Social Friends Research Articles

An Influence Model Based on Heterogeneous Online Social Network for Influence Maximization

Influence maximization is an important technique in advertisement post, viral marketing, and public opinion monitoring. Seed set identification is one of the key issues in influence maximization. In reality, there exist heterogeneous nodes, such as user nodes, message nodes in social networks. The complex association relationship among heterogeneous nodes, which are seldom considered, significantly increases the complexity of the seed set identification. In this paper, we propose a Measuring Influence (MIF) model to capture social influence with heterogeneity. MIF considers the interaction among adjacent nodes, the tag of users, the users’ social friendships and the similarity in user interests, and studies the interaction based influence, tag based influence, friendship based influence, and topic based influence, respectively. As obtaining the seed set in social networks has been proved to be a NP-hard problem, we propose an algorithm called Influence Maximization Greedy Algorithm (IMGA) to solve this problem by maximizing the marginal influence of selected seed nodes. Series of experiments are designed to evaluate the performance of the proposed model and algorithm. Our results show that MIF model and IMGA algorithm have better influence spread effects and higher quality of the seed set identification comparing to the approaches under IC, LT, CDNF, MIA, and BBA, models.

PENGARUH METODE DISKUSI QIRO’AH DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB TERHADAP MINAT BELAJAR SISWA

This research can help to broaden of thinking perception and give contribution of thought for the development of education, especially in the development of Arabic learning methods. The results of this study are expected to provide information about efforts to improve learning methods at the Islamic Boarding School Ummul Quro Al-Islami, Bogor. This study concludes that there is a significant influence between the discussion method of qiro'ah in learning Arabic toward the learning interest of students in class XI MIPA Islamic boarding school Ummul Quro Al-Islami Bogor. This can be shown by the t value of 4.472, the regression coefficient (b) of 1.277 and the significance value (p) of 0,000 (p <0.05). The effective contribution of the qiro'ah discussion method in Arabic learning to learning interest of students in XI grade MIPA at Islamic boarding school Ummul Quro Al-Islami Bogor by 31% indicated from the value of R2 = 0.310 which states that there are 69% other factors that influence learning motivation such as motivation , learning, learning materials and attitudes of teachers, family, social friends, ideals, talents, hobbies, mass media, facilities and others. From the proposed hypothesis test, it can be seen that the value of t arithmetic = 4.742 with a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, then Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted, which means there is a significant influence between the variable Discussion Method (X) on the variable Student Learning Interest (Y)

Discomfort with Friendly Giving in Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder

Prior research focusing on social anxiety and impairment in friendships has explored the role of specific behaviors within friendships, such as receiving favors from a friend, in its relation to social anxiety symptoms and friendship quality. In a prior study, we examined three types of reactions to favors (negative reactions to favors, positive reactions to favors, and expectation of tit-for-tat behavior) and explored how these reactions relate to social anxiety, which resulted in the creation of the Favor Scale, a measure of an individual’s response to friendly giving. In the current study, we explore the psychometric properties of the Favor Scale in a sample of individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD) and a sample of healthy controls (NOSAD). Results largely replicated the three-factor structure of the Favor Scale (with the removal of a single item in the GSAD group) and findings suggested both tit-for-tat behavior and negative reactions to favors are elevated in GSAD individuals compared to NOSAD individuals.

Learning social representations with deep autoencoder for recommender system

With the development of online social media, it attracts increasingly attentions to utilize social information for recommender systems. Based on the intuition that users are influenced by their social friends, these methods are capable of addressing the data sparse problem and improving the performance of recommender systems. However, these methods model the influences between each pair of users independently and ignore the interactions among these social influences, i.e., high-level signal of social information. In this paper, we propose a deep autoencoder model to learn social representations for recommender system. This approach aims to learn low- and high- level features from social information based on muti-layers neural networks and matrix factorization technique. Especially, we develop an improved deep autoencoder model, named Sparse Stacked Denoising Autoencoder (SSDAE), to address the data sparse and imbalance problems for social networks. Moreover, we incorporate these deep representations and matrix factorization model into a uniform framework for recommender system. Our experiments in Epinions and Ciao datasets demonstrate that our method can significantly improve the performance of recommender system, especially for sparse users.

