article is devoted to the study of the structure of the normative element of the mechanism of legal regulation of social relations. The mechanism of legal regulation of relations is considered as a system of legal means, methods and forms which regulate social relations. At the same time, under current conditions of the society development such regulation is achieved with minimal normative of the state. Scientists claim the variability of the normative element of the mechanism of legal regulation of social relations. The normative regulator is not the only way of influence on the subject’s assessment of abilities in the social environment. The abovementioned is manifested in the field of relations free of the state imperative pressure – relations, which formation is conditioned by the sphere of a person’s private life. Legal regulation of social relations in this field is achieved through the mediation of other regulators which have a common nature with the legal norm but a subjective limitation of their obligation. Variability of the parameters making their content and essence may not always be fit into previously established normative regulators. Therefore, the legal norm may not regulate certain types of social relations. Moreover, the disposition of legal norms may not even meet the real needs of the subjects of a particular relationship. Or vice versa, a legal norm may contain only declarative principles or definitions, complicating the appropriate level of legal regulation of relations. It is proved that legal norm is not a fundamental element of the mechanism of legal regulation of social relations, through which relations between the society members from the essential field to the real field and formation of corresponding legal relations between them are regulated. Corresponding regulatory influence is provided by other regulators of various legal nature, but of identical axiological significance. The author argues that along with the legal norm the legal means for ensuring the mechanism of legal regulation of public relations include alter-normative regulators (agreement, practice), which represent a mutually agreed formation and further application of a corresponding normative structure to the specific model of behaviour of the participants of legal relations. Besides, over-normative (legal principles) and quasi-normative (judicial acts) regulators are distinguished along with normative and alter-normative regulators. Since regulatory influence on public relations goes beyond the legal norm, the corresponding element of the mechanism of legal regulation requires its structural adjustment. The scientist coins a term a normative construct as set of legal concepts identical to the legal norm for description of an element of the mechanism of legal regulation of social relations Key words: mechanism of legal regulation of social relations, normative construct, agreement, practice, principles of law, legal norm, court decision.

An Ethnic Relations between Immigrant-based Groups in the Light of Florian Znaniecki’s Theory. (Ethnic Relations as a Type of Social Relations: Case Study on Polish-Ukrainian Relations in Diaspora Situation)

This presentation is related to three aspects of the sociological theory of Florian Znaniecki and William Thomas: the concept of ethnic relations and immigrants attitudes in diaspora situation as well as the concept of recreate and building of an ethnic community. The main problem tackled in the paper can be narrowed down to the question: whether and how is the system of social relationships between different ethnic groups transferred into a migration situation? Relations between Polish and Ukrainian immigrants will be use as an example. What guides this paper is trading these realtions in the sphere of everyday life in one of New York’s Lower Manhattan neighborhoods – East Village, where Polish and Ukrainian ethnic community in New York City formed in the second half of the 19 th century. The text portrays the community eastablished by the immigrants, and especially its past and the character of Polish-Ukrainian neighborhood, which, as it turns out, resembles Polish-Ukrainian in the European borderland. In the analysis particular attention will be focus on microsocial determinants of mutual relationships as well as on the various elements of interethnic relations, including: spheres of cooperation, conflict areas, daily interactions, ethnic distance, mutual perceptions, etc. The text will give a short outline of the process of shaping and functioning of the ethnic community, its character, as well as the processes of changes of the ethnic community.

The dawn of social bonds: what is the role of shared experiences in non-human animals?

Group-living animals can develop social bonds. Social bonds can be considered a type of social relationship characterized by frequent and consistent affiliative (non-reproductive) interactions. Social bonds with conspecifics bring many advantages, also in terms of direct fitness. A characteristic of social bonds is that they need time to develop. Several studies on humans have emphasized the fact that sharing experiences can affect the strength of social bonds. A similar trend can be spotted in non-human species. For example, a recent experiment showed that if chimpanzees watched a video together with a conspecific, they spent more time in proximity compared to conspecifics with whom they did not actively watch a video. Another experiment on fish showed that individuals who experienced a situation of high predation risk together, showed preference for each other compared to those who did not. As the link between shared experiences and social bonds is not explicitly recognized in non-human animals, the main goal of this work is to propose the exploration of this novel research path. This exploration would contribute to shed light on the evolutionary mechanisms of social bond (or friendship) development and maintenance between individuals in different vertebrate species, from fish to non-human primates.

Family Ties and Aging in a Multiethnic Cohort.

