Snakehead Fish Research Articles

Exploring Cr(VI)-induced blood-brain barrier injury and neurotoxicity in zebrafish and snakehead fish, and inhibiting toxic effects of astaxanthin

Cr(VI) is a common hazardous heavy metal contaminant that seriously endangers human and aquatic animal health. GPX4 was the key enzyme that reduces heavy metal toxicity through inhibiting ferroptosis pathway. Astaxanthin was GPX4 activator that can weaken biological toxicity induced by Cr(VI) exposure. The present study was conducted to evaluate the major role of GPX4 in astaxanthin protects Cr(VI)-induced oxidative damage, blood-brain barrier injury and neurotoxicity in brain-liver axis through inhibiting ferroptosis pathway. In the current study, astaxanthin intervention can effectively alleviate Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier damage, and neurotoxicity. GPX4 plays a major role in mediating astaxanthin nutritional intervention to reduce ROS and liver non-heme iron accumulation, which would contribute to the reduction of ferroptosis. Meanwhile, astaxanthin maintains the stability of transport receptors and protein macromolecules such as TMEM163, SLC7A11, SLC3A2, FPN1 and GLUT1 in the brain liver axis, promoting substance exchange and energy supply. Moreover, astaxanthin alleviates Cr(VI)-induced neurotoxicity by promoting tight protein expression and reducing blood-brain barrier permeability.

Klumpy: A tool to evaluate the integrity of long-read genome assemblies and illusive sequence motifs.

The improvement and decreasing costs of third-generation sequencing technologies has widened the scope of biological questions researchers can address with de novo genome assemblies. With the increasing number of reference genomes, validating their integrity with minimal overhead is vital for establishing confident results in their applications. Here, we present Klumpy, a tool for detecting and visualizing both misassembled regions in a genome assembly and genetic elements (e.g. genes) of interest in a set of sequences. By leveraging the initial raw reads in combination with their respective genome assembly, we illustrate Klumpy's utility by investigating antifreeze glycoprotein (afgp) loci across two icefishes, by searching for a reported absent gene in the northern snakehead fish, and by scanning the reference genomes of a mudskipper and bumblebee for misassembled regions. In the two former cases, we were able to provide support for the noncanonical placement of an afgp locus in the icefishes and locate the missing snakehead gene. Furthermore, our genome scans were able identify an unmappable locus in the mudskipper reference genome and identify a putative repetitive element shared among several species of bees.

Feasibility of Haruan Snakehead Fish Breeding Units for Recipients of Non-Cash Government Assistance Revitalization of People's Seedling Units (UPR) in Hulu Sungai Tengah District, South Kalimantan Province

Haruan snakehead fish, as one of Indonesia's fisheries germplasm wealth, has an important role as a source of animal protein and buffers the stability of inflation rates in the Kalimantan region. The feasibility factor is expected to make a significant contribution to the development of the local fisheries sector and related government policies at the regional level. The research aims to analyze the feasibility of the local haruan fish hatchery business for recipients of government assistance in the form of revitalizing the People's Hatchery Unit (UPR) in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Research activities take place in the Mufakat Group, Mahang Baru Village, South Labuan Amas District, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency - Province South Kalimantan. Sampling was carried out using the proportional sampling method, namely samples were taken deliberately from Haruan snakehead fish cultivators who received grant assistance. The total number of respondents was 1 Cultivator Group. Feasibility of the Haruan snakehead fish hatchery unit for recipients of non-cash government assistance for revitalizing people's hatchery units (UPR) in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, South Kalimantan Province Hulu Sungai Tengah, South Kalimantan Province, with different discount rates, the present value (NPV) snakehead fish cultivation business obtained a value of Rp. 189,533,025, which shows that this project can provide financial benefits. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) value of 56% indicates a fairly high rate of return, exceeding the interest rate generally available on the market. The payback period (PP) is 1.76 years Keywords: Haruan Snakehead Fish, Feasibility, Revitalization, HST

The Effect of Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) Extract on Dry Socket Wound Healing: TGF-β1 Expression in Rats Model

