Social Code Research Articles

Margo Zimmerman Gets the Girl by Brianna R. Shrum

Reviewed by: Margo Zimmerman Gets the Girl by Brianna R. Shrum Natalie Berglind Shrum, Brianna R. Margo Zimmerman Gets the Girl; written by Brianna R. Shrum and Sara Waxelbaum. Inkyard, 2023 [304p] Trade ed. ISBN 9781335453655 $19.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9780369735065 $9.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R Gr. 9-12 One fateful spin-the-bottle kiss with another girl has Margo Zimmerman dumping her quarterback boyfriend in search of the lesbian unknown. She has little reference in how to be gay, but she’s an excellent student, and as an autistic person she’s used to manually cracking social codes. Abbie Sokoloff, meanwhile, has been loudly and proudly out as bi for years and happens to be failing AP US History. So when Margo approaches Abbie to demand lessons in “Queer 101,” Abbie asks Margo for tutoring in return. The framework is set up for genre-savvy romance readers to watch these two gals turn their rocky start into a slow-building romance, full of teasing, flirting that’s just for practice (or not), and denials of obvious romantic signs. It quickly becomes apparent that there’s no right way to be gay, and even Abbie falls victim to certain assumptions, like that Margo doesn’t exude lesbianism with her femme presentation. In spite of this, not every stereotype is debunked, and the characters’ personalities sometimes come off as two-dimensional, especially illuminated with a cartoonish, biphobic lesbian villain of a best friend that Abbie clings to for no seeming reason. Still, the romance is plenty of fun, approaching rom-com territory while addressing the struggles of queer teen-hood, and readers interested in watching a Jewish lesbian and a Jewish bisexual girl falling in love have quite the indulgence ahead of them. Copyright © 2023 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Women's agency during the COVID-19 pandemic in the absence of male migrants: changing gender roles and social relations

This article is an account of the expression of women’s agency during the COVID-19 pandemic in the absence of male migrants and the subsequent changes in gender roles and social relations in a patriarchal Muslim society in rural Bangladesh. In doing so, the study explores the patterns of local and transborder networks of women during the pandemic and their strategies for household survival amid hardship. The study is based on 25 in-depth interviews, 10 life history interviews and 3 informal group discussions with women and men from migrant and returned migrant households. The findings of the study indicate that although there is no significant change in the roles of women in extended or joint households, some women in nuclear households are engaged in income-generating activities and are active for the survival of household members during the COVID-19 pandemic whereas in some exceptional cases, women consider the time as an opportunity to increase the household income by applying their intelligence and wisdom. The study follows intersectional and post-structural approaches and suggests that the pandemic period creates a situation, in which some women in migrant households get the advantages to widen their room for maneuver within patriarchal social codes. The study thus contributes to the field of migration and feminism

An external validation of coding for childhood maltreatment in routinely collected primary and secondary care data

Validated methods of identifying childhood maltreatment (CM) in primary and secondary care data are needed. We aimed to create the first externally validated algorithm for identifying maltreatment using routinely collected healthcare data. Comprehensive code lists were created for use within GP and hospital admissions datasets in the SAIL Databank at Swansea University working with safeguarding clinicians and academics. These code lists build on and refine those previously published to include an exhaustive set of codes. Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of previously published lists and the new algorithm were estimated against a clinically assessed cohort of CM cases from a child protection service secondary care-based setting—‘the gold standard’. We conducted sensitivity analyses to examine the utility of wider codes indicating Possible CM. Trends over time from 2004 to 2020 were calculated using Poisson regression modelling. Our algorithm outperformed previously published lists identifying 43–72% of cases in primary care with a specificity ≥ 85%. Sensitivity of algorithms for identifying maltreatment in hospital admissions data was lower identifying between 9 and 28% of cases with high specificity (> 96%). Manual searching of records for those cases identified by the external dataset but not recorded in primary care suggest that this code list is exhaustive. Exploration of missed cases shows that hospital admissions data is often focused on the injury being treated rather than recording the presence of maltreatment. The absence of child protection or social care codes in hospital admissions data poses a limitation for identifying maltreatment in admissions data. Linking across GP and hospital admissions maximises the number of cases of maltreatment that can be accurately identified. Incidence of maltreatment in primary care using these code lists has increased over time. The updated algorithm has improved our ability to detect CM in routinely collected healthcare data. It is important to recognize the limitations of identifying maltreatment in individual healthcare datasets. The inclusion of child protection codes in primary care data makes this an important setting for identifying CM, whereas hospital admissions data is often focused on injuries with CM codes often absent. Implications and utility of algorithms for future research are discussed.