Immersion in the Profession: Experience of Career Guidance Work at Medical University

Higher medical education places high demands to the quality of applicants’ knowledge, assumes the awareness of their choice of future profession. As practice shows, often this choice is made by high school students at the level of momentary desires, current hobbies, intuition or under the pressure of social stereotypes, parents, teachers or friends. Not having a full understanding of the specifics and functional content of the chosen profession, they eventually become disillusioned with the chosen profession and lose all interest in it. Modern requirements to the preparation of medical personnel put forward the need to improve the methods of career guidance and close interaction of universities with the population, authorities and health management. The purpose of career guidance at medical university is the formation of good-quality contingent of students for the preparation of qualified medical personnel taking account of the needs of the regions. The University tries to assist youth in professional self-determination, development, social and psychological adaptation, future work. The article summarizes the experience of Kursk State Medical University in career guidance in medical school, offers a model aimed at improving the professional orientation of young people. This model assumes professional immersion at the pre-University, University and postgraduate stages of work. Professional immersion allows to realize multistage professional formation, to estimate risks, to see difficulties and to outline points of application of personal efforts. By means of professional immersion it is possible to attract to medical work the most prepared youth having a medical orientation, steady motivation to future professional activity, possessing the necessary level of professionally important qualities. The effectiveness of the proposed model is confirmed by high rates of students’ satisfaction with the content of education, studying at the University, and future profession.

Thoughtful Friends: Executive Function Relates to Social Problem Solving and Friendship Quality in Middle Childhood

The present study examined links between best friendship quality, social problem solving in response to a transgression and conscious control of behavior (i.e., executive function or EF). Eighty-one 7- to 10-year-olds answered questions about their best friendship quality and responses to friendship transgressions (i.e., interpretations, goals, and strategies they would endorse). They also completed a battery of EF tasks measuring working memory, inhibition, and shifting. Results revealed few relations between social problem solving and best friendship quality. Social problem solving related to EF abilities, with inhibition relating to fewer revenge goals and cognitive flexibility relating to more neutral interpretations. Better working memory related to worse best friendship quality. Finally, verbal IQ was a strong predictor of several positive social problem-solving interpretations, goals, and strategies. Results suggest cognitive abilities in EF and language may be important to consider during middle childhood in this period of advancing social problem solving and friendships.

Pengelolaan Media Sosial pada Usaha XYZ

The social media is currently not only used for social friendship but also for business purpose.The people use line, whatshapp, instagram and facebook. Related to business goals, the content is made possible by availability of the applications to convey marketing messages to customers. This requires creative message and content creators, which work in team with decision maker and administrator. However, it’s need to continuously manage it. This study was aimed to find out how the management of social media in XYZ businesses using descriptive qualitative. Instagram management implemented by XYZ starts from setting target customers to the content evaluation process. However, it has not comprehensively been managed unless it responds to negative comments from followers. The results of the study prove that using the social media such as Instagram in marketing requires management by planning, organizing and decision making process for creative content and followed by an evaluation and handling follower responses.

Vaginal versus cesarean delivery in Saudi women, Madinah

Background: The complications associated with vaginal delivery have led some women to prefer caesarean delivery (CD). This study was carried out to assess the prevalence, causes, and complications of CD and vaginal deliveries in women in Madinah. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to November 2019 in Madinah city. Data were collected through questionnaires from 704 women at Madinah who gave birth to 3,505 offspring. Results: The prevalence of CD was higher than vaginal delivery (61.8% vs. 38.2%). Emergency CD was carried out in 12.6% versus 87.4% elective procedures. Women preferred CD as advised by social media, friends, and family members rather than doctors (35.6%, 28.4%, and 13.9%, respectively vs. 22.1%). The level of maternal education did not differ between CD and vaginal delivery (p-value = 0.574). More postdelivery blood transfusion was required with CD (1.43% vs. 0.6%), while postdelivery maternal depression was more prevalent with vaginal delivery (17.4% vs. 5.5%). Considering fetal complications, respiratory problems were more common with CD (26.5% vs. 21.4%), whereas hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy was more associated with vaginal delivery (0.9% vs. 0.27%). Conclusion: The prevalence of CD was higher than vaginal delivery. Social media, friends, and family affected the mother’s decision regarding the mode of delivery toward CD. For maternal complications, postdelivery blood transfusion was more common with CD, while postpartum depression was more prevalent with vaginal delivery. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy was more common with vaginal delivery, while fetal respiratory problems were more often seen with CD.

