Social Division Of Labor Research Articles

Technology and Progress in Islamicate Political Thought

Abstract This study compares how technology is theorised in an early sixteenth-century description of China, ʿAlī Akbar Khaṭāyī’s Khaṭāy-nāmeh (‘Book of China’), and two major works of late medieval Islamic political theory, Ibn Khaldūn’s (d. 1406) Muqaddimah and Jalāl al-Dīn Davānī’s (d. 1502) Akhlāq-i Jalālī (‘Jalālian Ethics’). Concepts of artifice and distinctions between the natural and artificial, as well as the social division of labour, are critical to all three authors’ views of political authority and statecraft. Khaṭāyī and Ibn Khaldūn express diametrically opposed views within a common theoretical framework concerning the effects of artificial law and technical training on social relations, a difference in attitude likely due in part to the great importance Khaṭāyī attributed to Chinese firearms.

Geochemical and Documentary Topography of a Medieval Silver Valley: Detection of Workshops and Identification of Their Function

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the interdisciplinary investigation (archaeology, geochemistry, history) of a medieval silver and lead production site located in southern France, in the Minier valley (Occitanie, Aveyron, Le‐Viala‐du‐Tarn). In order to identify the production sites, in situ geochemical surveys were carried out using a portable X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer and differential GPS, guided on the analysis of medieval archival sources. The cartographic representation of the metal concentrations in the surface horizons shows significant enrichment of zinc and lead in the vicinity of the mines. This first type of enrichment makes it possible to highlight the activities of separation of sphalerite and silver‐bearing galena. The galena thus isolated on the hillsides is then transported to the vicinity of watercourses, where it is crushed, washed, and smelted. These secondary activities result in a last type of enrichment in which only lead is found in large quantities. The cross‐referencing of the information made it possible to overcome the challenges related to the location of the mineral processing workshops, which were often invisible on the surface. The medieval workshops have been located and a function suggested, outlining the first trends in the spatial and social division of labour and providing a solid corpus for future archaeological excavations. Finally, this study highlights the persistence of significant metal contamination in the soils of a rural valley and encourages the consideration of former mining areas when examining the environmental impact of metal production.

Research on the Impact of Agricultural Production Outsourcing on Farmers’ Fertilizer Application Intensity: An Inverse U-Shaped Relationship

Agricultural production outsourcing services encourage a shift in the way crops are grown in developing countries and make it easier for small farmers to join the social division of labor in agriculture. This makes production more efficient and has a big effect on the inputs used in agriculture, especially fertilizer. This paper empirically tests the impact of production outsourcing on farmers’ fertilizer intensity using the instrumental variables method with non-planar panel data from the 2020–2022 China Land Economy Survey (CLES) of farm plots. The results showed that there was a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the degree of agricultural production outsourcing and the intensity of fertilization on farmers’ plots. Mechanistic analysis shows that agricultural production outsourcing affects the fertilizer intensity by changing the labor allocation of farmers. Especially as the degree of agricultural production outsourcing increases, the intensity of farm labor inputs by farmers gradually decreases, and the impact of fertilizer intensity on the plots showed a tendency to be promoted first and then suppressed. The moderating effect showed that plot size was a major moderating factor. This means that the bigger the plot, the flatter the inverted U-shaped curve became, and the same level of outsourcing could lead to less fertilizer application. This happened by moving the inflection point of the inverted U-shaped curve to the left, which stopped the fertilizer application at a lower level of outsourcing. Heterogeneity analysis showed that participation in technology-intensive production outsourcing was beneficial in terms of reducing fertilizer intensity, and that an increased degree of agriculture production outsourcing was beneficial for farmers with large plot sizes and younger heads of household.