Background: Dry socket or alveolar osteitis is a condition characterized by the breakdown of blood clots due to excessive fibrinolysis activity, which disrupts the wound healing process. Consumption of nutrition-rich foods such as snakehead fish (Channa striata) rich in albumin, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and striatin may accelerate delayed wound healing. This study aimed to analyze the role of snakehead fish extract on the expression of TGF-β1 in the healing of dry socket wounds after tooth extraction in Wistar rats. Methods: This study was an in vivo study with a posttest-only control group design. Forty-five Wistar rats were divided into five groups: snakehead fish extract groups with doses of 1/2, 1, 2, 4 times human dose, and a negative control. The lower left incisor teeth of the rats were extracted, then dry socket was induced with adrenaline using a paper point. On days 3, 7, and 14, TGF-β1 expression was assessed using immunohistochemical staining. Results: This study showed significant difference in TGF-β1 expression on days 3, 7, and 14. TGF-β1 expression was higher in the treatment groups than the control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Administration of snakehead fish extract increased TGF-β1 expression. These findings underline the complex interaction between snakehead fish extract and TGF-β1 expression.

Effect of Salt (Nacl) and Vacuum Packaging on Some of the Quality Attributes of Snakehead Fish

Snakehead fish (Chana striata) is one of the important protein sources among Indonesian people. However, the shelf life is short leading to limited use of fresh snakehead fish. This study aimed to analyse the effect of vacuum packaging and addition of salt on the sensory properties, total plate count, water activity and pH of fresh snakehead fish. The fish was salted (NaCl) at various concentrations, including 0, 5, 10 and 15%, and kept for 14 days at refrigeration temperature (± 3°C). Sensory evaluation, total plate count (TPC) and water activity (aw) measurements, and pH analysis were performed at day 0, 7 and 14. All groups with salt addition exhibited a significantly slower decrease in the mean scores (9-point hedonic scale) of color, aroma, appearance and texture (p < 0.05), with the decrease for all sensory properties detected at day 7 of storage. In microbial tests, a significant increase in TPC was observed in the groups with 0% and 5% salt addition (p < 0.05). The group with 15% salt addition showed the lowest water activity. Also, the group without salt addition had the highest pH value. This study demonstrated that addition of salt to snakehead fish might gives beneficial effects on the shelf life of a vacuum packaged product. However, the optimum shelf life using vacuum packaging and salt addition needs further study.

Metabolomics captures the differential metabolites in the replication pathway of snakehead vesiculovirus regulated by glutamine.

Snakehead vesiculovirus (SHVV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that infects snakehead fish. This virus leads to illness and mortality, causing significant economic losses in the snakehead aquaculture industry. The replication and spread of SHVV in cells, which requires glutamine as a nitrogen source, is accompanied by alterations in intracellular metabolites. However, the metabolic mechanisms underlying the inhibition of viral replication by glutamine deficiency are poorly understood. This study utilized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure the differential metabolites between the channel catfish Parasilurus asotus ovary cell line infected with SHVV under glutamine-containing and glutamine-deprived conditions. Results showed that the absence of glutamine regulated 4 distinct metabolic pathways and influenced 9 differential metabolites. The differential metabolites PS(16:0/16:0), 5,10-methylene-THF, and PS(18:0/18:1(9Z)) were involved in amino acid metabolism. In the nuclear metabolism functional pathway, differential metabolites of guanosine were observed. In the carbohydrate metabolism pathway, differential metabolites of UDP-d-galacturonate were detected. In the signal transduction pathway, differential metabolites of SM(d18:1/20:0), SM(d18:1/22:1(13Z)), SM(d18:1/24:1(15 Z)), and sphinganine were found. Among them, PS(18:0/18:1(9Z)), PS(16:0/16:0), and UDP-d-galacturonate were involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylserine and glycoprotein. The compound 5,10-methylene-THF provided raw materials for virus replication, and guanosine and sphingosine are related to virus virulence. The differential metabolites may collectively participate in the replication, packaging, and proliferation of SHVV under glutamine deficiency. This study provides new insights and potential metabolic targets for combating SHVV infection in aquaculture through metabolomics approaches.

Innate immune response of snakehead fish to Indian strain of snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV-In) infection and the infectivity potential of the virus to other freshwater fishes