Model "Triple Helix" in Optics of Expert Estimates of Scientific and Pedagogical Community of the Russian Higher Education Institutions

Relevance. The model of " triple helix" is more than 10 years a subject of theoretical judgment and development of applied techniques of her assessment and realization. However, philosophical and sociocultural aspects of her functioning, and also reflexive features among institutional agents remain on the periphery of the scientific analysis.The purpose an objective of this research is the analysis of expert positions of representatives of scientific and pedagogical community of higher education institutions about separate aspects of functioning of model of " triple helix". Objectives: To reveal expert estimates of representatives of scientific and pedagogical community of higher education institutions about separate aspects of functioning of model of "triple helix".Methodology. Research is executed on the basis of existing techniques of an assessment of innovative development of subjects of " triple helix " and empirical methods of poll.Results. Among barriers and contradictions in "spiral" integration of institutes of the power, business and science / education on the basis of expert positions are defined: 1) for the power ‒ vertical isolation and low density of horizontal cross-contacts; 2) for business ‒ scientific researches are focused on short-term prospect, values of a private property; 3) for science / education ‒ scientific researches are focused on long-term prospect, the principles of universality of scientific knowledge, objects of intellectual property.Conclusions. As a result of a situation of civilization and cultural antagonism of social codes "traditions and innovations" the functional mimicry of institutes can act, is actually realized in morphology of values traditionally Russian bureaucracies – a paternalism – corruption. Such imitations can be characterized as the institutional mutations arising in the conditions of an anomy when there is a deconstruction of traditional values, and imperatives of innovative development exists it is only declarative.

115 Effect of an enriched social environment on social maturation of horses

Conventional husbandry practices rarely allow for sociality of horses. Under natural conditions, horses learn the social codes of their group mates during the first years of life. Horses raised in box stalls have more aggressive interactions with humans than horses housed in a group setting in a pasture. Such conditions can potentially compromise the well-being of the horses. The study aimed at providing Information on the temporal evolution of the young horse's behavior in a social group to estimate better the exact age of social maturity. The study was run in a breeding stud for sport horses born and raised in large social all-age groups (20–60 horses), always outdoors on large pastures and fed roughage only. Salt lick was available. From the age of 4 years, the behavior of 9 horses was observed daily during daytime (6 h between 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m.) between June and August each year for 3 consecutive years. Each horse was observed for a total of at least 90 h and its social interactions (defensive, offensive, or affiliative) were recorded. The data was analyzed with a GLMM. The type of interaction was considered a fixed factor in interaction with age and season. The identity of horses was considered a random factor. We found that 4yrs-old horses had fewer defensive interactions than 5- and 6yrs-old horses (4yrs-5yrs P < 0.0001, 4yrs-6yrs P < 0.001). The affiliative and offensive interactions decreased continuously fromthe age of 4 to 6 yrs with 5yrs old showing in between levels (Affiliative: 4yrs-5yrs P < 0.0001, 5yrs-6yrs P < 0.001, 4yrs-6yrs P < 0.001; Offensive: 5yrs-6yrs P = 0.009, 4yrs-5yrs P < 0.001, 4yrs-6yrs P < 0.001). While getting older, horses expressed less offensive agonistic behavior and more defensive behavior suggesting a phenomenon of social maturation from the age of 4 to 6 years. This might be the consequence of a better ability to establish and respect the group's dominance hierarchy. It is also possible that more mature horses stay closer to same-rank individuals, unlike younger ones, decreasing then the risk of offensive interactions. The fact that the decrease in affiliative interactions was associated with a decrease in offensive interactions go along with the hypothesis of a social maturation and the development of better socio-cognitive skills. This development of social behavior questions the fact that many horses are traditionally isolated from congeners when they start working, from the age of 2, latest 3 years old. Our results suggest that such horses are excluded from a social group during a sensitive period of social maturation. This could induce a lack of social skills that could be necessary later for interacting normal with congeners and humans.

