Snakehead Fish Research Articles

Molecular mechanism of homologous lactic acid bacteria regulating liver cell injury of snakehead fish

In order to clarify the molecular mechanism of the homologous LAB regulating the liver cell injury of C. argus, this study used Fxr as the key target protein for the treatment of liver cell injury, used LCA to construct the liver cell injury model, and used the Fxr inhibitor GS to specifically block Fxr and its related signaling pathways will further explore the protective mechanism of homologous L. lactis L19 against liver injury in C. argus in vitro. The results showed that the LCA-induced liver cell injury model of C. argus was successfully constructed. The optimal concentration of LCA was 20 μM, and the optimal duration of action was 24 h. 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL L. lactis L19 ECP showed a protective effect on LCA-induced liver cell injury, remarkably decrease the levels of liver injury-related biochemical parameters AST, ALT, ALP and LDH (P < 0.05), and regulate the expressions of BA metabolism-related genes fxr, bsep, mrp2, shp, cyp7a1 and cyp8b1 and BA metabolism-related proteins Fxr, Bsep, Shp and Cyp7a1. It is revealed that L. lactis L19 is a possible molecular mechanism that regulates the liver cell injury of C. argus by activating Fxr and its related signal pathways. In vitro test results show that L. lactis L19 can enhance the proliferation of hepatocytes, promote the efflux and metabolism of toxic BA, inhibit the BA synthesis and uptake, and play a protective role in LCA-induced liver cell injury in C. argus. At the gene and protein levels, it was verified that L. lactis L19 can activate Fxr and its related signal pathways, and proved that the protective effects of L. lactis L19 on LCA-induced liver cell injury was blocked by GS. Thus, L. lactis L19, as a recognized probiotic, has a bright future in the treatment of liver injury-related diseases.

Sistem Pemantau dan Pengontrol Suhu dan pH Air Otomatis pada Budidaya Ikan Gabus

Maintaining the temperature and pH of water in fish farming is important to maintain the survival of the commodities being cultivated. Snakehead fish as one of the freshwater fish cultivation commodities, live in a temperature range of 25° to 32°C, and a pH of 4,5 to 6. Changes in temperature and pH due to differences in day and night and weather conditions can be mortal for the fish. To help the fish farmers maintain water quality, in this research a prototype of IoT based temperature and pH monitor and control was built using Arduino microcontroller, that can be accessed through a mobile application on Android smartphone. The test results show that the prototype has successfully control the temperature by turning the heater on when it dropped below 25°C, turned the acid solution pump on when the pH felt below 4.5, and alkaline solution pump when pH was above 6. Continuous sensor readings are able to maintain the stability of water quality.

KANDUNGAN GIZI DAN ORGANOLEPTIK BISKUIT SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG IKAN GABUS DAN TEPUNG DAUN KATUK SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF CAMILAN IBU MENYUSUI

This study aims to determine the effect of substitution of snakehead fish flour and katuk leaf flour on the macronutrient content, iron and organoleptic properties of biscuits. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with ratio of snakehead fish flour and katuk leaf flour, namely: F1 (35%:10%), F2(40%:15%), F3 (45%:20%). Organoleptic tests included color, taste, texture, aroma and after taste by observation with 30 panelists. Nutrient content and Fe were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Duncan's further test. While the organoleptic was analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney advanced test. Based on the test results for the nutritional content of biscuits, it was found that each successive formulation contained 8.63%, 7.12%, 7.77% moisture content, 2.31%, 2.64%, 2.89% ash content, 21.86% protein, 24.20%, 25.10%, 17.59% fat, 17.66%, 17.74%, carbohydrates 49.55%, 43.29%, 46.63%, iron 7.47%, 9.01%, 9.35%. Based on the organoleptic test of taste and after taste the most preferred is F2, the preferred color and taste is F3, while the texture is F1. The selected biscuit formulation is a substitute for snakehead fish and katuk leaf flour, namely F3. F3 meets the 11.5% AKG for protein and iron and can be claimed as a food source of protein and iron for lactating mothers 19-29 years (first trimester).