Mapping gender patterns in “dynamic cultural spaces”: the case of Beijing’s open-air antiques “ghost market” at Panjiayuan

Despite the growing recognition of the importance of street vendors and informal markets for urban life and the economy globally, research attention has tended to focus on essential products such as food or clothes and paid less attention to cultural products, such as antiques where potential gender, and other socio-demographic, differences in vending and buying behaviours may systematically differ. To explore these issues, this study employed spatial–temporal behaviour mapping (STBM) and field observations (n = 8587) at Beijing’s Panjiayuan antiques “ghost market” a term reflecting its previously illegal/underground and mobile nature. We monitored four representative sites within the market, four times a day for six consecutive days. The data included five categories of behaviour, four age groups, and two genders. Data were recorded and analysed using ArcGIS. Results showed that, unlike common marketplaces, the antique market is primarily frequented by male vendors and buyers, replicating patterns seen in ancient Chinese paintings of men being involved in the trading of “non-essentials”. Nonetheless, we found differing gender balances depending on the time and day of the week, different age groups, and spatial settings in different market areas. We summarise the nuanced relationships between the emerging gender spatio-temporal behaviour patterns and three key factors, spatial characteristics, physical activities and the social division of labour, in the Chinese context. The study reveals how the varied spatial–temporal patterns of a large antique “ghost market” raise long-established issues of equity and inclusivity and provide empirical insights that could inform decision-making and urban planning, such as better use of dynamic lighting provision to encourage a more gender-balanced experience.

Искусство (юридической) науки

Within the framework of the social division of labor and the place of state jurisprudence among other regulatory systems designed to regulate social life, parliamentarians create rules of conduct designed only for typical situations and average citizens, and law enforcement officers are forced to apply such templates to individual cases and specific people. Thus, the reaction of the authorities turns out to be deliberately inaccurate and therefore unfair. It is corrected by various means, but the most delicate and effective – the ennobling of insensitive state law with the help of technology and extreme orientations of art as the highest layer of culture – is almost not cultivated. It is scientists who can and should correct the situation, who are engaged in free mental work every day and are not involved in law-making and the settlement of legal conflicts. The article argues for the need for legal scholars to perform this spiritual duty. It shows the connection of the attractiveness of jurisprudence with modern trends in culture and art, defines their content, differences and channels of communication with each other, on the basis of which assumptions are made about the fundamental compatibility of science and art, about the predominant need of science in art, but not vice versa, and also presents arguments for and against" the movement of law towards the beautiful. The central fragment of the article is the question of what ideals, tools and practice of art can influence the spiritualization of legal thought. The author classifies universal attitudes, private technologies, motives for striving for elegance and ways of hygiene of art into 3 categories – personal urges to creativ-ity, the ultimate socio-cultural orientations of the servants of the muses and the mechanisms of man-made maintenance of spirituality by them, shows the ways of penetration of aesthetics into jurisprudence, and also gives the names and works of representatives of criminal law science analyzing cultural fundamentals of the industry and those engaged in its spiritualization. Measures to increase the aesthetic appeal of legal science are presented to the readers and deductive knowledge is presented, the quintessence of which is the idea that a meaningful way beyond the platitudes and practicality is not contrary to the logic of legal science and its location in the social system of division of labor, assumes the individuality of a thinking scientist, strives for the ideal, is distinguished by elegance, is of particular value to cognitive activity for professionals and society.

Breakthrough in the Relativity of Traditional Contract Subjects: The Case of the International Contract for the Carriage of Goods

The contract of carriage of goods is a typical agreement commonly encountered in both domestic and international trade. Relevant legislation pertaining to this matter can be found dispersed across civil codes, commercial codes, and specialized transport laws in various countries. According to the relativity of traditional contracts, the contracts are only binding on the contracting parties. However, with the development of the economy and the sophistication of the social division of labor, the behavior of goods transportation often involves the interests of third parties other than the contractual counterparts. Hence, the practice has required the breakthrough of the relativity of the contract of carriage of goods. From the views of the subjects, the groups of the shipper, the carrier, and the consignee have emerged. This paper studies the above three subjects, from the perspective of comparative law to recognize the legal phenomenon of the breakthrough in the relativity of the subject of the contract of carriage of goods.