An Efficient Adaptive Attention Neural Network for Social Recommendation

Traditional recommendation algorithms based on collaborative filtering suffer from a data sparsity problem. The emergence of online social network has enriched the user's information, realizing a new way to solve recommendation tasks. Social-aware recommendation algorithms can effectively alleviate the data sparsity problem and improve the performance of recommendation systems. Despite the success of these algorithms, they have some common limitations. Most algorithms assume that social networks are homogeneous, with similar preferences among connected users. However, users may only share similar preferences in some aspects. Besides, different friends affect the user's preference in different levels. And this influence of friends on users' preference should be adaptive. Even close friends may have different influences in different decision-making processes. For example, a user may trust a friend in “travel” but distrust this friend in “music” because this friend had more travel experiences. Motivated by the above limitations, we designed a neural network model called adaptive attention neural network for social recommendation (ANSR) to study the interaction between a user and his or her social friends as well as infer the complex influence of the user's social relationships on the user's preferences. By utilizing the co-attention mechanism, we can not only extract the user's special attention to certain aspects of their friends but also determine the adaptive influences of different friends on the user. When the user interacts with different items, different attention weights will be assigned to the user and his or her friends, respectively. In addition, we also utilize network embedding to learn more efficient features of each user and incorporate these features into the ANSR to enhance the recommendation results. Moreover, we also conduct extensive experiments on four different real-world datasets and demonstrate that our proposed method performs better on all datasets compared with the state-of-the-art baseline methods.

The relationship between social ostracism and friendship quality and false identity in secondary school students

Objectives: Adolescents endeavor to meet their social needs, to be accepted and to develop close friendship relationships. However, quality and close relationships may not always be possible. Identity development may be affected if adolescents cannot be included in social groups and cannot establish quality friendship relationships. This can be caused to false identity of adolescents who have not yet gained the ability to develop a original identity. Methods: The study group consisted of three high schools, determined according to the entrance score of secondary education in Sivas city center and 510 students enrolled in secondary education with general aptitude exams in the 2017-2018 academic year. Social Exclusion Experiences Scale for Adolescents, False Identity Scale for Adolescents and Friendship Quality Scale were used as data collection tools. Results: According to the regression analysis findings, it was observed that false self and acceptance variables predicted significant negligence, which is the sub-dimension of social exclusion variable. It significantly predicts the exclusion sub-dimension of the social exclusion variable of proximity and acceptance variables. Conclusıon: The results of this study will contribute to adolescent identity development and will provide guidance to parents and teachers in order to establish a healthy friendship relations.

A Privacy-Preserving Efficient Location-Sharing Scheme for Mobile Online Social Network Applications

The rapid development of mobile internet technology and the better availability of GPS have made mobile online social networks (mOSNs) more popular than traditional online social networks (OSNs) over the last few years. They necessitate fundamental social operations such as establishing friend relationship, location sharing among friends, and providing location-based services. As a consequence, security and privacy issues demands the utmost importance to mOSNs users. The first stream of existing solutions adopts two different servers to store locations-based and social network-based information separately, thereby sustaining large storage and communication overhead. The second stream of solutions aims at integrating the social network server and the location-based server into a single entity. However, as these approaches exploit only one single server, they may face several performance issues related to server bottlenecks. Moreover, such schemes are found to be vulnerable to various active and passive security attacks. In this paper, we propose a privacy preserving, secure and efficient location sharing scheme for mOSNs, which shows both efficiency and flexibility in the location update, sharing, and query of social friends and social strangers. The security of the proposed scheme is validated using random oracle based formal security proof and Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic based authentication proof, followed by informal security analysis. Additionally, we have used ProVerif 1.93 to verify the security of the system. The efficiency and practicability of the proposed scheme are demonstrated through experimental implementation and evaluation.

