Social Division Of Labor Research Articles

Característica de las economías actuales: el intervencionismo

El presente artículo demuestra que el sistema económico intervencionista es inherente a la mayoría de las economías de los países del mundo, pese a sus medidas que perturban la mecánica de mercado no aspira a borrar esa dualidad: la actividad estatal y el mercado. El problema consiste en determinar quién va a planear y dirigir. Si será cada persona, de acuerdo con sus juicios de valor, o será el paternal gobernante a nombre de todos. El dilema está en optar entre el actuar libre e independiente de la persona o la sumisión de la persona a las decisiones inapelables del gobierno. Se trata de elegir entre libertad y dictadura. El dejar hacer pretende dejar a todos en libertad para que cada uno decida cómo va a cooperar en la división social del trabajo; y que sean los consumidores quienes determinen lo que los empresarios hayan de producir. La planificación supone autorizar al gobernante para que, por sí y ante sí, amparado en los resortes de la represión, resuelva e imponga. Toda injerencia estatal en la esfera del mercado, indirectamente repercute sobre el consumo, por cuanto altera el mecanismo del mercado; toda injerencia estatal influye en la conducta y consideraciones valorativas de los consumidores. El intervencionismo siempre engendra corrupción.

Choice for China: What Role for Vocational Education in Green Growth?

AbstractGreen growth cannot succeed without significant changes in the education system and the closely related social division of labor. This paper combines historical evidence and a game‐theoretic analysis to study the relation between vocational education and green growth. It is found that a low‐vocation and a high‐vocation equilibrium can be distinguished in the interplay between education and labor markets, and that a high‐vocation equilibrium is better suited for green growth. At the present stage of development, there are tendencies in both directions in China. Therefore, China has the possibility to successfully implement a green growth strategy by developing a strong vocational education with Chinese characteristics.

The Study on Partners Selection Model on the Trust Network

A necessary condition for efficient operation of the supply chain is having the right partner.This article aims to build evaluation system and selection models of the partner selection in supply chain financing, reduce the overall risk level of supply chain and improve revenue of all parties.The starting point of the supply chain alliance is each node enterprise form a win-win relations of cooperation.It blurred operation boundariesof the traditional enterprise taking the advantages of each node enterprise.Through scientific and effective social division of labor, the effective integration of resources, it establishedpartnership, shared information and ultimately maximized their own interests.Supply chain alliance is a kind of coexistence of competition and cooperation relations, each node enterprises in supply chain has an indispensable role.

Fields of Global Governance: How Transnational Power Elites Can Make Global Governance Intelligible

To make global governance intelligible, we need to study a neglected but crucial phenomenon, namely the development of the social division of labor, both in transnational society and more specifically with regard to the fields of politics, law and economics. This notion of a social division of labor has to be distinguished from the mere technical division of labor. The process in question is not merely one of differentiation in an ever more complex world, nor does it take place in a relative power vacuum. Instead, it involves unequal distributions of resources and the use of influence and power. In other words, we need to examine, far more carefully than in the existing literature, the operators of globalization: those individuals and social and professional groups, rooted in evolving national and transnational societies, who govern global governance. Going behind the facade of global institutions and instead focusing on the arguably deeper structures of global governance, we can also start to explain the emergence of new forms of power as they develop around new transnational power elites operating in, around, and beyond a growing number of international institutions (Kauppi and Madsen 2013). This forum brings together scholars from different but related social scientific disciplines, all of whom are engaged in empirical work which focuses on new forms of global power brokers. We all share a basic skepticism towards the tendency to grand theorizing, both in International Relations (IR) and in the sociology of globalization. We argue that a better way ahead for understanding global political phenomena is to devise tangible objects of empirical inquiry. One such object of inquiry is what we generally refer to as transnational power elites: transnational professionals defined not by their institutional affiliation—for example as international civil servants—but as transnational social groupings. To undertake this more empirically …