A new virus known as snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV-In) was discovered in South India in striped snakehead (Channa striata) that had hemorrhagic patches and cutaneous ulcerations. The virus is the most potentially harmful pathogen of snakehead because it could cause 100% mortality within 5 days. The goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the infectivity of rhabdovirus in freshwater fishes and to analyze the immune response in snakehead fish after challenge with SHRV-In. The infectivity study of SHRV-In against three freshwater fish such as tilapia, grass carp and loach showed that the virus could not induce mortality in any of them. Snakehead fish challenged with SHRV-In showed significant (p < 0.05) changes in haematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), white blood cell (WBC), total platelet (PLT) counts, mean platelet volume (MPV) and immunological markers such as respiratory burst, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity and myeloperoxidase activity at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hpi. Real time PCR was executed to examine the expression profile of innate immune genes such as IRF-7, IL-8 and IL-12 in Snakehead fish at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post SHRV-In infection. Immune gene expression of IRF-7, IL-8 and IL-12 were up-regulated in the spleen when compared to kidney at 6 and 12 hpi. However, the expression level of all the genes was down-regulated at 24 and 48 hpi. The down regulation of innate immune genes after 24 hpi in these tissues may be the result of increased multiplication of SHRV-In by interfering with the immune signaling pathway.

Exploring the second intermediate hosts and morphology of human- and cat-specific Opisthorchis viverrini-like populations

Infection by the zoonotic fish-borne trematode, Opisthorchis viverrini, remains a crucial health issue in Thailand and neighboring countries. Recently, molecular analysis revealed two populations of putative O. viverrini: one found primarily in human hosts (“human-specific” population) and the other primarily in cats (“cat-specific” population). It is unclear how the infective stages (metacercariae) of these different populations circulate among definitive and reservoir hosts in nature. To gain an insight into this, mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 gene sequences of metacercariae from fish intermediate hosts were examined. None of 192 metacercariae from cyprinid fish in Lao PDR and Thailand had sequences typical of “cat-specific” O. viverrini, suggesting that cyprinid fish are not the main second intermediate hosts of this population. Interestingly, all 20 O. viverrini-like metacercariae from snakehead fish (Channa striata) shared 99.51–100% sequence identity with eggs from cats naturally infected in a previous study. Hence, we propose a modification of the known transmission dynamics of O. viverrini: consumption of metacercariae within snakehead fish provides another pathway for cats and (occasionally) humans to acquire infection. We also performed morphological comparisons of eggs, metacercariae, and adult flukes (raised in hamsters) of both Opisthorchis populations. The “cat-specific” population has eggs that are narrower and adults that are shorter and wider than in the human-specific population. The metacercaria of the “cat-specific” population is elliptical, while that of the “human-specific” population is oval, occasionally rounded. Our results confirmed that O. viverrini-like metacercariae from snakehead fish are the infective stages of the “cat-specific” fluke. This provides a new insight into the dissemination and transmission of each population in the second intermediate host. The identity of the cat-specific population is discussed.

Pre-rigor salting improves gel strength and water-holding of surimi gel made from snakehead fish (Channa argus): The role of protein oxidation

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pre-rigor salting on the quality characteristics of surimi gels prepared from snakehead fish muscle. Pre-rigor and post-rigor muscle were mixed with 0.3% or 3% NaCl (w/w) and made into surimi gels, respectively. Results showed that pre-rigor muscle had a higher content of ATP, longer sarcomere, higher pH and greater protein solubility. Metabolic profile suggested that pre-rigor muscle had higher content (a 28-fold increase) of antioxidants such as butyryl-l-carnitine. Transmission electron microscopy showed more damage of mitochondria in post-rigor muscle. Surimi paste from pre-rigor meat chopped with 3% NaCl generally showed greater radical scavenging ability and had higher content of free sulfhydryl. Surimi gel made from pre-rigor muscle salted with 3% NaCl showed a larger gel strength (3.18 kg*mm vs. 2.22 kg*mm) and better water-holding (86% vs. 80%) than that of post-rigor group. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that: In addition to other factors such as pH, degree of denaturation, etc., less protein oxidation in pre-rigor salted surimi also contributes to the improved gel properties.

The Addition Effect of Sea Cucumber Extract (Stichopodidae) on the Quality of Snakehead Fish oil (C. striata) during Storage