Tracking civility and westernization through the performances of the characters in Pride and Prejudice and Aşk-ı Memnu

This study investigates the transition of Western culture into the late Ottoman society and the traces of westernisation through cultural performances and performances of culture in private and public life. Since the concept of civility in English culture appears to be compatible with westernisation in late Ottoman culture, this study discusses how these concepts were digested in the two societies and how they were transformed into real-life performances. An in-depth comparative analysis of the performances of the characters in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil's Aşk-ı Memnu (1900) points out the analogy between the socio-cultural lives of societies and sheds light on how structured cultural performances move from one society to another. Even the habits and daily routines of members of the communities in private or public spheres, which can be taken as performances of culture, are shaped according to the socio-historical context they are situated in. Thus, several daily performances which are considered civilized in British society are considered western in Ottoman society and indicate a social code. Since the patriarchal structure of societies leads to segregated roles between the two sexes, this study discusses female education and its reflections on their performances seperately.

What are the principles for measurement and estimation of accident sequelae? : Development and function of the reduction in earning capacity (MdE) tables in the statutory accident insurance

The evaluation of permanent dysfunction after injuries to the musculoskeletal system is one of the core activities of a trauma surgeon and orthopedists. Based on the knowledge of the injury and an accurate description of the dysfunction, the medical expert then makes aproposal regarding the amount of the reduction in earning capacity (Minderung der Erwerbsfähigkeit, MdE). The amount is based on the MdE tables, which have been derived from adecade-long harmonization and coordination between administrative authorities, courts and the medical profession. They have been published in the fundamental guidelines for evaluation. Individual recommendations are subject to change; however, the benchmark figures for amputations have not changed significantly since the introduction of the statutory accident insurance in 1884, although the treatment with prostheses has continuously improved. The benchmark for the MdE is the labor market which becomes unavailable to the insured person due to the dysfunction. In the Social Code for Employment Accident Insurance (Sozialgesetzbuch für die Unfallversicherung, SGBVII), the reduction in earning capacity is defined and the amount "…is based on the extent to which job opportunities are available as aresult of the impairment of the physical and mental capacity across the entire area of the working life". The article traces the history of this central instrument for measuring the sequelae of accidents. In this context it is shown that the MdE values did not in fact arise concurrently with the introduction of statutory accident insurance at the end of the nineteenth century but date back to the millennia-old principle of the law of talion (ius talionis). This is the basic form of material civil liability law, according to which the injuring party must compensate the injured party in the case of aculpable impairment of health for the resulting material loss. Here the loss of earnings, the impairment of the capacity to work or, in other words, the reduction in earning capacity is of paramount importance. In the middle of the nineteenth century, private accident insurers developed dismemberment schedules based on the principle of ius talionis. These dismemberment schedules were adopted by the professional organizations after 1884. The highest competent instance for social security matters, which was the Imperial Insurance Office (Reichsversicherungsamt), redefined the dismemberment schedules: the values for the dismemberment schedules then became the benchmark for the reduction of capacity to work (Erwerbsminderung, EM) and subsequently the reduction in earning capacity (MdE). The fact that the MdE values have remained stable over more than 100 years support the view that they not only grant legal certainty but are also regarded as appropriate and fair by both the persons affected and society.