Gender Socialization of the Child in the Ukrainians’ Traditional Culture (Late 19th – Mid-20th Century)

The article is dedicated to one of the important aspects of Ukrainian traditional culture, namely the gender-role education of a child, his or her gender socialization. The relevance of the topic is specified with the high interest in the peculiarities of Ukrainian folk culture, its evolution and transformation, the need to understand the determining factors of the existence of Ukrainians of previous generations, a wide range of issues related to the social influence on the human personality in the past and present. A person’s adoption of a social role, acquisition of certain psychological traits, determined by society depending on gender, is a process of gender socialization. In traditional society, in particular Ukrainian one, this process has taken place through upbringing, using ritual and magical actions, designing a successful life scenario for the child. At the same time, ritualism is combined with practices related to the child’s appearance. The processes of gender-role socialization are reflected vividly in the ethnographic material of the late 19th and mid-20th centuries concerning maternity rites, norms related to the child’s appearance and initiation practices. Children’s clothing culture has largely reflected and consolidated the established norms of upbringing, social role. The change of the child’s status has been taking place with his or her maturity, especially with the attraction to economic activities. The social division of labour into women’s and men’s has been reflected both in the rites related to new-born children, through the use of appropriate attributes, and in attraction to corresponding work. Clear observance of symbolic rites has been combined with less regulated standards of appearance, those haven’t reflected a clear gender difference of children in certain periods of life. The process of raising a child in Ukrainian traditional culture implies the modelling of clearly regulated roles of adults, the symbolic consolidation of gender and the designing of a successful social role in the future.

Trends in the integration of researchers into the social division of labor

As the functional role of science in the development of the economy expands, specialists of scientific organizations are becoming an increasingly significant subject of the social division of labor. On the basis of open data of official statistics and the results of a nationwide representative study, the authors of the article show that the expansion of the economic role of science workers is accompanied by the transformation of a large part of their intellectual activity into creative engineering for innovative production. At the same time, the labor of the majority of scientists is transforming from exclusive to mass-production, bringing the nature of their living conditions closer to the way of life of workers of mass professions, partly transforming into precarious labor. At the same time, it is shown that the formation of precariat is not a deviation in the classical form of wage labor, but the transformation of the proletariat as a class into precariat, which is also characteristic of scientific workers.

Impact and response: Debate on the necessity of female education in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic period

The late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China were the periods of rapid changes in Chinese society. People’s thoughts were wandering between persistence and innovation. Influenced by the introduction of Western ideas, missionaries and advanced Chinese intellectuals advocated women’s education and the establishment of girls’ schools. Influenced by the traditional social division of labor, feudal ethical thoughts and heavy historical accumulation, it has not received unanimous support, and this resistance mainly comes from conservatives. Under the pressure of public opinion from all walks of life, women’s right to education was initially established. The debate on the necessity of women’s education presents the characteristics of impact and response, reflecting the rise of feminism and the awakening of women’s self-consciousness.

A group decision making approach based on the multi-dimensional Steiner point

<abstract> <p>The social division of labor has become increasingly specialized, and there are more and more group decision-making problems participated by multiple decision-makers. With respect to the multi-attribute group decision making problem, including two-tuple linguistic information, based on the theory and method of group decision making, Steiner point constraint and plant growth simulation algorithm, we establish a novel multi-attribute group decision making approach based on two-tuple linguistic information aggregation. We introduce Steiner points into group consensus decision making and use the PGSA algorithm to seek the global optimal point. The method seeks set points that are both mathematically and geometrically meaningful to reduce set bias. In this paper, to begin with, according to the constraints of multi-dimensional Steiner point, we map the evaluation vectors of the group experts over the alternatives into multi-dimensional space and then we propose a two-tuple linguistic information aggregation model. Moreover, we construct a comprehensive evaluation decision making approach and then design a plant growth simulation algorithm to select the optimal alternative. Finally, a case verifies the validity and rationality of the proposed model.</p> </abstract>

Towards a political sociology of work: Axel Honneth’s “Democracy and the division of social labor”

Resumo Neste artigo apresentamos nossa tradução e introdução crítica ao texto “Democracia e divisão do trabalho social: mais um capítulo negligenciado da filosofia política” em que Axel Honneth apresenta a tese de que a divisão do trabalho social possui íntima relação com a distribuição de chances de participação política e, afinal, com a qualidade da democracia em sociedades modernas. Partindo da constatação de que a teoria política contemporânea raramente se dedicou ao estudo de questões relacionadas ao mundo trabalho dos sujeitos políticos, o autor propõe uma atualização sistemática da concepção de divisão do trabalho social, por meio da qual não apenas as atividades laborais sejam vistas como passíveis de reformulação, mas também a concepção mesma daquilo que é tradicionalmente considerado como trabalho social.