The economics of the division of labour in early Chinese literature: With particular comparison to the ancient Greek thought

Like their Greek counterparts, a number of Chinese thinkers of the “Axial Period” wrote extensively on the division of labour. In particular, Kuan Chung, Hsün Tzu and Ssu-ma Ch’ien explicitly discussed economic issues related to the division of labour, contributing sophisticated analysis on the subject. In this article, we first examine Kuan Chung and his followers’ fairly interesting analysis of the economies of agglomeration of specialists, and Ssu-ma Ch’ien's deep insight into the Taoist invisible hand of the market in coordinating the division of labour. The common ground between them is a sound understanding of the role of market exchange in facilitating the social division of labour, but the latter goes much further in appreciation of the spontaneous market order. We then turn to Hsün Tzu's profound scholarship of specialised learning or doing and his Confucian theory of the origin of social division, highlighting, in particular, his Confucian notion of natural equality and utilitarian account of the formation of society. Similarity in profundity and influence notwithstanding, of greater interest, appears to be the remarkable differences between the Chinese scholars and the philosophers of classical Athens in respect of their study of the division of labour, and we therefore investigate how and why the Chinese treatment contrasts thus sharply with the Greek/Europeans.

Research on the Correlation of Transportation and Economic Development in Wuhan

With the impetus of the national strategy of the Rise of Central China, we should pay more attention to the sustainable development and make big efforts to stimulate domestic demand, of which Wuhan is one of the most promising areas in central region. Transportation is not only the production sector to create material wealth but also the foundation to support the social economic operation. It plays an important role in promoting the development of specialized production and social division of labor. This paper theoretically analysis the impact of transportation on the economic development in Wuhan and explores the intrinsic interaction mechanism of transportation and economic development in Wuhan. It researches the effect of the change of transportation conditions on economic development in Wuhan and concludes the general law.

Reaching Conversation Through Play: A Qualitative Change of Activity

IntroductionNonclassical psychology, based on Lev Vygotsky's cultural-historical conceptuali­zation, differs from other approaches by proposing that through the help of a sig­nificant other and by acting upon culture's instruments, the mind is developed. By highlighting culture's role on building higher human mental processes, becoming a human being is a likelihood but not a certainty of Homo sapiens sapiens. This likeli­hood is derived from the social division of labor (Leontiev, 1978a; Oliveira, 1993, Rego, 1995; Vygotsky, 1989).As Zinchenko et al. (2013) exposed, Vygotsky's theory proposed new concepts and paradigms of psychology, enabling progress in our way of perceiving and ac­ting on maladaptive functioning (Quintino-Aires, 2012). Maladaptive functioning is not caused by the lack of abilities to acquire culture but rather by the lack of practical opportunities to self-develop, which, in turn, are a consequence of social inequalities (Bourdieu, 1974; Marx, 1844; 1985; Quintino-Aires, J., 2006).Vygotsky's cultural-historical approach studies the human conscience, which is defined as an unfinished process and not a product of a phylogenetic evolution (Vygotsky, 1925/1999). This approach is characterized as a co-construction, which initially stems from biological necessities and motives and evolves through action and reaction into a culturally specific context.According to Leontiev (1978a), if culture demands the individual to act upon cultural tools, human conscience will evolve in the following way: from the stage of an elementary sensory psyche (sensorial consciousness), to the stage of the percep­tive psyche (perceptive consciousness), passing through the stage of animal intellect (elementary mental processes), until reaching human consciousness (higher mental processes).Human consciousness is neither a ready-made cultural product nor a spon­taneous development in the individual at birth. Transitioning between the dif­ferent stages of conscience and activity is not a natural or spontaneous process. The process results from the effect of human activity on culture that has its own objective laws in labor and social relations. Despite this objectivity surrounding the construction of human consciousness, subjectivity exists in the way humans acquire new necessities, means, motives and modus operandis; i.e.,, that is, human consciousness is as mutable as cultural instruments in a given historical time and context (Bock, 2001).This idea is supported by Jomskaya (2005), who contended that personality and human consciousness problems can be assessed using neuropsychological analysis because the mind, which is not an abstract entity, and has concrete and objective brain connections.Becoming a person and accessing psychological needs produce results from the construction of internalized systems, which are transferred from social rela­tionships to personality. Because human consciousness emerges as an external and effortful process, psychotherapists can facilitate this function (Quintino-Aires, J., 2006).Despite differentiating us from animals, human consciousness is a develop­mental stage that not everyone attains; it is not a necessary and predictable human feature because it is primarily a historical co-construction that is culturally medi­ated, allowing subjectivity (Vygotsky, 1925/1999; Quintino-Aires, 2012).The present article describes the development of a child's consciousness through play from a psychotherapeutic perspective. In this approach, play as well as con­science are not understood as an innate and spontaneous process. On the contrary, play is a construction, similar to every other human possibility, which means that it becomes a likelihood in the individual's ontological development through culture. Culture, in its turn, is immersed in a historical context and provides certain instru­ments to which the individual will have different possibilities to interact, access and integrate, depending on the historical context. …