Hybrid Deep Neural Networks for Friend Recommendations in Edge Computing Environment

With the rising popularity of social networks and service recommendations, research on new methods of friend recommendation have become a key topic, especially when based on quality-driven resource processing in an edge computing environment. Traditional methods seldom systematically combine static attributes (e.g., interests, geographical locations, and common friends), dynamic behaviors (e.g., liking, making comments, forwarding and @), and network structures (e.g., social ties) to recommend a new friend to a target user. Meanwhile, with the advent of deep learning, it has become more challenging to integrate these features into a deep neural network framework for friend recommendation. For example, how do we optimally make use of these features to form a united framework and what type of deep neural network architecture should be introduced into a novel recommendation method in an edge computing environment? In this paper, we propose DFRec++, a hybrid deep neural network framework combining attribute attention and network embeddings to make social friend recommendations with the help of both interactive semantics and contextual enhancement. More specifically, we first utilize the latent dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic model to generate common interest topics between users and compute the similarity of the explicit static attribute vector representation of topics, locations, and common friends. Then we feed dynamic behavior attributes into a convolutional neural network (CNN) to obtain the implicit vector representation of the interactions and context between two users. Subsequently, a multi-attention mechanism is designed to further improve the deep vector representation of the attribute information. Next, the LINE-based network embeddings algorithm is applied to embed the network structure into a low-dimensional vector. Finally, the attribute attention vector and the network embeddings are concatenated to form a deep feature representation, which is subsequently fed to a fully connected neural network (FCNN) to capture the probability of friendship between two users. The output of FCNN indicates the probability of two users becoming friends. We conducted experiments on a real-world Weibo dataset and the results show that DFRec++ outperforms several existing methods.

NAVIGATING FINANCIAL CONVERSATIONS ABOUT STUDENT LOAN DEBT AMONG OLDER BORROWERS AND THEIR FAMILIES

Currently, approximately 44 million people in the United States carry the weight of over 1.4 trillion dollars of student loan debt. As the cost of education continues to rise, the decision of taking on student loans is increasingly a family decision rather than an individual one. While the majority of research focuses on younger borrowers, little research has been done to understand the experiences of parents and grandparents taking on student loans for a loved one. In order to financially and emotionally manage this burden, borrowers may benefit from support from their social networks, including family and friends. For many, navigating these difficult conversations presents a challenge of its own. This presentation will spotlight an MIT AgeLab mixed methods study about how student loan borrowers between the ages of 51 and 75 experience and manage their student loans within family systems and how these loans may impact family dynamics. Data were collected through focus groups and a national survey. Preliminary findings suggest that older borrowers demonstrate several distinct communication typologies within their families in regards to finances, particularly regarding student loan accrual and repayment. Each of the four primary communication styles regarding loans impact borrowers’ financial and emotional wellbeing throughout the life course, as well as perceived relationship dynamics. Moreover, older borrowers are more likely to report family conflict if student loans are less frequently discussed with family members. Findings also suggest strategies to help parents and grandparents facilitate conversations abound student loans based on their unique family communication styles.

Perceived Health Implications in the Use of Mobile Devices by Undergraduate Students of Nigerian Universities

This study investigated responses by undergraduate students to the perceived health implications in the use of mobile devices. The survey research design using the qualitative approach was adopted for the study. Five faculties common to both Lead City University and University of Ibadan, Nigeria, were purposively selected for the study while convenience sampling was used in selecting the respondents. Interview was conducted and responses analyzed on forty-eight respondents using the Nvivo software for analyzing qualitative data. Findings showed that many of the respondents had their perceptions on the health implications arising from mobile devices use. Some sources of information on these perceived health hazards include social media, radio, TV, personal experiences, friends and family members. Many reported taking precautions on their use of mobile devices based on their perceived health implications of mobile devices use. Findings also showed that while few respondents refrained from sharing the information on the perceived health hazards, many of the respondents shared this information with others despite this information not being verified. The study recommends government and other stakeholders implementing policy that mandates manufacturers of mobile devices to inform and sensitize users on the potential health hazards involved in their use, thus reducing the level of unsubstantiated information available on the use of mobile devices.

