Soap Formulations Research Articles

Optimization of Bentonite Bar Soap Formula with Combination of Coconut Oil and Soybean Oil Using Simplex Lattice Design Method

Muslim population in Indonesia reaches 87% and is one of the countries with the largest muslim population according to the 2010 population census. Thaharah is one of the things that Muslims pay much attention to, especially in worship. One of thaharah is washing up from najis mughallazah. Soap is skin cleansing preparations that has become a public basic needs so that the innovation of soap formulation containing bentonite as a component that can washed the najis mughallazah to make it easier for Muslims to thaharah. This study optimizes the formula for bentonite bar soap with combination of coconut oil and soybean oil using the Simplex Lattice Design method. The optimum formula obtained was then verified using the one sample T-test method. To determine the optimum formula, it is necessary to test the physical and chemical properties such as foaming power and foam stability and follows the parameters of the Standar Nasional Indonesia such as foaming water content, pH, total fat, insoluble substance in ethanol, free alkali/ free fatty acid and unsaponifiable fat. Bentonite soap with the optimum formula was then tested for consumer acceptance. The optimum formula from the prediction consisted of 76.58% coconut oil and 23.42% soybean oil. The test results of the formula produced soap with hard properties and good foaming and met several requirements of SNI 3532:2021.

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of a Medicinal Soap Made from Zingiber officinale and Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oils

Aims: The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial and sensory properties of a formulated medicinal soap.
 Study Design: Extraction of essential oils, purchase of vegetable oils and caustic soda, soap formulation, testing of its antibacterial and antifungal activities, evaluation of its acceptability.
 Place and Duration of Study: Research unit of biochemistry of medicinal plant, food and nutritional sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang from October 2019 to July 2020.
 Methodology: Cold saponification method was used for the production of soap using the following ingredients: Palm kernel oil, olive oil, coconut oil, Palm oleic, caustic soda, essential oils from ginger roots and cloves buds. The formulated soap was used for the evaluation of its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities as well as its acceptability using the 9-points hedonic scale. The soap was tested on the following microorganisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, Staphylococcus aureus 56, Staphylococcus aureus 18, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Candida albican, Candida tropicalis.
 Results: Results showed that the produced soap has bactericidal activities against staphylococcus aureus 18 and staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and a bacteriostatic activity against staphylococcus aureus 56. Its activity against fungi was very low. The results of the sensory analysis of this product showed that it can be accepted by consumer since the lowest score was 6.55 in a scale of 9.
 Conclusion: Results showed that the produced soap has bactericidal activities against staphylococcus aureus 18 and staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and a bacteriostatic activity against staphylococcus aureus 56. It was accepted with a score of at least 6.55/9 by the participants.

The Mixing of Ethanol Extract of Terminalia catappa L in Transparent Soap Base to maintaining it's the Organoleptic properties, Solid quality and Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) caused skin surface infections. The active ingredients in soap dosage forms of Terminalia catappa L extract have antibacterial properties and retain alkaline properties. The study evaluated Terminalia catappa L extract's quality in a transparent soap formulation in inhibiting S. aureus and maintaining soap organoleptic. Terminalia catappa L was extracted by the maceration method also phytochemical screening. An organoleptic assay examined soap's formulation, and an inhibitory of S. aureus was analyzed by disk method. The ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, quinones, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The transparent soap formulation with the addition of ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L has good organoleptic properties according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 3532-2016. Also, there is a change in the color of transparent solid soap based on the concentration, at a concentration of 1% (light brown and transparent), 2% (dark brown and transparent), and 3% (dark brown and transparent). Soap with ethanol extract content of Terminalia catappa L has high inhibition of S. aureus at a concentration of 3% (20.09 mm). While the concentration is 1% (13.33mm), 2% (15.58 mm), and soap base (19.36 mm). The transparent solid soap base added with ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L has good quality, maintains the organoleptic properties of soap, and can inhibit the development of S. aureus.