Changes in social structure and the role of the peasantry

Modernization processes in rural areas not only lead to the separation of peasant (traditional) and rural, due to the deagrarization and changes of cultural and political patterns, but also to full integration of agriculture into the social division of labor. As a part of economy, agriculture, in a social sense, ceased to be linked exclusively to rural areas, which enables the distinction between sociology of agriculture and rural sociology. In this paper, the changes in class/strata structure of agriculture that took place during the last two decades in the Serbian society are described and explained. After that, an attempt was made to explain this new structure in the context of a broader structure of Serbian society and its reproduction, taking into the consideration the existing views (Lazic/Cvejic). The author especially emphasises his critical views on some disputable issues.

Novos aportes teórico-metodológicos para o diagnóstico de osteoartrose em séries esqueléticas e sua importância para a arqueologia brasileira: I - Registro dos processos tafonômicos e dos marcadores ósseos

Estudos de Marcadores de Estresse Ocupacional (MEO) têm sido cada vez mais realizados com vistas ao entendimento do estilo de vida de populações antigas, uma vez que são potencialmente capazes de informar acerca das solicitações mecânicas ocorridas ao longo da vida, principalmente aquelas relacionadas a atividades cotidianas. Osteoartroses estão entre os principais tipos de MEO, as quais, devido à alta frequência entre populações pré-coloniais, têm sido objeto de muitos estudos bioarqueológicos entre pesquisadores norte-americanos e europeus. Apesar de demonstrado seu potencial para informar sobre padrões adaptativos e divisão sexual e/ou social de tarefas, esses estudos ainda são raros no Brasil. Esta situação tem relação, provavelmente, com uma série de problemas metodológicos para entendimento, identificação e registro dos marcadores osteológicos da osteoartrose. Um amplo projeto desenvolvido pela autora vem evidenciando a falta de padronização nesses estudos, além da utilização de metodologias inadequadas, as quais resultam em erros sistemáticos de quantificação. Como consequência, observa-se a inviabilização de comparações de resultados entre séries afins, além do comprometimento da confiabilidade e interpretação dos padrões observados. Este artigo discute a importância dos critérios de eleição das articulações a serem examinadas, da padronização e adequação do registro dos marcadores ósseos, assim como dos estudos de MEO, especificamente de osteoartroses, para a arqueologia brasileira.