Factors Affecting Social Exclusion, Friendship Quality, Social Competence and Emotion Management Skills and the Effect of Problem Behaviors on Related Characteristics in Adolescents

This study was conducted to determine the predictive effect of the features (scale scores) related to the factors that affect social exclusion, friendship quality, social competence and emotional management skills in adolescents on adolescent problem behaviors such as smoking, alcohol use, unhappiness, hopelessness and self-harm behaviors. This research was carried out on 422 students studying at 9th, 10th and 11th grades in 11 high schools randomly selected among the state Anatolian high schools of Kadıköy with the permission of Istanbul Governorship MNE No: 59090411-20-E.4519169 dated 21.04.2016. Data were collected through Social Exclusion, Friendship Quality, Social Competence and Emotional Management Scales and personal information form prepared by the researcher. The data were analyzed with SPSS 23 statistical software, two-way ANOVA (univariate) and logistic regression techniques. The findings showed that on the features related to social exclusion, social competence, friendship quality and emotional management skills, the following were effective: having smoker friends, having friends with negative behaviors towards others, dissatisfaction with physical appearance, perception of self-efficacy, getting along with friends, being sensitive towards daily events, having smoker family members and alcohol use the family, experiencing less economic problems in the family and participating in activities such as cinema with the family. The quality of friendship intimacy had an increasing effect on smoking and alcohol use, while the security dimension had a reducing effect on alcohol use, feeling unhappy, feeling hopeless and self-harm (bodily damage). The social exclusion, emotional management and coping with the problem dimensions had a diminishing effect on alcohol use, while negative emotions and the ability to control negative bodily reactions had a diminishing effect on self-harm behaviors. The findings suggest that, especially emotional management skills, friendship quality and social exclusion are dynamics that can determine the psycho-social risk susceptibility of adolescents. The results of the research reveal the importance of getting adolescents to gain the skills to manage friendship selection and friendship relations through studies aimed at supporting the emotional development of adolescents.

“Sex is Easier to Get and Love is Harder to Find”: Costs and Rewards of Hooking Up Among First-Year College Students

Guided by social exchange theory, we utilized thematic analysis to qualitatively identify themes related to the rewards and costs of hooking up from six focus groups of first-year students (N = 38). We then identified themes within their perceptions of alternatives to hooking up (i.e., alternatives) and expectations of what one desires in a hook up (i.e., comparisons). Overall, we found multiple reward-related themes of having fun, fulfilling sexual desires, gaining a sense of status or accomplishment, and the potential to develop a relationship. Cost themes included regrets/mistake, ambiguity, increased sexual risk, and loss of respect. Comparison and alternative levels focused on relationship standard, attractiveness standard, social script standard, romantic relationships, and friends with benefits. Gender differences and participants’ perceptions of the college environment were also explored throughout each theme. Implications for college sexual education programs and future research are discussed.

"Together but Separate" – What is the Correlation, If Any, between Social Loneliness, Virtual Friendship, and Use of Social Networks

With the rise of online social networks, the development and maintenance of relationships are gradually being transferred to the virtual sphere. Technological developments have created a revolution that forces people to cope with situations that were unknown to them several decades ago. This study aimed to examine the association, if any, between social loneliness and virtual friendship. In addition, the effect of gender on these variables was also examined. The research participants included 313 high school students from all over Israel, with an age range of 14-18. The study examined social loneliness, the nature of virtual friendships, and participants' undue use of social networks, using two self-report scales. The research findings indicate a significant correlation between social loneliness and these variables, as well as an effect of gender. A correlation was also found between social loneliness and virtual friendships, but no interaction was found between these variables and gender, such that this research hypothesis was not confirmed. These findings might illuminate the development of interpersonal communication in the present era, as well as the role of virtual communication in the lives of individuals.

Analisis Pengaruh Penggunaan Facebook Bagi Mahasiswa dan Hubungannya dengan Gangguan Kecanduan Facebook

Along with the rapid development of Social Networking Sites (SNS), social media, recently, has become a lifestyle for many people around the world, including in Indonesia. The data in January 2018 showed that in Indonesia out of 132.7 million internet users, almost all (131 million), or up 23% from the data in 2017, were Facebook users with the dominance of 18-24 years old, 35% of whom were the highest active users. The rapid growth of Facebook users annually in Indonesia, especially in the age of students and college students, encourages researchers to conduct many empirical studies of Facebook use among students. There is a tendency for using Facebook continuously to create FAD effects (Facebook Addiction Disorder) among students and can affect the spirit of learning. This study also discusses what is the motivation for using Facebook and seeing the potential for FAD to occur. In this study, an online survey over 375 respondents from several students in Labuhanbatu District was conducted. To explore respondents' motives in using Facebook, respondents were given questions that were divided into the following five motives: social interaction, leisure time, entertainment, friends, and communication. While to look for potential addiction, respondents were given questions using the Bergen Facebook Addiction (BFAD) scale. In getting a connection between the motives for using Facebook and Facebook Addiction, the data was tested by analysis of variants (ANOVA) and partial tests using SPSS software. The results obtained were 65.8% of participants were at a moderate level, while 20.3% were at a low level, and only 13.9% of participants were at a high level. While the most significant motive affecting respondents in using Facebook is the motive to fill the time and motives for communicating.