THE COMPLEX SIMPLICITY OF CONTEXT. AFFORDANCES AS FLOWS OF SOCIAL INFORMATION

Affordances are central to consider how sociality and technology intertwine. However, while this entanglement propelled the popularity of the term, it also persistently connected the social and the technical. It is argued how considering affordances as eminently social opens up analytical possibilities to consider cultural, individual, and social contexts, and how these in turn can affect social action in digital environments. This means considering affordances as intersubjective and co-constructed, and posing them in relation to sociological tenets such as that of the social situation. Through 26 interviews with a variety of Reddit users, results suggest how affordances are understood and employed relationally to navigate complex social contexts, to infer dominant social norms and cultural codes and, once internalized, are deployed to sanction deviations or promote compliance to them. It is shown how the concepts of affordances and social situations can be fruitfully employed as an entry point into the cultural and social dynamics of groups and digital environments. Contextually, it challenges the idea of the social situation as a sociological concept rooted in physical interaction.

‘The oxygen of shared experience’: exploring social support processes within peer support groups for carers of people with non-memory-led and inherited dementias

Objectives To explore support processes and behaviours taking place during online peer support groups for family carers of people living with rare, non-memory-led and inherited dementias (PLWRD). Methods Twenty-five family carers of PLWRD participated in a series of ongoing online peer support groups on the theme of ‘Independence and Identity’. Transcripts from 16 sessions were analysed using qualitative directed content analysis with a coding framework informed by Cutrona & Suhr’s (2004) Social Support Behaviour Code (SSBC). Results Most of the social support behaviours outlined in the SSBC were identified within the sessions, along with two novel social support categories – ‘Experiential Support’ and ‘Community Support’ – and novel support behaviours including ‘Advocacy and Collective Action’ and ‘Uses Humour’. The SSBC code ‘Relationship’ appeared to be of central importance. Conclusions This study sheds light on the unique challenges of the caring context for those affected by non-memory-led and inherited dementias and the significant contributions carers can offer to, and receive from, peers in similar situations. It highlights the importance of services which recognise the value of the informational and emotional expertise of carers of PLWRD and encourages the continued development and delivery of tailored support for these populations.

Ärztliche Versorgung mit oder ohne Kooperationsvertrag? Eine Querschnittsuntersuchung in stationären Pflegeeinrichtungen in Bremen und Niedersachsen

BackgroundEmpirical studies in nursing homes show that people in need of long-term care have less contact with medical specialists (except for neurologists) compared to those of the same age who are not in need of long-term care, which can be an indication of insufficient health care provision. Against this background, a cooperative agreement between medical specialists and nursing homes was first made legally possible, then requested and finally made mandatory (section 119b SGB V [Social Code Book V] in the currently valid version). ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate to what extent contact density to physicians and the needs-based medical treatment of nursing home residents in nursing homes with and without a cooperative agreement differ from each other and, hence, how effective such cooperation agreements are in this context. MethodologyUsing data from 396 people in need of care from 44 nursing homes in Lower Saxony and Bremen we compared facilities with and without cooperative agreements with respect to the number of home visits, practice visits and telephone contacts and the realization of adequate specialist medical treatment. At the time of the survey, 26 of the 44 nursing homes had cooperative agreements with dentists, 17 with general practitioners and 7 with neurologists. ResultsThe number of personal contacts to general practitioners tends to be higher if cooperation agreements between general practitioners and nursing homes exist. In nursing homes having cooperation agreements with dentists the number of home visits is twice as high as in nursing homes without such an agreement, whereas cooperation agreements with neurologists have no effect on the number of contacts with these specialists. Furthermore, cooperation agreements with dentists promote appropriate dental care. ConclusionsThe results show that cooperation agreements can be a useful instrument to ensure medical care in nursing homes. To guarantee the effectiveness of the cooperation agreements, however, the number of medical visits should be stipulated in the agreements.