Formulation and anti-bacterial of liquid soap combination of Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni Ness Ex Bi.), and Orange Lemon (Citrus lemon L.) Essential Oils on Staphylococcus epidermidis

The condition of our community in the midst of a pandemic makes us aware of the importance of cleanliness. One way to maintain cleanliness is to clean our self with soap. Cinnamon has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis . Lemongrass has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , while lemons are able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The aims of this study are to determine the formulation and physical stability of liquid soap with a combination of lemongrass, cinnamon, and lemon essential oils and to determine its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis . Physical evaluation of soap includes organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, and specific gravity which is compared with SNI, and hedonic test is performed. Antibacterial test was performed against Staphylococcus epidermidis .The results of the study obtained homogeneous liquid soap preparations, thick liquid form, a yellow-orange color, distinctive smell of citronella. Specific gravity (g/ml) test results meet the requirements of SNI, which is between 1.01 – 1.10 at room temperature. The results of the pH test meet the requirements of SNI, which are between 8 – 11. The results of the viscosity (cPas) test show that there is an increase in viscosity from week 1 to week 6. The increase in viscosity is related to particle size during storage. The foam height (cm) test results obtained F1: 11.76 ± 0.67, F2: 11.67 ± 1.25, F3: 11.33 ± 1.02, F4: 11.60 ± 0.79, F5: 11.18 ± 0.84. The results of the hedonic test obtained that the average respondent liked the foam produced, the shape, color, comfort when used, and the smell. The lowest value of the hedonic test is the smell of the liquid soap that is produced. From the results of antibacterial test against S. Epidermidis , it is known that liquid soap has antibacterial activity with strong inhibitory power.

Formulasi Sabun Cair Cuci Tangan Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Cabe Rawit (Solanum frutescens.L)

Several studies have shown that cayenne pepper (Solanum frutescens.L) leaf extract has antimicrobial properties In this study, the extraction was carried out by the maceration method. The liquid soap formulation that will be made contains cayenne pepper leaf extract with 0.5%, 1%, 2%. Of all the parameters of the physical properties test carried out. It is known that the ethanol extract of cayenne pepper leaves can be made into liquid soap preparations. Variations in the concentration of ethanol extract of cayenne pepper leaves used in the study showed its effect on organoleptic tests in the form of color and aroma. In the pH test, the pH varied from 9.41-10.65 and the foam height obtained at the 5th minute was 91%, 92%, 93%. For the hedonic test, it was found that the panelists preferred Formula 2 to Formula 1 and Formula 3. Based on the results of the evaluation of the formulation, the best formula is obtained in formula 3.

Formulation and antibacterial test traveling paper soap made from virgin coconut oil and durian seeds

Soap as a cleaning product has been the primary needs since the spread of Covid-19. Government regulations require people to wash their hands. Hence the demand for soap production is increasing. This study aimed to obtain a Traveling Paper Soap formulation from VCO and durian seeds for antibacterial activity on the skin. The experimental laboratory method uses quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. The treatment in this study was the production of Durian Seed Bioethanol with a bioethanol capacity of 19.95% from the hydrolysis of 486 g of Durian Seed flour. The treatment in this study was the manufacture of durian seed bioethanol with a bioethanol content of 19.95% from the hydrolysis of 486 g of durian seed flour. The parameters of the bioethanol viscosity test were 0.7137 cP, and the bioethanol density was 0.9669 g/mL. Based on our research, the best traveling paper soap results are formulation 2 with a water content of 7%, pH value of 10, free alkali content of 0.21%, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus Epidermis of 22.3 mm. According to the Indonesian National Standard Mandatory Solid Soap, SNI 3532:1994, it shows that soap complies with the SNI 3532:1994 standard.

Physical characteristic and antioxidant activities of liquid bath soap with substitution of β-carotene crude extract from Gracilaria sp.

Synthetic antioxidant BHT is widely used in bath soap products as an antioxidant and prevents rancidity in bath soaps, but BHT is harmful to the skin if the addition is excessive. So we need natural antioxidants that can replace the role of BHT as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of substitution of BHT with β-carotene Gracilaria sp. on the physical properties of liquid bath soap and determine the best concentration of BHT substitution with β-carotene Gracilaria sp. added to liquid bath soap formulations. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 3 substitution treatments for BHT with β-carotene, namely (1g BHT : 0g β-carotene), (0,5g BHT : 0,5g β-carotene), and (0g BHT : 1g β-carotene) in 100 ml of liquid soap, with 6 repetitions each. Parameters observed were pH, foam stability, viscosity, hedonic, physical stability, and antioxidant activity. The results of this study the substitution of β-carotene Gracilaria sp. the liquid bath soap had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the pH parameter and no significant effect (p<0.05) on the foam stability test and viscosity test parameters. Based on the hedonic test value, soap with the addition of 0,5 g BHT: 0,5g β-carotene has the highest test value to produce the best quality soap.