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is one of the freshwater fish consumptions that has high economic value so that many people like it. Processing snakehead fish into fish oil can be an alternative to product diversification. Fish oil is an oil that contains high unsaturated fatty acids that are easily oxidized. Adding antioxidants to the oil can suppress oxidation so it is necessary to add antioxidant agents derived from natural ingredients such as sea cucumber extract (Stichopodidae). The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of sea cucumber extract antioxidants with the best concentration on changes in the quality of snakehead fish oil obtained from previous research during storage. The material used in this study was sea cucumber extract and snakehead fish oil. The study was carried out using experimental laboratories method using Split Plot in Time design where the difference in adding sea cucumber extract as the main plot and storage duration as a sub-plot for Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), Peroxide Value (PV), and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) tests. The treatment of this study was the addition of sea cucumber extract (0% as a control; 0.1%; 0.2%; 0.3%) with 2 storage points (0 and 5 days) for 3 repeats. Making sea cucumber extract extraction method using 96% ethanol. Parametric data were analyzed with Analysis of Variance tests (ANOVA) and Honest Real Difference (HRD) while non-parametric data were analyzed with Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney. The results of preliminary research obtained sea cucumber extract ration with 96% ethanol solvent of 16.1%, % inhibition of 80.30% and antioxidant activity of IC50 of 80.875 ppm (strong). The results of the main study obtained TBA values ranging from 0.07 to 0.27 mg. malonaldehyde/kg, PV range from 0.13 to 5.31 mEq/kg, and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) values range from 0.39 to 1.54%. Based on the results of the study showed that the interaction between the concentration of sea cucumber extract and the duration of storage had a real effect (p &lt; 0.05). 0% sea cucumber extract produced the lowest TBA sapling, which was 0.07±0.05 mg. malonaldehyde/kg, 0.1% yielded the lowest peroxide number at 3.40±1.25 mEq/kg, and 0.2% yielded the lowest FFA number of 0.58±0.00% on day 5. The results suggest that ethanolic extract of sea cucumber does not act as an efficient antioxidant agent to prevent fish oil degradation.

Chemical Characteristics of Scales, Skin And Bones of Snakehead Fish (Channa Striata) After Soaked With Sodium Hydroxide Solution

Snakehead fish is one of the freshwater products that has potential in South Sumatra. Utilization of snakehead fish as a side dish and diversification product is for typical Palembang food processing. Most of these preparations used meat as a raw material, leaving waste scales, skin and bones which had the potential to be used as raw materials for collagen. One of the stages of collagen production was soaking in NaOH. The aim of this research was to examine the chemical properties of scales, skin and bones of snakehead fish after soaking in NaOH. The soaking process was carried out in 0.05M NaOH for 6 hours and the water was changed every 2 hours with a ratio of waste to NaOH solution of 1:10. The parameters analyzed included water content, ash content and protein. The results showed the proportion of scales, skin and bones of snakehead fish respectively of 6% scales, 5.7% skin and 4.20% bones. Proximate analysis tests showed levels in snakehead fish scales of 55.67%, skin by 81.15% and bones by 50.80%. The average value of ash content was in snakehead fish scales of 48.14%, skin by 9.27% and bones by 55.42%. The average value of protein content was in snakehead fish scales by 29.60%, skin by 67.59% and bones by 23.66%.

Chemical Characteristics of Scales, Skin And Bones of Snakehead Fish (Channa Striata) After Soaked With Sodium Hydroxide Solution

Chemical Characteristics of Scales, Skin And Bones of Snakehead Fish (Channa Striata) After Soaked With Sodium Hydroxide Solution

Antibacterial activity of nano-hydroxyapatite paste of snakehead fish bone against S. mutans: an in vitro study

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Caries is the most common oral disease found in society. The prevalence of caries in South Kalimantan is as high as 46.9% in 2018. S.mutans is the causative microorganism in the initial occurrence of caries. Strategy that can be used to prevent caries is by adding nano-hydroxyapatite to the tooth paste. Nano-hydroxyapatite can be obtained from Snakehead (Channa striata) fish bone. Snakehead is a kind of fish that is abundant in Banjarmasin. This study aimed to analyze antibacterial activity of the nano-hydroxyapatite paste from snakehead (Channa striata) fish bone against S.mutans bacteria. Methods: The study consisted of 5 treatment groups: negative control (basic formula), positive control (casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate or CPP-ACP) and three treatment groups (nano-hydroxyapatite paste concentration of 10, 20 and 30%. The paste was made in the formulation of F1, F2, and F3. The antibacterial activity test by measuring MIC and MBC were performed using dilution method. Results: MIC of nano-hydroxyapatite paste was at a concentration of 10% with an average value of the difference absorbance of -0.468. MIC values in the concentration of 10%, 15%, 20% positive and negative control groups had a significant difference. MBC of nano-hydroxyapatite paste was at concentration of 15%. Concentration of 10% and the negative control group showed a significant difference, while concentration of 15% and 20% groups did not show a significant difference. Conclusion: Nano-hydroxyapatite paste from Snakehead fish bone has antibacterial activity in inhibiting and eliminating mutated S.mutans bacteria. The most effective concentration of antibacterial nano-hydroxyapatite paste to prevent caries was 10%. At this concentration, nano-hydroxyapatite can inhibit the growth of S.mutans without killing the bacteria.KEYWORDS fish bone, nano-hydroxyapatite, snakehead, S.mutans