DAYA TERIMA DAN KANDUNGAN PROTEIN KUE BAGEA SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG IKAN GABUS (OPHIOCEPHALUS STRIATUS) DAN TEPUNG KACANG MERAH (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L)

Bagea cake is a typical cake from Palopo City, South Sulawesi. The main ingredient is starch, therefore the nutritional content is mostly carbohydrates. Bagea cake substituted with snakehead fish meal and red bean flour can increase protein content. This study aims to determine the acceptability and protein content of bagea cake substitutes for snakehead fish meal and red bean flour.This type of research is Pre-experimental acceptability test using organoleptic test with a total of 25 panelists. Statistical test using Friedman test. Analysis of protein content using the Kjeldahl method. Data is presented in tabular form accompanied by explanations in narrative form.The results showed that the most preferred acceptability of bagea cake substituted with snakehead fish meal and red bean flour from the aspect of color, aroma, texture, and taste was bagea cake with a concentration of 15%:15%. The results of laboratory tests showed that the protein content in bagea cakes at a concentration of 15%:15% was 6.096 per serving of bagea cakes.It is recommended that in making bagea cake substitutions of snakehead fish meal and red bean flour use a concentration of no more than 15% so that it can be accepted by panelists from the aspect of color, aroma, texture and taste.

EFFECT OF GIVING SNAKEHEAD FISH SUPPLEMENTATION THERAPY (STRIATED CHANNA) ON BODY WEIGHT IN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS AT THE SIDOTOPO HEALTH CENTER IN SURABAYA

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study aims to determine the effect of supplementing snakehead fish (Channa striata) on body weight at the Sidotopo Health Center. The method used in this study was a one group pre test post test design involving 20 patients using a purposive sampling. The study inclusion criteria were clients who had just been diagnosed with active tuberculosis, took OAT regularly, aged 18-60 years. Exclusion criteria were TB patients who refused the study, MDR (Multi drug Resistance) TB, smokers, had a history of allergies, took other supplements. This research was conducted in June 2022 at the Sidotopo Health Center in Surabaya. Laboratory analysis was carried out at the Tropical Disease Institute, Airlangga University. The results of statistical tests in this study were that there were differences in the administration of snakehead fish (Channa striata) on body weight in tuberculosis patients with a p-value = 0.000 (&lt;0.005). The pretest reached 46.25 kg, while the post test body weight was 48.20 kg. This shows that there is an increase in body weight in TB patients at the Sidotopo Health Center in Surabaya.&#x0D; Keywords : Weight, Tuberculosis, Snakehead fish

Nutritional Characteristic of Snack bar Formulation Based on Snakehead Fish-Sorghum Flour Flakes and Kidney Beans

Proving supplementary food such as snack bar from high in energy, protein and iron local foods (snakehead fish flour, sorghum and kidney bean) can be used as specific nutrition intervention for CED and anemia in pregnant women. This study aimed to analyze and nutritional characteristic of snakehead fish-sorghum flour flakes and kidney bean snack bar. The experimental method was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four ratios of snakehead fish flour-sorghum flakes and kidney beans, namely F1 (50%:50%), F2 (60%:40%), F3 (70%:30%) and F4 (80%:20%). Nutritional characteristic of snack bar was analyzed using One Way ANOVA and Duncan’s further test. The results showed that the difference ratios of snakehead fish flour-sorghum flakes and kidney beans had significant effect on energy, moisture, carbohydrates, fat, protein, zinc, iron and calcium of snack bar (p&lt;0.05). The nutrient content of snack bar F2, F2, F3 and F4 were energy (432,04 kcal; 433,77 kcal; 4329,49 kcal; 437,56 kcal), ash content (3,21%; 3,24%; 3,29%; 3,24%), moisture content (14,46%; 14,71%, 13,35%; 13,72%), fat (20,54%; 21,11%, 19,21%; 21,08%), protein (16,87%; 16,97%; 19,63%; 18,57%), carbohydrates (44,93%; 43,98%; 44,53%; 43,41%), zinc (2,07 mg ; 2,04 mg; 2,07 mg, 2,18 mg), iron (4,35 mg; 6,02 mg; 6,23 mg; 6,76 mg) and calcium (114,21 mg; 130,27 mg; 123,41 mg; 131,83 mg). F4 potentially used as alternative supplementary food for pregnant women with CED and anemia because can be claimed as source of protein and iron product based on food label reference for pregnant women.