Liquid Smoke from Coconut Shell Pyrolysis Process on Palm Surfactant Based Liquid Hand Soap

The use of synthetic antibacterial liquid hand soap such as triclosan has begun to be avoided. Therefore it is necessary to find an antibacterial alternative that is safe for the skin and friendly to the environment. One of the environmentally friendly antibacterial alternatives is liquid smoke resulting from the pyrolysis process from coconut shells. The purpose of this study was to obtain the right concentration of liquid smoke for liquid hand soap made from palm MES surfactants and glycerol. The stages of the research were raw material analysis, liquid soap formulation (surfactant methyl ester sulfonate 7.5%, surfactant diethanolamide 5%, palm glycerol 9%, sodium chloride 1%, liquid smoke grade I, and distilled water). The treatments in this study were the addition of 1, 3, and 5% grade I liquid smoke. The next stage is an analysis of the physicochemical properties of the resulting liquid soap product, quality test was carried out based on SNI 2588: 2017, and a product effectiveness test. Liquid soap with the addition of 1% liquid smoke showed the best results with a density value of 1.037 g cm-3, specific gravity 1.04, viscosity 11,560 cP, surface tension 29.08 dyne cm-1, pH 7.2, free fatty acids 0.27%, ingredients insoluble in ethanol 0.14%, the total active ingredient is 12.52%, the number of plates is 990 CFU g-1, the colony reduction is 61.13%, and has the minimal pungent aroma.

Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Mandi Padat dengan Zat Aktif Sari Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereuspolyrhizus) Asal Kabupaten Sidrap

This study aims to make a solid bath soap formulation with theactive substance of (Hycolereuspolyrhizus) origin of sidrap district. There are 3 concentration susedin this study, namely concentrationsof 10%, 15% and 20%. The result of this research is that in making soap with the additionof (Hycolereuspolyrhizus), it can produce soap that is solid and hard and doesnotsoftenata temperatureof 15-300C, using 3 concentrations, namely 10%, 15%, and 20%. The best formulais the formulation with a concentration of 15% and 20% which produces a yellowish and does nothavea strong odor.This happens because concentration sof 15% and 20% have more (Hycolereuspolyrhizus) so that the soap base is reduced.

Formulation of laundry soap using locally made Palm Kernel Oil in Nigeria

Soap is one of the most important thing used for human daily life activities in cleansing and skin care purposes. Palm Kernel Oil is an edible oil that has many advantages in soap making, shampoo, and other skin care products. It also has so many medicinal properties like removal of toxins from the body. Palm Kernel Oil locally produced in Anyigba (Nigeria) was used to prepare the soap with lye aqueous solution using both Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and other additives using cold process. The pH- value, Solubility and foam height were checked. The pH-values of the soap samples was found to be 9.88 – 10.00 and was within the limit set by standard organization of Nigeria. The prepared soap with the pH-values above does not irritate the skin and has good cleaning and foaming property.

The Characteristics of Liquid Soap with Varied Additions of Moringa Leaf Extract (Moringa Oleifera L.)