Parliamentary Dress

Parliamentary Dress

Analyse von Orphan- Drug-Verfahren in der frühen Nutzenbewertung: RCTs versus best-verfügbare vergleichende Evidenz

For drugs intended to use in rare diseases (orphan drugs), the requirements of the early benefit assessment according to § 35a SGB V (Social Security Code, book 5) pose a particular challenge. The Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) concludes in his working paper GA21-01 on orphan drugs that have undergone a regular benefit assessment as part of a re-evaluation that the additional benefit of the initial benefit assessment for market access was fictitious. Therefore, in IQWiG’s view, only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with an appropriate active control arm should be applied for the assessment of the added benefit of orphan drugs. The authors conducted an own analysis based on the database used by IQWiG on 41 orphan drugs. That analysis showed an average of 1,146 days between the initial and regular benefit assessment and that the respective therapeutic settings differ: While almost 66% of the orphan drugs (27/41) had a soloist status at the time of the initial evaluation, approximately 30% (8/27) had lost this status at the time of the re-evaluation. This circumstance alone already reduced the probability of an additional benefit in regular assessments significantly. In 75% of these procedures (6/8), no additional benefit was given. IQWiG also disregarded the fact that the frequency of a disease, especially in the context of orphan diseases, is essential for the feasibility of an RCT. In those benefit assessment procedures where the company had submitted an RCT, the average size of the target population was 2,445 patients, while in those procedures without presented RCT data, it was 471 patients. Of the orphan drug procedures with presented RCT data (30/41), in 10 procedures the comparator arm did not correspond to the appropriate comparator therapy defined by the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), which was the decisive factor for the outcome of no additional benefit being identified. However, if the comparator matched the G-BA requirement (20/30), an additional benefit was granted in 85% (17/20). In most of these procedures (15/20), a placebo comparator arm was deemed sufficient by G-BA as an adequate implementation of the appropriate comparator therapy. Of note, in the 17 orphan drug assessments with presented RCT data and achieved an added benefit rating in the regular assessment process, the average target population size in the respective indication was 1,650 patients (10/17) when the clinical comparison was conducted against placebo vs. 3,439 patients in those indications where RCT data were generated against an active comparator (7/17). The analysis showed that RCTs are being conducted also in rare diseases when the disease prevalence is relatively high. However, approximately 8% of rare diseases have a prevalence of less than 1 in 1,000,000, meaning less than 80 SHI patients in Germany suffering from those diseases. IQWiG’s claim for comparative RCT-generated evidence for all orphan drugs therefore needs to be put into question (Nguengang Wakap, Lambert et al. 2020). For those small patient numbers in specific rare diseases, the best available comparative evidence should be evaluated carefully for data being eligible to answer the scientific question of the benefit assessment. For the future, joint efforts aiming for developing adequate and acceptable methodologies while acknowledging a higher uncertainty of evidence are deemed necessary by the authors.

Research Data Center on Health - Vision for Further Development from the Research Perspective

The German research data center for health will provide claims data of statutory health insurances. The data center was set up at the medical regulatory body BfArM pursuant to the German data transparency regulation (DaTraV). The data provided by the center will cover about 90% of the German population, supporting research on healthcare issues, including questions of care supply, demand and the (mis-)match of both. These data support the development of recommendations for evidence-based healthcare. The legal framework for the center (including §§ 303a-f of Book V of the Social Security Code and two subsequent ordinances) leaves a considerable degree of freedom when it comes to organisational and procedural aspects of the center's operation. The present paper addresses these degrees of freedom. From the point of view of researchers, ten statements show the potential of the data center and provide ideas for its further and sustainable development.