The ideal of the person: Recovering the novelty of Durkheim’s sociology. Part II: Modern society, the cult of the person, and the sociological project

The aim of this article is to clarify the difference between the anthropological category of the person, as analyzed in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912), and the modern ideal of a free autonomous person, which had been at the center of Durkheim’s sociological project since The Division of Social Labor (1893). After explaining the need to return to a sociological perspective, the article considers Durkheim’s examination of the transformations implied by the modern cult of the person in the practical and intellectual organization of social practices. The modern ideal constitutes morality as a social fact, requiring a new form of moral education, as a first step toward a wider political transformation, based on social aspirations to justice that it is the task of sociology to explain, understand, and help realize. This practical commitment opens the way to an understanding of sociology’s original place in the modern epistemological discussion and, consequently, to an appreciation of the novelty Durkheim achieved in founding the French School of Sociology.

Book review: Alternatives to Neoliberal Globalisation: Studies in the Political Economy of Institutions and Late Development, by Dic Lo

Alternatives to Neoliberal Globalisation: Studies in the Political Economy of Institutions and Late Development, Palgrave: London, 2012; 197 pp: 9780230347182, 60 [pounds sterling] (hbk) Globalisation and development are vital issues that affect lives of millions of people, and they have always been among the primary problems that have demonstrated the bankruptcy of mainstream perspectives in the social sciences, and the power of critical and radical political economy. Alternatives to Neoliberal Globalisation, by Dic Lo, is a welcome contribution to this field. In the first half of the book, Lo provides a solid critique of a number of mainstream economic perspectives on global development ('new institutional economics', 'new political economy', etc.) as well as an assessment of some heterodox approaches ('new international division of labour', the variety of dependency theory, regulation theory, etc.). Lo's intention is to reconcile technological and institutional dimensions of development. Building on the regulation approach to dynamics of capitalist development and the Schumpeterian approach that considers the technological underpinning of long-term change, he develops a techno-economic paradigm. It is the main notion of this book, and is defined as a combination of 'a generic technology that affects a major part of the economy' with 'the particular form of industrial (intra- and interfirm) organisation plus the demand regime that matches the comparative efficiency attributes of particular organisational form' (p. 67). Developing the taxonomy of what he describes as three main theoretical paradigms of explanation of the market system (Walrasian, neo-Hobbesian and Marxian), as well as Marxian and Smithian notions of the division of labour, he provides a description of three stylised techno-economic paradigms. These are Paradigm I (based on the social division of labour, markets and steady-state growth path), Paradigm II (based on the detailed division of labour, hierarchies and transitory multiple growth path), and Paradigm III (based on the social division of labour, networks and non-converging multiple growth paths). These distinctions and the very notion of techno-economic paradigms sound quite abstract, but fortunately, the second half of the book provides some clarifications for these notions and taxonomies. This consists of applications of the theory developed, and a discussion of conceptual perspectives on selected important developments in the global economy. The chapter on East Asia provides a balanced synthesis of theoretical explanations for the rise and decline of the 'East Asian miracle' with Lo's own discussion of a region-wide regime of accumulation and its mediated relation to the dynamics of the world market. The chapter on post-Soviet transition is again centred on economic theories, and is based on the apparent contradiction of 'Big Bang' and 'gradualist' theoretical and policy approaches to economic reforms. Lo shows that both of these approaches 'place emphasis on market formation, the creation of private ownership, and the total integration of transition economies in the world market', and thus have 'serious conceptual flaws in explaining the nexus of transition and development' (p. 141). While this is certainly true, the absence of any real-world assessments of post-Soviet capitalist transition make this chapter absolutely outdated, since it remains stuck in the conceptual debates of the early 1990s. Two chapters in particular have a special relevance, perhaps, for readers of Capital & Class, because of their topics. In Chapter 6, Lo discusses the economic performance of Chinese development in the post-Maoist era and its contradictions with neoliberal prescriptions. The most interesting aspect of this chapter is its confrontation with the standard left-wing critiques of economic and developmental policies of the Peoples' Republic of China, which relate growth performance to the super-exploitation of Chinese labour and export dependence on the world market (for example, see Harvey 2005; Li 2009). …

Methodical principles of the integrational processes of agro-industrial production