Analysis of Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd) Content in Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) from Lake Rawa Taliwang

Rawa Lake Taliwang is the lifeblood of the West Sumbawa Regency community. The lake is surrounded by extensive agricultural areas, making the activities of local farmers a significant contributor to the accumulation of heavy metals in the region. This study aims to determine the cadmium (Cd) content in snakehead fish (Channa striata ) and assess its suitability for consumption. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling with direct observation at Lake Rawa Taliwang . Nets or traps were employed at two stations, with two replications at each station. Data analysis involved calculating the cadmium content in the laboratory using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results revealed that the cadmium concentration in snakehead fish from Lake Rawa Taliwang was 0.45 mg/kg (ppm). This concentration exceeds the permissible limit for metal contamination in food, as stated in BPOM Regulation Number 9 of 2022. As a result, the snakehead fish is deemed unfit for consumption.

Comparison of nutritional value of snakehead fish from Guangdong and Deqing varieties.

Environmental pollution and overfishing of wild fish resources have led to a significant decrease in snakehead fish, thus leading to the increased demand for breeding the snakehead fish. Guangdong and Deqing snakehead fish are two common consumed varieties. However, their nutritional value was unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of snakehead fish from Guangdong and Deqing varieties feeding with different fodders by analyzing and comparing the proximate composition, fatty acids and amino acids. Results showed that the contents of carbohydrate, energy and fat contents in Guangdong variety were lower than that in Deqing variety feeding commercial fodder or offal. Besides, Guangdong variety contained the highest contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (27.99 ± 1.99%) and EPA + DHA (2.70 ± 0.04%), as well as total essential amino acid content (2550.29), compared to Deqing variety feeding commercial fodder or offal. Overall, snakehead fish from Guangdong variety displayed the highest nutritional value, and thus was a reasonable choice for farmers and consumers. The findings of this study would help farmers to choose the suitable feeding variety and patterns of snakehead fish from the perspective of fish nutritional value, which is beneficial to the sustainable fish farming.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Pakan Ikan Gabus (Channa striata), serta Manajemen Usaha dan Pemasaran Produk Budidaya pada Pokdakan Maju Bersama Mesuji, Kabupaten Mesuji, Lampung

The purpose of this community service activity is to improve the knowledge and skills of snakehead fish farmers in Sungai Badak Village, Mesuji District, Mesuji Regency, concerning the production of fish feed based on non-fishmeal ingredients, as well as business management and business planning in fish farming. The implementation method of the activity consists of several stages: preparation and coordination, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and follow-up assistance. A focus group discussion (FGD) activity is conducted in the preparation and coordination stage. The implementation involves delivering materials and hands-on practice in independently producing snakehead fish feed using distillers, dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and taurine, and business management and marketing strategies for cultivation results. The monitoring stage involves technical guidance on using the feed produced in their business. Finally, the evaluation stage is conducted by filling out a questionnaire related to the technology transfer provided in the community service activity and following up with assistance in processing fisheries' products and water quality management to maintain continuous and high-quality production. The evaluation results indicate an improvement in the knowledge and skills of Pokdakan members regarding the materials provided during the community service activity, with an average increase of 30%. It is noted that Pokdakan members can independently produce fish feed and plan for further fish farming business. The hope is that Pokdakan members can continue the sustainability of the counseling and training results to produce snakehead fish with self-made feed. This activity aims to stimulate Pokdakan members to improve family economics. Additionally, in the future, it aims to establish Mesuji as a center for fish farming and establish a snakehead fish village in Sungai Badak Village, supporting food availability in Mesuji Regency.

Chromosome level genome assembly and transcriptome analysis of E11 cells infected by tilapia lake virus