COLLECTIVE MEMORY AS A FACTOR OF GROUP IDENTITY FORMATION

In contemporary scientific discourse, interest in memory problems has increased significantly. This trend, in our opinion, is due to a number of factors, among which one of the leading places is «democratization» of history. This process began to a large extent under the influence of a violent wave of emancipation of peoples and ethnic groups, which began at the end of the twentieth century. It actualized the need to rethink the past and revive a large part of the cultural heritage of a number of ethnic and ethno-regional communities.Growth of attention to memory studios was facilitated by globalization. Itsliberal-oriented universalist intentions led to the erosion of the foundations of national identity without deprecating sociality as such. The fluidity and rapid change in social standards that have become a logical consequence of this process have shown the urgent need to find those ideological landmarks that can provide certainty at least on a daily basis. Here, a person feels the need for group consolidation, which is perceived directly through participation in social practices. Such practices reproduce the identity of the group and at the same time broadcast a historically formed and established system of group values. The revival of local forms of identity, which takes place under the influence of globalization in the conditions of the rapidity of social standards, can be regarded as a completely positive phenomenon. Meanwhile, in cases of politicization of collective memories, such local groups can significantly undermine the stable development of national states. The purpose of the study is to reveal the value of collective memories in the process of forming and preserving group identity.The task of the paper was to identify the universal foundations of human sociality and to reveal the importance of collective memories in the process of formation and preservation of group identity. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was the multidisciplinary approach, which was combined with the principles of objectivity and impartiality. The basic place in the process of scientific understanding of the role of memory in the process of formation and preservation of group identity was played by general scientific principles and methods, namely: the principles of historical and logical unity, objectivity, integrity and comprehensiveness. Also were used such general scientific methods as analysis and synthesis, induction, analogy, retrospective,comparison, etc. Along with the mentioned methods were widely used methods of cultural, social and categorical analysis, as well as the principles of philosophical hermeneutics. Results In the course of the study, M. Halbwachs’es implicit conclusion about the key role of collective memories in the process of formation of collective identity was refuted, some aspects of collective memory theory developed by him were specified. In particular, the provision on the decisive role of collective memory in the process of formation of group identity was revised and the importance of social friendship in the process of formation of the social community was shown, the persistence and moral significance of which is determined by common memories.Memories provide the appearance of images that become the status of collective identity symbols, which contain behavioral patterns and moral teachings for members of the community. Common memories can be transmitted through direct communication that covers a limited social space, or to be executed in a ritual and/or text. Due to rites or texts reinterpretations, a significant part of the memorization that is important for the collective identity can remain unchanged for a long time.

Resource Optimization Protocol Based on Multicommunity Model for Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks

Intermittently connected mobile networks (ICMNs) are kinds of delay-tolerant networks (DTNs) in which the topology of mobile network changes frequently, the network is sparse, and end-to-end connection is hard to establish. However, as nodes in DTNs may often have limited energy, the performance of the network will be inevitably affected. Particularly, the message delivery ratio will be decreased when some of the nodes are out of energy and unable to participate in relay process. In order to make effective use of resources, we take this into consideration and propose the social similarity and optimized resource (SSAOR) protocol. According to the position relationship between the source and the destination nodes, SSAOR uses two different strategies to determine the order of forwarding messages. If they belong to the same community, the source node forwards message, copies to the relay node with the shorter encounter interval and the higher social friendship rank similarity with destination nodes. Otherwise, the source node forwards message copies to the relay node with the higher weight “betweenness” similarity and the shorter waiting encounter time similarity with destination nodes. In addition, we propose a buffer management method for dynamically distributing message copies to reduce network overhead, due to the fact that only a small number of copies can be successfully delivered. Finally, the simulation results show that SSAOR achieves a higher delivery ratio and lower overhead ratio, compared to other protocols within resource-constrained network situations.