Manufacturing of protein concentrate from the flesh of snakehead fish ( Channa striata ) through consecutive ultrasound-assisted organic solvent extraction and vacuum drying

Manufacturing of protein concentrate from the flesh of snakehead fish ( <i>Channa striata</i> ) through consecutive ultrasound-assisted organic solvent extraction and vacuum drying

Pemanfaatan Ikan Gabus Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Stunting

The snakehead fish population (family Channidae) is widespread in the fresh waters of Indonesia. Snakehead fish is a native fish in Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan but is an introduced fish in Sulawesi and Papua. Channa striata, or snakehead fish, is a freshwater fish that has many health benefits, especially its albumin content for wound healing. Other types of freshwater fish that are suspected of having potential for albumin, besides snakehead fish, are toman fish (Channa micropeltes) and betutu fish (Oxyeotris marmorata). Snakehead fish are also very suitable for treating stunting that occurs in children. Stunting is a developmental disorder experienced by children due to malnutrition, repeated infections, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Several factors cause stunting, namely the practice of giving colostrum and exclusive breastfeeding, children's consumption patterns, and infectious diseases. Stunting is a disease that currently exists in Paregan village; for this reason, Paregan village residents must pay attention to their children's diet. Parengan village is one of the villages in the Maduran sub-district, Lamongan district, which is close to the Bengawan Solo bank. The distance between Bengawan Solo and the village is approximately 60 m, limited by 2 blocks. Parengan village has 16 RTs and 04 RWs. Parengan village is a village with a narrow land area of around 62 ha, so the majority are woven craftsmen, and only ± 20 people make a living as farmers.

Consumer preference, quality, and financial analysis of tekwan made from snakehead, yellow tail, wolf herring, and spanish mackerels

Tekwan is a traditional processed fish product from South Sumatra, characterized by its flat shape and small size, resembling fish meatballs. Essentially, tekwan is made using Belida or Snakehead fish, where the fish stocks are running low. Raw materials represent one of the most critical components in a production process. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of utilizing various fish raw materials on consumer preference, quality, and financial analysis of tekwan. The experimental design employed was a randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of snakehead, yellowtail, wolf herring, and Spanish mackerels. The use of different kinds of fish in terms of chemical characteristics shows no apparent differences in fat, water, and ash levels, but significant differences (p<0.05) exist for protein levels. In the physical characteristics of the tekwan, a significant difference (p<0.05) is observed in the hardness value. In the consumer’s preference test, corks and machetes received similar ratings, while yellowtail and mackerel obtained higher preference rates. Based on the financial analysis, snakehead does not seem to be worth the effort, whereas yellowtail, mackerel, and dorab demonstrate business worthiness.

Reproductive performance of snakehead fish (Channa striata) induced by oodev hormone

Snakehead fish is a fish that has a high level of consumption and has many benefits in the health sector, but cultivation activities have not been carried out intensively because of the availability of snakehead fish which still utilizes catches from nature. In cultivation activities, the use of hormones is commonly used, one of which is used to support reproductive performance. One of them is the Oodev hormone, so this study aimed to determine the effect of Oodev with different doses on the final gonad maturation of snakehead fish. The research method used was a completely randomized design experiment with four treatments and three replications. The treatments were P0 (Oodev 0 mL/kg), P1 (Oodev 0.5 mL/kg), P2 (Oodev 1 mL/kg), P3 (Oodev 1.5 mL/kg). Oodev injections were carried out on TKG II fish at an interval of every 7 days. During maintenance, the fish were fed golden snails and small fish 2 times a day. The result of the research showed that Oodev is significant in the gonad maturation of common snakehead. The treatment P3 injection dose of 1.5 mL/kg with maturation gonad time for 16 days, ovi somatic index 4.26%, egg diameter increases of 0.113 mm, fertilization rate 91.43%, hatching rate 90.96. It was concluded that the Oodev injection had a significant effect on the gonad maturity of snakehead fish (P&lt;0.05) in the P3 treatment (Oodev 1.5 mL/kg).Keywords: Channa striata; Dose; Gonad maturation; Hormone; Oodev