David Copperfield, Émile, and the Legacy of Enlightenment Education Literature

The Bildungsroman is a genre concerned with the construction of the individual's relationship with society. Critics have often associated Victorian Bildungsromane with the loss of agency as ideological forces funnel literary characters (and, by extension, their readers) through a series of conventional plot points designed to reinforce a fairly conservative set of middle-class values. This essay complicates such readings by pairing Charles Dickens's paradigmatic Victorian Bildungsroman David Copperfield (1850) with Jean-Jacques Rousseau's progenitor to the genre, Émile (1762). I suggest that setting Dickens's novel against the more philosophically dense and overtly confrontational Émile highlights David Copperfield's vexed relationship with established social codes, supplying the foundation for an important reconsideration of the Bildungsroman's role in subject formation.

Dual analysis for helping developers to find collaborators based on co‐changed files: An empirical study

SummarySoftware developers must collaborate at all stages of the software life‐cycle to create successful complex software systems. To enable this collaboration, social coding platforms, for example, GitHub, include an increasing number of tools to support collaboration. However, for large projects with hundreds of dynamic developers, such as several successful open–source projects, it can be complex to find developers with the same interest and familiarity and thus, gain suitable collaborations and new insights. In this context, resources and efforts may be wasted, discouraging many developers from contributing. Moreover, it can be costly to manage many contributions, which is another challenge for the maintainer who wants to take advantage of this small, timid, but valuable contribution made by a volunteer developer in a short time. In this context, this paper presents an empirical study aiming to evaluate two strategies to recommend collaborators based on co‐changed files. Inspired in the TF–IDF (Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency) weighting scheme established in the Information Retrieval field, these strategies first estimate the importance of relevant files modified by developers and use these estimates to represent each developer “profile”. As a second step, they estimate the similarity between developers using the Cosine metric, providing top‐ranked developers according to this measure as recommendations. We evaluated these strategies based on an extensive survey with 102 real–world developers. We observed that developers have interest and familiarity with the co‐changed files for all strategies evaluated. These considerations are of relevance because many opportunities for contributions to the project are linked to coding. Thus, theses results may indicate one less barrier for improving collaboration among developers. Overall, the strategies present an acceptance rate of up to 81%, contributing to the discovery of further collaborators.

Obstacles to Co-Education in Pakistan and Their Impact on Girl’s Education A Critical Analysis of Literature

Education is an essential human right. In countries where women and men have equal educational opportunities, are successful in all areas of society today. The focus of this research is the governmental, social, and cultural barriers to bringing harmony in Pakistani culture. To do this, the research critically examined the adaptive political, religious, and social components of Pakistani society. The study's major results were reached after a thorough review of the literature. The study identified a number of socioeconomic and ethical hurdles to co-education in Pakistani culture through literature review. Male dominance, conservatism, rigid customs and traditions, stereotype social codes, acute and chronic poverty, male insularity toward women's roles, complex social structure, religious misconceptions, gender differences, feminine discrimination, home issues, and a lack of women's political liberation are just a few of the barriers to co-education mentioned in the study. The data analysis in this study leads to the conclusion that removing these barriers will aid girls' educational development.

Case management and care expertise as a prevention approach for adults with intellectual disabilities (FaPP-MgB): study protocol for a randomized-controlled trial

BackgroundAdults with intellectual disabilities have a higher prevalence of unhealthy eating habits, stress, low levels of mobility, and comparable drug consumption as the general population. Consequently, they suffer from several chronic diseases earlier and more often, but there are fewer prevention and health promotion services including this population. The goal of this study is to determine if an advanced practice nursing approach in the community with home visits is an effective way to improve the health status of adults with intellectual disabilities.MethodsWe will conduct a randomized-controlled trial with waiting list design in Hamburg, Germany. Inclusion criteria are diagnosis ICD F70-F79 and exclusion criteria are care level > 3 according to the German Social Code XI or being at the end-of-life. Participants will be block randomized. The intervention consists of advanced practice nurses performing case management, social space analysis, prevention planning, and counseling through four outreach home visits on nutrition, mobility, addiction, and stress. Comparison is usual care. The primary outcome is health status (WHODAS) after 12 months. Secondary outcomes are health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) and resilience (RS-11) after 6 and 12 months. The calculated sample size is 256 with an estimated dropout of 30%. Raters and analysts will be blinded. Analysis will be performed using ANCOVAs.DiscussionBy providing case management and utilizing their nursing expertise, advanced practice nurses will provide valuable input and guidance on prevention and health promotion for people with intellectual disabilities. They will close the gap between health and social care, which is prominent in Germany, through cooperation between the existing care sectors.The findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences.Trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00028771, registered 4 July 2022, Universal Trial Number: U1111-1277–0595.