The Digital Walls of the University: Translating New Metrics of Labour, Education, and Mobility in the COVID-19 Crisis

The COVID-19 crisis has drastically accelerated the reconfiguration of the borders between the university and the outside world. In this scenario, the walls of the university, whose function is the discrimination of the university’s external and internal elements, are satisfied via units of artificial measure (metrics) that organise the social division of labour and continuously retrace the boundary between the “foreign” and the “internal.” If earlier reforms in higher education aimed at widening access and improving academic success, on the one hand, and adapting to the demand of the labour market for a more “flexible” workforce, on the other, the exponential use of digital platforms in education strongly focuses on establishing a real-time translatability among different demands within a single tool of governance. While educational institutions exponentially rely on indexes, which are intended to both measure the fluctuations and the demands of the labour market in real time, it is urgent to rethink how we translate technology across social, economic, and cultural fields and to formulate teaching and learning machines capable of responding to the complexities and the challenges of the present.

Конкурентні програми реформування власності: вітчизняна наукова спадщина кінця XIX – початку XX ст.

The article is devoted to the study and coverage of property issues in the economic thought of Ukraine at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The purpose of the study is a retrospective generalization of the results of a critical and comparative analysis by domestic economists of the specified period of alternative property reform programs in the aspect of their theoretical validity and predictive expectations of socio-economic consequences. The results of a critical review by domestic scientists of the Marxist concept of property as a justification for the need for full socialization of the means of production are presented, in particular, the insufficiency of the labor theory of value for the economic justification of the ownership of the working class over the entire social product and the unsuitability of the Marxist theory of the capitalist system development for proving the historical necessity of liquidating a system based on private property. Scientific discussions surrounding various projects of land nationalization as a partial socialization of the means of production are analyzed. It was revealed that the majority of scientists refuted the accusations of private ownership of land and the landowner's right to land rent as insufficient moral justification and considered it inappropriate to carry out land nationalization in any form. The development of the concept of multifaceted forms of ownership as the basis for the effective functioning of the market economy in Ukrainian science is highlighted. The conclusion is substantiated that the development of the economic and legal foundations of a mixed economy, based on the principle of equal partnership of various forms of ownership as a guarantee of the practical realization of their best sides and improvement of the social division of labor, became an important achievement of Ukrainian economic science.

Variation in the physiological response of adult worker bees of different ages (Apis mellifera L.) to pyraclostrobin stress

The social division of labor within the honeybee colony is closely related to the age of the bees, and the age structure is essential to the development and survival of the colony. Differences in tolerance to pesticides and other external stresses among worker bees of different ages may be related to their social division of labor and corresponding physiological states. Pyraclostrobin was widely used to control the fungal diseases of nectar and pollen plants, though it was not friend to honey bees and other pollinators. This work aimed to determine the effects of field recommended concentrations of pyraclostrobin on the activities of protective and detoxifying enzymes, on the expression of genes involved in nutrient metabolism, and immune response in worker bees of different ages determined to investigate the physiological and biochemical differences in sensitivity to pyraclostrobin among different age of worker bees. The result demonstrates that the tolerance of adult worker bees to pyraclostrobin was negatively correlated with their age, and the significantly reduced survival rate of forager bees (21 day-old) with continued fungicide exposure. The activities of protective enzymes (CAT and SOD) and detoxifying enzymes (CarE, GSTs and CYP450) in different ages of adult worker bees were significantly altered, indicating the physiological response and the regulatory capacity of worker bees of different ages to fungicide stress was variation. Compared with 1 and 8 day-old worker bees, the expression of nutrient-related genes (ilp1 and ilp2) and immunity-related genes (apidaecin and defensin1) in forager bees (21 day-old) was gradually downregulated with increasing pyraclostrobin concentrations. Moreover, the expression of vitellogenin and hymenoptaecin in forager bees (21 day-old) was also decreased in high concentration treatment groups (250 and 313 mg/L). The present study confirmed the findings of the chronic toxicity of pyraclostrobin on the physiology and biochemistry of worker bees of different ages, especially to forager bees (21 day-old). These results would provide important physiological and biochemical insight for better understanding the potential risks of pyraclostrobin on honeybees and other non-target pollinators.