Liquid soap is a cleaning product, which works by reacting to oil or fat and alkaline potassium hydroxide. This principle is also known as a saponification reaction. Soap works for cleaning and acts as an antibacterial component. Moringa leaves contain phytochemical compounds that can inhibit the growth of bacteria so it enhances soap production. The inhibitory power of Moringa leaf extract is determined by its concentration in liquid soap. The variations of Moringa leaf extract in liquid soap can affect the characteristics of resultant liquid soap. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of varied additions of Moringa leaf extract on the characteristics of liquid soap and to determine the addition of Moringa leaf extract, which produces liquid soap that meets SNI requirements and has good antibacterial power.This research involved laboratory experiment using quantitative descriptive analysis. The study was conducted using a factorial completely randomized design, with one factor, namely varied additions of Moringa leaf extract consisting of 3%, 5%, and 7% extract relative to the weight of the base soap. The results has showed that different concentrations of Moringa leaf extract has a significant effect on antibacterial activity, free alkali levels, specific gravity, viscosity, and foaming power of liquid soap. The resultant liquid soap has satisfied SNI 06-4085-2017. The results of organoleptic test by assessing consumer preferences demonstrate the highest score in sample A1 (soap with 3% Moringa leaf extract). The best liquid soap formulation treatment is A3 (liquid soap formulation 7% Moringa leaf extract) with antibacterial power (zone of inhibition) of 17 mm, pH 10.23, free alkali content 0.026%, specific gravity 1.040 g/ml, viscosity 2.06 Cps, and 4.8 cm foam power.

FORMULATION OF SOLID BATH SOAP PREPARATIONS OF PURPLE SWEET POTATO ETHANOL EXTRACT (IPOMEA BATATAS L) AS A SKIN MOISTURIZER

Soap is a surfatctant used to clean or wash something that is available in solid and liquid form. Soap can be useful as a cleaning tool, this is because soap molecules contain polar (bonded with water) and non-polar (bonded with oil) groups so that they can clean grease or dirt that is not lifted by water. Soap is made by applying a saphonification reaction using olive oil, NaOH, and purple sweet potato extract as the basic ingredients. The addition of NaOH concentration an affect the weight of the soap produced. Purple sweet potato is a sweet potato that has natural dyes a anthocyanins that function as antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to obtain a solid bath soap formulation with purple sweet potato extract. Furthermore, purple sweet potato extract was formulated based on formula with concentration difference of 3,5%, 4,5%, 5,5%. Furthermore, preparations have been made with organoleptic tests, pH tests, and foam stability tests. It can be concluded that purple sweet potato extract can be used as a solid soap preparation and there is a concentration effect on the organoleptic test soap quality, pH, foam stability and moisture content. The preparation of solid bath soap from purple sweet potato ethanol extract has the ability to moisturize the skin, and the highest concentration obtained at a concentration of 5,5% with 57,83% moisture can moisturize the skin and at concentration of 4,5% with 48,3% humidity as well. Can moisturize the skin but with a moderate level of humidity, and at a concentration of 3,3% with 43,00% humidity with a lower humidity level.

Formulation and Anti-bacterial Activity Test for Liquid Soap Betel Nut Extract (Areca catechu L.) against Staphylococcus aureus

Liquid soap is an important cosmetic product for the community because it is used in everyday life. Liquid soap is made through a saponification reaction from oil or fat which is reacted with alkalis. Betel nut (Areca catechu L.) contains flavonoid compounds that have antiseptic properties and alkaloid compounds that act as bacteria inhibitors. Objective: This study aims to formulate liquid soap with the addition of Areca catechu L. extract to test the antimicrobial activity of formulated soap preparations. Method: The research design was in the form of an experimental method, namely by extracting the simplicia Areca catechu L. with the maceration method to obtain a thick extract of Areca catechu L. Evaluation of the quality of the soap included pH and high foam. Antimicrobial activity testing used the good method against liquid soap formulation and positive control. The microbe tested was Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria). Result: The test results of the quality of the liquid soap formulation showed that the pH of the test soap was 10 and the positive control pH was 9 and the foam height had good results, namely 1-2cm, and had met SNI 06-4085-1996 standards. The results showed that formulation III with an extract content of 10% had great antimicrobial activity on the microbe Staphylococcus aureus with a value of 20.66mm. In the positive control, the antimicrobial activity showed a value of 15.21mm. at a concentration of 5%, the inhibition diameter was 14.77mm and the concentration was 7.5%, the inhibition diameter was 15.77mm. The results of statistical analysis using the One-Way ANOVA method followed by Post hoc analysis showed that the liquid soap extract of Areca catechu L. had greater antimicrobial potential than the positive control. Conclusion: Liquid soap formulation with the addition of thick extract Areca catechu L with a concentration of 10% has the greatest antimicrobial activity compared to the concentration of 5%, 7.5%, and positive control X.