Objective: Lack of social support is linked to lower cognitive function and cognitive decline. We investigated the effects of a specific type of social relationship, family ties, on cognitive trajectories in non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Hispanics. Methods: Using multiple-group latent growth curve models, we analyzed associations between the number of children/grandchildren/siblings/other relatives contacted within the past month at baseline and cognitive trajectories in 1420 older adults who were nondemented at baseline. Language, memory, and visuospatial abilities were assessed at baseline and at 18- and 24-month follow-ups for up to six visits. Inferential analyses assessed the differential effects of sex/gender and race/ethnicity for each family tie. Results: Independent of all covariates, contact with more relatives was associated with better initial memory (b = .01) and language functioning (b = .01) across race/ethnicity and sex/gender. Conclusion: The size of peripheral rather than immediate family networks may be more likely to affect cognitive function in older adults.

Cultural Influences on Social Information Processing: Hostile Attributions in the United States, Poland, and Japan

Social information processing (SIP) theory suggests that attributions play a central role in influencing behavior in the course of social-relational exchanges. Within the SIP framework, social context has been shown to impact how social events are perceived. As a key feature of social context, culture likely plays a central role in shaping attributional processing. This study examined differences in hostile attributional patterns in three cultures with varying levels of collectivism, individualism, and power distance: Poland, United States, and Japan (N = 707). We used the Ambiguous Intentions and Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ) to compare attributional patterns across cultures. This measure uses five distinct vignettes to assess attributional responding within a range of interpersonal contexts. We examined whether the five-factor structure of the AIHQ maintained across these three cultures. Additionally, we investigated whether variations in attributional patterns occurred cross culturally in response to these ambivalent situations involving varying types of social relationships. Results confirmed acceptable patterns of measurement invariance across American, Japanese, and Polish samples and indicated that specific social-relational features in the vignettes significantly influenced attributional responding.

Relational permanence and the potential for delinquency among African American adolescents in foster care

Social relationships are often seen as a buffer to delinquency. However, they may be correlated with negative outcomes, as delinquency may provide social benefits for adolescents in foster care. Relational permanence – a form of social support characterized by the presence of an ongoing caring and supportive person in the context of the foster care system – is the primary type of social relationship that is explored. Regression analyses were conducted examining whether relational permanence predicted later delinquency. We found an increase in relational permanence over time was correlated with higher levels of delinquency. These findings demonstrate that not all social relationships are correlated with positive outcomes. The multidimensionality of social relationships must be further understood in order to inform targeted interventions for youth in the foster care system. Considerations specifically for African-American adolescents in foster care are also addressed.

Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness and other stigmatizing conditions in China using two cultural-sensitive measures of stigma: interpersonal distance and occupational restrictiveness.

Reducing stigma is a perennial target of mental health advocates, but effectively addressing stigma relies on the ability to correctly understand and accurately measure culture-specific and location-specific components of stigma and discrimination. We developed two culture-sensitive measures that assess the core components of stigma. The 40-item Interpersonal Distance Scale (IDS) asks respondents about their willingness to establish four different types of relationships with individuals with 10 target conditions, including five mental health-related conditions and five comparison conditions. The 40-item Occupational Restrictiveness Scale (ORS) asks respondents how suitable it is for individuals with the 10 conditions to assume four different types of occupations. The scales - which take 15 min to complete - were administered as part of a 2013 survey in Ningxia Province, China to a representative sample of 2425 adult community members. IDS and ORS differentiated the level of stigma between the 10 conditions. Of the total, 81% of respondents were unwilling to have interpersonal relationships with individuals with mental health-related conditions and 91% considered them unsuitable for various occupations. Substantial differences in attitudes about the five mental health-related conditions suggest that there is no community consensus about what constitutes a 'mental illness'. Selection of comparison conditions, types of social relationships, and types of occupations considered by the IDS and ORS make it possible to develop culture-sensitive and cohort-specific measures of interpersonal distance and occupational restrictiveness that can be used to compare the level and type of stigma associated with different conditions and to monitor changes in stigma over time.