Research on the Role of Digital Economy in Industrial Structure Optimization Evidence from China's Provincial Panel

The development of digital economy not only promotes economic growth, but also promotes the optimization and development of industrial structure. Using the panel data of 31 provinces provided by China Statistical Yearbook, this paper constructs two indicators of digital economy and industrial structure optimization, and uses two-way fixed effect model to study the impact effect, heterogeneity analysis and mechanism analysis of digital economy on industrial structure optimization. The research shows that the development of digital economy has significantly optimized the industrial structure; In different regions of China, the role of digital economy in the optimization of industrial structure is different. The improvement of innovation level and social division of labor will significantly promote the optimization effect of digital economy on industrial structure. The results of this study show that it is necessary to further promote the integration of digital economy and the traditional three industries, and give full play to the enabling role of digital economy with higher quality. We should pay attention to the different impacts of digital economy on industrial structure optimization in different regions and take measures according to local conditions. It is necessary to refine the social division of labor in the region and strengthen the regional innovation ability, so as to give full play to the optimization efficiency of digital economy on industrial structure.

A Survey on Fair Allocation of Chores

Wherever there is group life, there has been a social division of labor and resource allocation, since ancient times. Examples include ant colonies, bee colonies, and wolf colonies. Different roles are responsible for different tasks. The same is true of human beings. Human beings are the largest social group in nature, among whom there are intricate social networks and interest networks between individuals. In such a complex relationship, how do decision makers allocate resources or tasks to individuals in a fair way? This is a topic worthy of further study. In recent decades, fair allocation has been at the core of research in economics, mathematics and other fields. The fair allocation problem is to assign a set of items to a set of agents so that each agent’s allocation is as fair as possible to satisfy each agent. The fairness measurements followed in current research include envy-freeness, proportionality, equitability, maximin share fairness, competitive equilibrium, maximum Nash social diswelfare, and so on. In this paper, the main concern is the allocation of chores. We discuss this problem in two parts: divisible and indivisible. We comprehensively review the existing results, algorithms, and approximations that meet various fairness criteria in chronological order. The relevant results of achieving fairness and efficiency are also discussed. In addition, we propose some open questions and future research directions for this problem based on existing research.

Signs and Models of Modern Capitalism: Conclusions for Enterprises in the Period of Digitalization of the Economy

The theoretical and historical aspects of the development of capitalism in Europe, which is dynamically developing, creates and overcomes deep socio-economic crises, are considered. Modern capitalism has a complex structure: a «core», «periphery» and a small middle layer of «satellites». The countries of the capitalist core have «outgrown» their economic models, while the countries of the periphery have not «grown up» to the current models of the «core». It was determined that most countries are in search of more perfect models of production development, maximizing the profit of the ruling classes and elites. For this purpose, mechanisms for accelerating scientific and technological progress, new technological systems, and relevant institutes are used. Technical progress is accompanied by the loss of spirituality, the destruction of values and traditions, which significantly slows down the development of the economy and enterprises. The instability of society arises as a result of the mismatch of social, collective (group) and personal interests of the population, classes, elite groups, clans, and families. Social sciences develop under the influence of the class interests of the ruling elites. Economic science actually lags behind economic practice. Liberal theories, focused on the exclusion of the state from the economy, complicate the situation of real production and business entities. It was determined that despite systematic crises, capitalism provides a certain level of technical progress (four industrial revolutions, six technological systems), deepened the social division of labor, increased the level of labor productivity, mastered ICT, digitalization, etc. Based on the current state of science and practice, management models adequate to the theories of «inclusive capitalism», «new integral economic system», «convergence», «people’s capitalism» become promising for enterprises. Their use requires deep knowledge in the field of management, planning and their carriers – initiative, persistent, responsible, self-sufficient, constantly updating their skills, professionalism. The purpose of the research is to identify the signs and characteristic features of models of modern capitalism, the formation of directions for their use by enterprises in the context of ICT, digitalization of the economy. The methodological prerequisites of the study are the priorities of spirituality in the system «consciousness-matter; spiritual-bio-social essence of man and society; the basis of society – the spirituality and traditional values of the people; social economic laws are based on empirical knowledge, hypotheses and faith, established by law and morality; system and coordination of interests of the state, society, corporations, enterprises; the priority of public interests; increasing the role of natural assessment indicators, which are necessary in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. Research methods: dialectical; the concept of three forces of development; historical; evolutionary; cognition – «from empirical perception to abstract (theoretical) understanding, from this to practice»; analysis and synthesis; modeling; comparison, evaluation, standardization.