Formulation of Hand Made Soap by using Goat Milk

Abstract: Hand Made Soap is a mingle of both science and art by combining scientific knowledge and artistic creature. Costeffective, skin and eco-friendly handmade soap has been developed by a cold process of saponification by using food-grade, natural ingredients with vegetable oils such as coconut oil, palm oil with active ingredients such as goat milk, and essential oil. The addition of fresh goat milk is the main challenge due to heat generation by caustic lye during the saponification process. The caustic soda in soap formula is caramelize the sugar in the milk, turning soap a bright brown color or curdles the milk. Hence, the study has been initiated and developed a standardized formula with desired qualities, color, and texture. The experiment studied physio-chemical parameters and dermatological tests of five different formulations of goat milk soap. Keywords: Hand Made Soap, Saponification, cold process, goat milk, vegetable oils.

Pembuatan Sabun Padat Antiseptik Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Jeruk Lemon (Citrus Limon (L.) Burm. F.)

Lemon peel waste (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.F.) contains secondary metabolites that function as antibacterials, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. This study aims to determine the formulation of antiseptic solid soap and the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of the lemon peel by the diffusion method. The results showed the best formula for making antiseptic solid soap with ethanolic extract of lemon peel based on the requirements of SNI 06-4085-1996 was at a concentration of F3 (15%), homogeneous, had a pH of 8.54-9.82, foam height was around 3.5-4.7 cm, and a strong inhibition zone of about 12.48 mm. The conclusion of this study is that lemon peel has antibacterial properties that can kill the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Formulasi dan Uji Efektivitas Sabun Pencuci Tangan dari Ekstrak Daun Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) Terhadap Bakteri Salmonella sp.

Pandan leaf (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) is a plant that grows wild, which belongs to the Pandanaceae tribe which is used as a natural medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of the handwashing soap formulation of pandan leaf extract against Salmonella sp bacteria and which concentration was the most effective. Extracts were made by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. Formulation with mass 1 and mass 2. Testing of antibacterial effectiveness was carried out by diffusion method using disc paper. The results of the examination of the simplicia characterization of pandan leaves were determined to determine the water content of 0.1575%, the determination of the content of the water soluble extract was 0.1233%, the determination of the concentration of the soluble extract in ethanol was 0.0054%, the determination of the ash content of 0.1575%, the determination of the content of the acid insoluble extract. 0.0101%. Simplicia screening results contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and polyphenols. The yield of pandan leaf extraction is 90 g. The results of testing the effectiveness of Salmonella sp antibacterial on the diameter of the most effective inhibition zone was obtained at a concentration of 15% with a diameter of 22.70 mm. The results of the research, it can be concluded that the formulation of hand soap preparations with pandan leaf extract has antibacterial effectiveness against Salmonella sp.

Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Mandi Padat Dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kedondong (Spondias pinnata (L.f) Kurz)

Healthy skin is an element of female beauty. The thing that supports it is with cosmetics. The rise of the "back to nature" lifestyle has increased public confidence in cosmetics with natural ingredients. Cosmetics with natural ingredients are claimed to be safer to use on the skin than cosmetics using synthetic chemical compounds. Research has been carried out with the title "Formulation of Solid Bath Soap from Ethanol Extract of Kedondong Leaves (Spondias pinnata (L.f) Kurz)". This study aims to determine whether the formulation of solid bath soap from Kedondong (Spondias pinnata (L.f) Kurz) Leaf Ethanol Extract meets the criteria for quality requirements of pH, water content and high foam. The extract concentrations used were F1(3.5), F2 (7) and F3 (10.5). From the results of the research that has been carried out, it is obtained that the solid soap preparations F1 (3.5), F2 (7) meet the quality criteria test for pH, water content and foam height both before and after the cycling test. While the soap in FIII (10.5) met the water content and high foam test, but did not meet the pH quality standard for solid soap. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that from the three formulas above, the soap in FI and FII is a soap that meets the quality standard test of pH, water content and high foam. While the soap in FIII is soap that does not meet the required solid soap pH quality standard.