The E11 cell line, derived from striped snakehead fish (Channa striata), possesses a distinctive feature: it is persistently infected with a C-type retrovirus. Notably, it exhibits high permissiveness to piscine nodavirus and the emerging tilapia lake virus (TiLV). Despite its popularity in TiLV research, the absence of genome assembly for the E11 cell line and Channa striata has constrained research on host-virus interactions. This study aimed to fill this gap by sequencing, assembling, and annotating the E11 cell line genome. Our efforts yielded a 600.5 Mb genome including 24 chromosomes with a BUSCO score of 98.8%. In addition, the complete proviral DNA sequence of snakehead retrovirus (SnRV) was identified in the E11 cell genome. Comparative genomic analysis between the E11 cell line and another snakehead species Channa argus revealed the loss of many immune-related gene families in the E11 cell genome, indicating a compromised immune response. We also conducted transcriptome analysis of mock- and TiLV-infected E11 cells, unveiling new perspectives on virus-virus and host-virus interactions. The TiLV infection suppressed the high expression of SnRV in E11 cells, and activated some other endogenous retroviruses. The protein-coding gene comparison revealed a pronounced up-regulation of genes involved in immune response, alongside a down-regulation of genes associated with specific metabolic processes.In summary, the genome assembly and annotation of the E11 cell line provide valuable resources to understand the SnRV and facilitate further studies on nodavirus and TiLV. The RNA-seq profiles shed light on the cellular mechanisms employed by fish cells in response to viral challenges, potentially guiding the development of therapeutic strategies against TiLV in aquaculture. This study also provides the first insights into the viral transcriptome profiles of endogenous SnRV and evading TiLV, enhancing our understanding of host-virus interactions in fish.

Dietary snakehead fish powder alleviates renal injury by suppressing oxidative stress in rat gentamicin-induced

Nephrotoxicity or renal injury is triggered due to the accumulation of drug levels in the kidneys causing oxidative stress. Albumin and omega-3 are known to repair and protect against tissue damage by free radicals due to oxidative stress. Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a natural resource that is rich in albumin and omega-3. This study aimed to determine the nephroprotective activity of snakehead fish powder (SFP) in Wistar rats induced by gentamicin. This study used thirty male rats divided into six groups. Test animals were divided into normal control (not treated); positive control (omega-3 270 mg/ kg of rat); negative control (CMC Na 0.25%); dose I (350 mg/kg SFP); dose II (700 mg/ kg SFP) and dose III (1400 mg/kg SFP). All groups were induced with 100 mg/kg gentamicin intraperitoneally except for normal control. The treatment was carried out for 14 days. Rats fasted for 24 hrs after the treatment on the last day. The blood test animals were taken to measure creatinine, urea and albumin levels, then sacrificed, and their kidneys were taken for analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels. The data obtained were statistically tested using the one-way ANOVA method and continued with post hoc LSD. The results showed the effect of SFP on the decrease in creatinine, urea, MDA, and GSH levels starting from the smallest dose of 350 mg/kg significantly compared with the negative control in gentamicin-induced Wistar rats. A higher dose of SFP can provide better nephroprotective activity. In conclusion, SFP has nephroprotective activity by suppressing oxidative stress in Wistar rats.

Diagnosis, isolation and description of a novel amnoonvirus recovered from diseased fancy guppies, Poecilia reticulata.

The guppy, Poecilia reticulata, is one of the most common cultured ornamental fish species, and a popular pet fish highly desired by hobbyists worldwide due to its availability of many brilliantly coloured fish of many varieties. The susceptibility of guppies to diseases presents a remarkable concern for both breeders and hobbyists. In this study, we report the emergence of disease in fancy guppies caused by a previously uncharacterized virus in the USA. This virus was isolated from moribund guppies in two separate outbreaks in California and Alabama, from December 2021 to June 2023. The infected guppies presented with acute morbidity and mortality shortly after shipping, displaying nonspecific clinical signs and gross changes including lethargy, anorexia, swimming at the water surface, gill pallor, mild to moderate coelomic distension and occasional skin lesions including protruding scales, skin ulcers and hyperaemia. Histological changes in affected fish were mild and nonspecific; however, liver and testes from moribund fish were positive for Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), the single described member in the family Amnoonviridae, using immunohistochemistry and insitu hybridization, although the latter was weak. A virus was successfully recovered following tissue inoculation on epithelioma papulosum cyprini and snakehead fish cell lines. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed nucleotide and amino acid homologies from 78.3%-91.2%, and 78.2%-97.7%, respectively, when comparing the guppy virus genomes to TiLV isolates. Based on the criteria outlined herein, we propose the classification of this new virus, fancy tailed guppy virus (FTGV), as a member of the family Amnoonviridae, with the name Tilapinevirus poikilos (from the Greek 'poikilos', meaning of many colours; various sorts, akin to 'poecilia').

Hydroxyapatite Characteristics from Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) Bone via Alkali Treatment followed by Calcination Method

Hydroxyapatite Characteristics from Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) Bone via Alkali Treatment followed by Calcination Method