Efficient search of decision makers’ region of interest by using preference directions in multi-objective coevolutionary algorithm

Most multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) provide decision makers (DMs) with an overall trade-off Pareto front. However, in practice, DMs are generally interested in a specific subset of the Pareto front that satisfies their preferences; this subset is known as the region of interest (ROI). Existing preference-based MOEAs may fail to provide satisfactory ROIs to DMs owing to inaccurate analysis of the DM’s preference information or weak diversity maintenance. This study proposes a multi-objective coevolutionary algorithm (MOCA) based on the DM’s preference direction (MOCA-PD), inspired by the mechanism of the social division of labor. To achieve the social goal of obtaining the ROI, a search center is generated by a preference model based on the DM’s preference direction. The preference model uses the search center as the criterion for the social selection of talents, with some solutions that meet the DM’s preferences selected as social leaders. To accelerate the realization of the social goal, the preference model assigns team members according to the leader’s ability; this is similar to how more capable leaders lead more team members in a society. Two teamwork operations are defined for team members to communicate (crossover and mutation) and generate offspring that are better aligned with the DM’s preferences. In addition, the diversity of social leaders is ensured by introducing an elite archive and ϵ-dominance mechanism. Experimental results on the ZDT, DTLZ, and MaF problems show that the proposed algorithm can effectively guide the population to the ROI, enabling DMs to make better and more reliable decisions.

PERAN PEREMPUAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA PEMBUDIDAYA IKAN AIR TAWAR DI KELURAHAN SUMBERSARI KOTA METRO

The purpose of this study was to identify the role of women in freshwater fish farming households. The research was carried out in Sumbersari Village, Metro Selatan District with consideration as a center for freshwater fisheries in Metro City in November-December 2020. Respondents to the study consisted of 20 freshwater fish farming households which were selected using the simple random sampling method. Data were analyzed using qualitative methods and Harvard methods to see the role of women in gender activity profiles (reproductive, productive and social division of labor), access to resources and benefits and control over resources and benefits based on gender. The role of women in aquatic fish farming households is dominated by reproductive activities (domestik work). Activities whose division of labor is dominated by men include: 1) Productive division of labor, 2) Social division of labor, 3) Access to resources, and 4) Control over resources. Equality in the division of labor based on gender has occurred in access to benefits and control over benefits activities. In general, the division of labor in the air-tawae fish farming household is not equal between men and women. Women dominate in the division of labor in the domestik sector and men dominate in the productive, social, and access to family resources sectors.

Digital transformations of the urban – carbon – labor nexus: A research agenda

Digitalization is profoundly impacting natural resource extraction. Mines and wells are monitored and managed in new ways from real-time data streams to algorithmic decision-making to implementation of automated vehicles. How mines and wells are superintended is restructuring the geographies of employment as more of the day-to-day mining operations are centralized in urban locations distant from sites of extraction. Digital infrastructures allow for greater control over distant non-urban extractive geographies, but they also are remaking urban spaces. While the tendency today is to create ever more geographically extensive extractive-labor regimes, these regimes are increasingly modulated by digital technology advances, a feature that also central in the drive for cities to become “smart.”Here, in a review of the literature, we theorize these transformations and show that they raise pressing new research questions at the (digitalized) nexus of urban — carbon — labor. We argue that to date, research, particularly that on digitalization, has at any time tended to focus on two of the three nodes in this nexus, and better integrating all 3 of them raises unique theoretical challenges. We offer 4 inquiries as an agenda that can guide future research. First, how should urban labor be brought to bear on digital extraction scholarship? Second, how is digitalization of carbon-extractive economies shaping social divisions of labor in the smart city? Third, does the datafication of “nature” in energy-extractive industries transform political ecology relations? Fourth, how does the particular context of the extractive industries make us rethink urban economies of digital labor?