The Kindness of Commenters: An Empirical Study of the Effectiveness of Perceived and Received Support for Weight‐Loss Outcomes

Social media‐based online communities are becoming increasingly popular for various social interactions, including those for healthcare and health‐related activities. The benefits from these activities, however, are constrained by how a platform is designed, as a platform's design defines what activities can be done and how individuals can engage and interact on the platform. In this study, we focus on weight‐loss communities and social tools that facilitate social communication and establish a variety of relationships between users. In particular, we examine the effectiveness of one‐way and two‐way social relationships on individuals’ weight‐loss management. Drawing from theories of social support, social reciprocity, and social indebtedness, we use two‐way friendship relationships to proxy perceived support and one‐way commenting relationships to proxy received support and conjecture that they work through different pathways. We find, through empirical analyses, that both types of social relationships as well as self‐monitoring are effective in promoting weight loss, but perceived and received support have different impacts. Whereas both perceived and received support are positively related to weight‐loss outcomes, the effect of received support is found to be higher than that of perceived support and the difference is statistically significant. Moreover, we find that received support is positively associated with self‐monitoring behaviors, whereas perceived support is not. These findings provide insights for platform providers to improve the social design aspect of online services and for healthcare practitioners in their efforts to advise individuals on weight self‐management. Our results also can be used to design and implement more effective online interventions.

“ROMAN OWNERSHIP RIGHTS” AND OTHER LEGAL GROUNDS
 FOR SOCIAL STATE

Introduction. The significance of the study lies in the consideration of issues related to the disclosure of the legal foundations of social statehood, the determination of the value of law and ownership as necessary elements of comprehensive human development, as well as the understanding of the limitations that the use of only substantive criteria for the implementation of the idea of a social state provides. Purpose. The aim of the article is to identify the need for the main principle of human community – the development of a free individual, when the person does not feel any total control by the state, or solitude in the market struggle, to be pursued. Methodology. Formal legal method, analysis, synthesis, formal logical method, systematic approach. Results. The common forms of relationships between individuals and society are considered. It is determined that the most promising ideal type of social relationships should be a mixed type, the prerequisite of which is the equivalent value of the individual and society (society and the state) that exist in different historical epochs. An important role is assigned to the law and ownership, it follows that who destroys the law and ownership, then destroys the personality as well. The order of the human community, based on property and laws governing that, is a system of dependence of those who have no property on those who have it. It is also pointed out that the possibility of acquiring property and thus making an inter-class transition is not the property and the transition itself, because it does not guarantee free development for everyone. Every individual must understand that his own freedom cannot occur without the freedom of other people, that while working on achieving this type of order, the individual works not only on society but on himself as well. Each person may demand the same rights for himself by giving others a possibility to manifest themselves through their ownership rights. Awareness of his individuality is the way to comprehension of the meaning of personal independence, while the awareness of other individuals as independent equals whom he needs for his own development is the way to interaction among people, a chance to make the life well-ordered. Conclusion. It is necessary to speak of the social state as a special ideal, which is based on the eternal harmony, not the struggle, of two opposite, but identical in their nature qualities of a man: a will for privacy, selfishness, striving for isolation, domination over their own kind, which could be found in society, and the public, universal, striving to preserve everything, which are expressed in the state. In both theory and legislation, it is necessary to reflect those interests, the reasonableness of which is historically predetermined, so that they, through the law, entered the consciousness of everyone, became our common interests. That is why we need an actual guarantee of free education in the broadest sense, as a spiritual basis for the implementation of the idea of a social state and the education of a new generation of young people, who can be called a future leaders of Russia.

ETHNIC TOLERANCE IN THE YOUTH ENVIRONMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The article presents the study on university students’ ethnic tolerance. Tolerance is regarded as an essential element in modern culturally, ethnically, religiously and politically multi-ethnic society. The development of the concept of an ethnic tolerance in modern psychology is reviewed. It has been revealed that ethnic tolerance is related with social processes and interethnic interactions. The influence of interethnic interactions on ethnic tolerance was determined. Many theoretical models exists the field of intergroup relations, but the concept of social tolerance is still very ambiguous. The formation of ethnic tolerance reflects the psychological aspects of inter-ethnic communications associated with different types of social relations in society. The article puts a special emphasis on tolerance in the students’ environment, because tolerance among students has great practical significance, especially in multi-ethnic societies. Also, the article presents the research methods used in the modern psychology to study the complexity, uniqueness, specificity of ethnic tolerance in society. The need for a practical study of ethnic tolerance has been proved.  The prospects for further research on ethnic tolerance and ethnic identity has been determined. The results of the study on students’ ethnic tolerance are presented in the article. The data analysis revealed the factors influencing students’ ethnic tolerance in the Lviv Polytechnic National University (Ukraine), the study involved 152 students. The obtained results showed that chosen methods were valid and reliable tools for ethnic tolerance assessment. The prospects for further research on ethnic tolerance are determined. The conclusion is made on the need for further study of the formation of good ethnic tolerance in order to harmonize interethnic relations of young people. The model of ethnic tolerance formation can be applied in psychological research of all countries. &nbsp