Fatty Acid Profile of Snakehead (Channa striata) and Its By-Product by GC-MS

The increasing demand for sustainable and high-quality food sources has led to a growing interest in exploring alternative protein options. Fish-derived products, known for their nutritional value, unique flavor profiles, and potential health benefits, have gained significant attention. Among these, snakehead (Channa striata) and its by-products have emerged as promising resources for various food applications, including fish powder production. Fish powder holds immense potential in the food industry as a versatile ingredient, capable of enhancing nutritional content while minimizing waste. This research focuses on investigating the fatty acid composition and volatile compounds present in snakehead fish powder and its by-products. The study employs a combination of analytical techniques, namely gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and lipid extraction methods, to identify and quantify fatty acids and volatile compounds in the fish powder samples, providing a comprehensive chemical profile. The data reveals variations in the fatty acid composition among different components of the snakehead powder samples, influenced by the fish's feeding habits. The presence of essential fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-6, highlights the potential health benefits of consuming snakehead powder. Moreover, the identification of odd chain saturated fatty acids (OCS-FAs) in the samples indicates their potential contribution to human health. Notably, snakehead powder contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which have reported preventive effects on human coronary artery disease. In conclusion, snakehead powder is a valuable source of protein and essential fatty acids, with potential implications for human health. The study emphasizes the significance of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into the human diet, potentially through fish powder consumption. Overall, the findings highlight the potential benefits of snakehead meat, head, skin, and bone, encouraging the development of functional food products and their potential use in preventing stunting.

Snakehead Fish Extract in Increasing Skin Collagen &amp; Fibroblasts

This study aim is to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which snakehead fish extract affects the skin, opening doors for the development of more effective and natural skincare products. The study employs a systematic literature review method using PRISMA strategy, identifying 156 relevant articles through platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SINTA, spanning from 2018 to 2023. Findings encompass increased VEGF production and NO levels with snakehead fish extract dosages, wounds healing potential of honey and snakehead fish skin combination in hydrogel formulations, increased fibroblast counts, reduced skin erythema, and decreased wound crust formation. Additionally, marine collagen exhibits promise in skin healing and bone repair. Collagen supplements, whether oral or topical, also prove beneficial in delaying skin aging. The study reveals crucial insights into the potential of snakehead fish extract in skincare and wound healing, supporting the development of more effective and natural skincare products.

Snakehead vesiculovirus hijacks SH3RF1 for replication via mediating K63-linked ubiquitination at K264 of the phosphoprotein

Snakehead vesiculovirus (SHVV) is a type of rhabdovirus that causes serious economic losses in snakehead fish culture in China. However, no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines are currently available for SHVV infection. In this study, 4D label-free ubiquitome analysis of SHVV-infected cells revealed dozens of ubiquitinated sites on the five SHVV proteins. We focused on investigating the ubiquitination of phosphoprotein (P), a viral polymerase co-factor involved in viral replication. SHVV-P was proved to be ubiquitinated via K63-linked ubiquitination at lysine 264 (K264). Overexpression of wild-type P, but not its K264R mutant, facilitated SHVV replication, indicating that K264 ubiquitination of the P protein is critical for SHVV replication. RNAi screening of 26 cellular E3 ubiquitin ligases identified five pro-viral factors for SHVV replication, including macrophage erythroblast attacher (MAEA), TNF receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7), and SH3 domain-containing ring finger protein 1 (SH3RF1), which interacted with and mediated ubiquitination of SHVV P. TRAF7 and SH3RF1, but not MAEA, mediated K63-linked ubiquitination of SHVV P, while only SH3RF1 mediated K264 ubiquitination of SHVV P. Besides, overexpression of SH3RF1 promoted SHVV replication and maintained the stability of SHVV P. In summary, SH3RF1 mediated K63-linked ubiquitination of SHVV P at K264 to facilitate SHVV replication, providing targets for developing anti-SHVV drugs and live-attenuated SHVV vaccines. Our study provides novel insights into the role of P protein in the replication of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses.