Scientific approaches to the classification of integration types are under discussion in this article. The prime objective of the studies undertaken was to develop the scientific foundation to specify integration types to agrarian business, their directions and forms, and to generalize scientific approaches to the classification of integration. The development of agro-industrial integration is an intrinsic economic function. This process relates to a social division of labor and its area of concentration. Therefore, we may need to refer to cooperation between the branches of agrarian and industrial production. From here, it follows that in terms of productive forces development, their collaboration, combination, integration, which received a new impetus in the world practice as a result of the latest achievements in the scientific and technological advance, are being observed. Agro-industrial integration allows to agrarian companies to reduce the risk concerning the production, its dependence on environmental conditions, agricultural product market spontaneity, necessity to grow competitive production. Processing and operating companies in agrarian field are also interested in regular income due to firm raw material resources or market outlet and services. Consequently, it is necessary to finalize the directions to implement integration processes. At any time thereafter, determination of directions and forms for integration formation will guarantee to manufacturers (agrarian companies), processing and operating companies of agro-industrial complex, considering all advantages and disadvantages, the alternative for those types of integration formation, which would be viable, subject to the present conditions, and would provide high productive cooperation for agricultural and processing companies.

Brief Discussion on Obstacles and Strategies of Furniture Enterprises in Resorting to Third Part Logistics

Nowadays, under the great background of increasingly fierce competition and more refined social division of labor, there are more advantages for the furniture enterprises to resort to the third party logistics. In order to improve the development level of the third party logistics, furniture enterprises should provide macro guarantee, determine correct logistics ideas, set up professional third party furniture logistics enterprises, and select appropriate third party logistics mode.

Mapping the cognitive environment of fifth graders: an empirical analysis for use in environmental planning

This study employs an experiment investigating cognitive mapping of fifth-grade children living in a remote village environment, wherein characteristics of the landscape included paths, landmarks, nodes, edges, and districts. Two aspects of analysis were salient in this study. First, important landscape characteristics and their frequency of appearance in the cognitive maps were tabulated and illustrated as a layout map. Second, inaccurate cognitive maps were structurally analyzed to account for any incompleteness, distortions, and augmentation of actual environments found in some map samples. Focus on gender differences in children's environmental cognition in terms of symbolic representation skills utilized in cognitive mapping is of special interest in this case study. Results confirm Piaget's theory that older children, aged ten or more, begin to use projective and Euclidean concepts. Furthermore, boys used a greater variety of symbols to represent a particular landscape characteristic, a cultural temple, than did the girls. Finally, we hypothesize that the `hunter---gatherer' social divisions of labor between men and women in the village's early historical social structure are consequentially related to gender discrepancies in cognitive mapping symbolic representation skills, in non-English-speaking children.

The Research of Transaction Costs Between Real Estate Developers and Their Partners

Abstract With the continued refinement of the social division of labor, China’s real estate industry is ranging from the “big and complete” to professional development, therefore the real estate developers establish business with a growing number of partners. What are the transaction costs between them, and what factors affect their transaction costs, this is the problem that is worthy of exploring. This paper uses transaction cost theory in the new institutional economics to study the influencing factors and mechanisms of the transaction costs between real estate developers and its partners, and tries to use system dynamics to analysis these factors.

国际航运中心演变历程及信息技术的影响：文献述评研究

随着上海国际航运中心建设的加速，国内外关于国际航运中心、高端航运服务业集聚以及信息技术影响的研究成为热点，但是相关研究比较零散，从传统产业视角开展政策制定和规划分析的居多，通过文献述评对国际航运中心演化历程进行研究的较少。本文系统梳理国内外相关研究，从社会化分工和专业化、全球价值链形成、高端航运服务业集聚和国家政策等层面总结以往研究，目的是阐明国际航运中心演化规律，特别探讨了信息技术影响高端航运服务集聚的代表性观点，最后进行总结。With the accelerating construction of Shanghai international shipping center, the domestic and for- eign research about the international shipping center, high-end shipping service industry agglomeration and the influence of information technology has become a research hot spot, but the related research is frag- mented, mostly carrying policy and planning analysis from the traditional industry perspective. Less is the evolution of international shipping center through the research literature review. In this paper, the related re- search home and abroad being analyzed systematically, from the social division of labor and specialization, global value chain, high-end shipping service industry agglomeration and national policy level, previous studies are summarized, in order to clarify the evolution of international shipping center. The representative views of the influence of information technology on high end shipping service agglomeration are discussed especially. Finally the summary is given.