Formulation and evaluation liquid hand soap of celery leaf (Apium graviolens) extract

Washing hands with soap is one of the new habits during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is very important to continue to apply. Therefore, alternative natural ingredients are needed to manufacture liquid hand soap that is safe to use in the long term. Celery leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, essential oils, choline, lipase, and alkaloids. The content of these secondary metabolites has antimicrobial activity. This study aims to formulate liquid hand soap preparations from celery leaf extract following SNI 2588.2.2017. This research is experimental laboratory research that formulates soap preparations with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% and is followed by an evaluation of the preparations based on the referenced SNI quality requirements. This study resulted in an extract yield of 37.12% with organoleptic test results in a thick liquid dosage form, characteristic odor of celery, and green color. In the evaluation test of preparations based on SNI 2588:2017, the results obtained that liquid hand soap preparations meet the requirements. PH for FI, FII, and FIII respectively 9.4, 9.5, and 9.3. In the total active ingredient test, the FI 34.6% was obtained; FII 32.2% and FIII 32.6%. Then in the ethanol insoluble material test, the FI results were 0.094%, FII 0.086%, and FIII 0.112%. Free alkali test obtained FI 0.044%, FII 0.0472%, and FIII 0.0488%. Then the total plate number test was obtained in FI, FII, and FIII preparations; namely, there was no colony growth in samples with dilutions of 10-1, 10-2, and 10-3. The formulation of liquid hand soap meets the quality requirements of SNI 2588.2.2017.

Utilization of gambier leaf extract (Uncaria gambier roxb) as antibacterial and natural dyes in making liquid bath soap with natrium lauryl ether sulfate

Research has been carried out on the liquid soap formulation of Gambier leaf extract (Uncaria gambier Roxb) from the by-product of the Gambier Industry with natrium lauryl ether sulfate as raw material. Gambier extract contains catechins and catechu tannic acids which have antibacterial, pharmacological, and other toxic properties. In addition, it contains tannins for natural dyes. The purpose of this research is to develop a liquid bath soap formulation with Gambier extract, which has high antibacterial properties using stable, safe, and comfortable natural dyes according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). This research went through several stages using 6 (six) variations of gambier extract waste as follows: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%. The quality testing of liquid soap used chemical and physical properties tests, including pH, viscosity, foam stability, total plate number, specific gravity, free alkaline, texture, color, and aroma, then compared to SNI 4085-2017 about the quality requirements for liquid bath soap. The results showed that the usage of by-products of the gambier production process, not only used as natural dyes, would also strengthen bacterial inhibition which was indicated by a decrease in the value of the Total Bacterial Plate Number. The more the gambier waste concentration, the more the red color and antiseptic indicated by decreasing of the total plate number. The best treatment in this study was A4 treatment (addition of 6% gambier waste) with pH value 8.8, viscosity 170.98 cP foam stability (t0=95.6mm, t5=77.1mm), total bacterial plate number 1.05 x 102 colonies/g, specific gravity 1.0404 mg/L, free alkaline <0.008%, preferable hedonic (texture, color, and aroma).

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles through Gracilaria sp Seaweed Extract for Foam Height Stability in Liquid Hand Soap Formulations

Gold nanoparticles (G-NPs) were successfully synthesized using Gracilaria sp seaweed extract. Visually, color changes from purple-blue to ruby red and then finally to pink. UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed the optimum condition of G-NPs at 531 nm wavelength with an absorbance value of 1.1. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows the absorption peak of functional groups at the Gracilaria sp seaweed extract like hydroxyl group (-OH), aromatic (C=C), alkane (C-H), and amine (C-N) at the wavenumbers of 3356, 1613, 1456, and 1182 cm-1, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows the crystallinity peaks of G-NPs at 2θ: 38.3o, 44.1o, 64.8o, and 77.8o with miller indices of (111), (200), (220), and (311). The Particle size analyzer (PSA) shows the distribution and particle size average of G-NPs was 11.8 nm. Analysis of particle zeta charge (PZC) confirms the total charge of inter-particles was -24.7 mV. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images shows the G-NPs was spherical shape with a particle size was 20 nm. The hand soap@G-NPs have a pH of 6.0 and foam height stability of 4.1 cm for 10 min.