Film and Caste Anxieties in Early Twentieth-Century India

Film was one of the new technological inventions of the ‘long nineteenth century’ that often instilled a fear of loss of the existing way of life and of disturbing existing social structures. In India, this manifested in a variety of ways, such as through the censorship of films by the government, but also by social codes which created major barriers for many to work in the film industry. In this article, I discuss film and its negotiations with caste in the twentieth century through close reading of the Indian Cinematograph Committee Report, film magazines, advertisements, audience responses and the speeches of nationalist leaders. I argue that rather than democratising desire by producing the universally desirable object of the star body, popular films in India produced desire that conformed to existing caste structures. The paper contributes to debates about early cinema and caste beyond the question of representation.

Prehospital emergency medicine for children receiving palliative home care in Germany-a cross-sectional, exploratory study of EMS providers.

The prevalence of children with life-limiting conditions is rising, and since the amendment of the social insurance code in Germany, palliative home care teams have treated an increasing number of children. These teams provide 24/7 readiness, yet some parents still call the general emergency medical service (EMS) for various reasons. EMS is exposed to complex medical problems in rare diseases. Questions arose about the experiences of EMS and whether they felt prepared for emergencies involving children treated by a palliative care team. This study used a mixed methods approach to focus on the interface between palliative care and EMS. First, open interviews were conducted, and a questionnaire was developed based on the results. The variables included demographic items and individual experiences with patients. Second, a case report of a child with respiratory insufficiency was presented to assess the spontaneous treatment intentions of EMS providers. Finally, the need, relevant topics, and duration of specific training in palliative care for EMS providers were evaluated. In total, 1,005 EMS providers responded to the questionnaire. The average age was 34.5 years (±10.94SD), 74.6% were male. The average work experience was 11.8 years (±9.7), 21.4% were medical doctors. Experience with a call of a life-threatening emergency involving a child was reported by 61.5% and severe psychological distress during such a call was reported by 60.4%. The equivalent distress frequency for adult patient calls was 38.3%. (p < 0.001). After review of the case report, the EMS respondents suggested invasive treatment options and rapid transport to the hospital. Most (93.7%) respondents welcomed the consideration of special training in pediatric palliative care. This training should include basic information about palliative care, an analysis of cases involving palliatively treated children, an ethical perspective, practical recommendations, and available (24/7) local contact for further guidance and support. Emergencies in pediatric palliatively treated patients were more common than expected. EMS providers perceived the situations as stressful, and there is a need for specific training with practical aspects.

Racial Politics in the Contemporary Prison Society: The Importance of Race and Ethnicity to Prison Social Organization

Prior research documents race and ethnicity as central to how individuals navigate the social and physical space of prisons. Racial segregation persists as a feature of prison life, and in navigating this racialized structure, racial groups construct and enforce a set of racialized norms to govern behavior (i.e., the “racial code”) that reinforce and reify prison racial politics. These processes, however, have remained largely descriptive in nature. Using data from a sample of incarcerated men in Arizona prisons ( N = 251), this article extends prior work by operationalizing the concept of the racial code, assessing its dimensionality, distinguishing it from the prison code, and differentiating how features of prison social organization influence racial code adherence and mobilization. Results suggest that the racial code is distinct from the prison code and that racial differences exist in the extent of adhering to versus mobilizing the racial code, net of gang status.