Cloud Machining Community for Social Manufacturing

Under the great trend of social manufacturing, the professional social division of labour in manufacturing industry and the distribution of manufacturing resources force more and more enterprises focus on their core business than ever before and outsource most of the non-core manufacturing activities to other professional organizations. In this condition, this paper proposed a new-type cloud system which is call cloud machining community (CMC) to integrate the distributed MRs and provide on-demand services for service requestors who need them. The framework of CMC together with it working flow is proposed. At last, some key enabling technologies are talked about in detail, such as virtual access of machining resources (MRs) and machining demands (MDs), retrieval and matching between MRs and MDs, generation of machining groups and creditworthiness evaluation mechanism.

The ideal of the person: Recovering the novelty of Durkheim’s sociology. Part I: The idea of society and its relation to the individual

For Durkheim, sociology, as a new kind of science, is part and parcel of the constitutional process of modern societies. This conception of sociology rests on two fundamental theses. First, society, as a normative realm made up of ideas, and especially of ideals, is an ontological novelty: it shows itself in the constitution of individuals, since human beings are persons able to think and act only as long as they are social individuals. Second, modern society is an historical novelty, constituted by an ideal of the person which asks and enables each social individual to become a fully autonomous being. The aim of this paper is to clarify these two basic foundations of Durkheimian sociology. Part I focuses on the first thesis: Durkheim’s reconstruction of the sociological tradition as a conceptual struggle toward the idea of society, conceived as a new order of reality. It examines the social philosophy Durkheim developed in order to account for the relation between society and the individual; the conceptualization of the human individual as social in The Division of Social Labor, its later development in the framework of The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Part II, to be published in a second volume, will focus on the second thesis.

A Ditadura Varguista no Brasil (1937-1945) e o Primer Franquismo na Espanha (1939-1945): poder e contra-poder das enfermeiras

Estudo histórico-social cujos objetivos foram os de descrever as principais características das ditaduras de Vargas e Franco e analisar as implicações destas para a institucionalização da enfermagem no Brasil e na Espanha. As fontes utilizadas foram documentos escritos localizados em arquivos brasileiros e espanhóis e a literatura relativa ao tema. A análise dos dados, apoiada por conceitos da Teoria do Mundo Social de Pierre Bourdieu, evidenciou que, no Brasil e na Espanha, no que se referia à divisão social do trabalho, o ponto de encontro entre Igreja e Estado consistia na reclusão da mulher no espaço privado. Conclui-se que as qualidades femininas foram capitalizadas pelas enfermeiras para legitimarem sua atuação no espaço público, ainda que para reproduzir neste espaço, consentido pelo Estado e pela Igreja, ocupações adequadas à feminilidade.

Division of Social Labor, Legal Classification, and the Welfare State: The Multi-Dimensional Nonprofit Sector

AbstractCurrent theories on nonprofits focus primarily on the situation in developed countries. By performing a systematic evaluation based on Salamon and Anheier’s theory of the “social origins of the nonprofit sector,” the writers posit that there exist structural differences between the nonprofit sectors in developed and developing countries. Moreover, the differences are determined by the social structures and social institutions in which nonprofit sectors are embedded. Important factors identified include division of labor in society, legal classifications, and the influence of the welfare state. The article describes the relationships between the state of the nonprofit sector and three factors: division of labor, legal classifications, and the welfare state.