An Effect of Giving Snakehead Fish Extract ( Channa striata ) on Albumin, Neutrophil, and Lymphocyte Levels in Hypoalbuminemia Patients

Background : Hypoalbuminemia is a condition where the albumin level in the blood falls below normal. Hypoalbuminemia is known as a marker of protein energy malnutrition, inflammation, infection, liver disease, kidney disease and postoperative stress. In Indonesia, malnutrition hospital data shows 40-50% of patients have hypoalbuminemia or are at risk of hypoalbuminemia, 12% of them are severe hypoalbuminemia, and the hospitalization period for patients with hospital malnutrition shows 90% longer than patients with good nutrition. Decreased albumin levels can be associated with a decrease in the immune system and slow healing of tissues/wounds due to infection. Neutrophils and lymphocytes whose numbers increase when inflammation occurs. Oral administration of high protein with snakehead fish extract ( Channa striata ) is an alternative treatment for hypoalbuminemia. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of snakehead fish extract (Channa striata) on albumin, neutrophil, and lymphocyte levels in hypoalbuminemic patients. Method: Articles are compiled using a systematic method literature review , involving national and international journals by taking journals through Google scholar, Pubmed, Research Gate, Scient direct. Results: There was an effect of giving snakehead fish extract on albumin levels, neutrophil values, and lymphocyte values in hypoalbuinemic patients and experimental animals. Conclusion: The content of amino acids, albumin, Zn, Fe, Cu and unsaturated fatty acids in snakehead fish ( Ophiocephalus striatus) is quite effective as an effort to increase albumin levels, decrease neutrophil and lymphocyte values when inflammation occurs in hypoalbuminemic patients.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Channa striata extract , Albumin, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Hypoalbuminemia

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI ASAM HIALURONAT TERHADAP STABILITAS FISIK SALEP KOMBINASI EKSTRAK IKAN GABUS

The combination of snakehead fish ointment is expected to have synergistic properties in wound healing. Variations in natural ingredients added to the formula will affect the stability of the preparation during its shelf life. Hyaluronic acid, as a humectant agent, is used to maintain stability and improve physical properties by increasing the consistency of the preparation and reducing the risk of syneresis. The test method in this study was the stability test of the intermediate at 30°C ± 2°C/ RH 65 ± 5 % for six months. The Parameters measured were spreadability, adhesion, and pH. The observations showed that all formulas met the physical characteristics of the ointment until the 1st month. The 0.25% hyaluronic acid concentration was the most stable formula, which maintained the stability of spreadability and adhesion up to the 1st-month test point.

Tingkat Penerimaan Konsumen Terhadap Kaldu Bubuk Penyedap Rasa Berbahan Baku Udang Rebon (Acetes Erythraeus), Limbah Ikan Gabus (Channa Striata), Dan Limbah Udang Windu (Penaeus Monodon)

Broth is a flavoring product which is generally produced from the process of cooking high-protein ingredients such as meat with water, with or without other additions. The flavoring broth that is favored generally made from chicken and beef, although fish and shrimp and even their waste can also be used to make natural flavoring broth. This research aims to determine the level of consumer preference of flavoring powder broth made from 3 ingredients/samples, namely snakehead fish waste, tiger prawn waste and rebon shrimp. This research was carried out by making powdered broth and hedonic test to determine the level of preference from consumers. This test used 25 semi-trained panelists with color, aroma, texture and taste parameters. The test results showed that flavoring powder broth made from snakehead fish waste was preferred by consumers in terms of texture, broth made from tiger prawn waste was highly preferred in terms of taste parameters, and samples made from rebon shrimp as raw materials were preferred in terms of color and aroma parameters

The Effect of Substitution of Snakehead Fish and Purple Eggplant Flour on The Acceptability of Biscuits for Stunting Prevention

The development of supplementary food formulas for toddlers made from local foods can be an alternative in handling child nutritional problems. Purpose of study was to observe the acceptability of biscuits substitution of snakehead fish meal and purple eggplant flour. Design of study was an quasi experimental using postest only control group design with four treatments namely substitution of snakehead fish meal and purple eggplant flour. The ratio of wheat flour, fish meal and purple eggplant flour is 100%: 0 : 0,85% : 10% : 5%, 70% : 20% : 10%, and 55% : 30% : 15%. The results of the study based in the color characteristic the highest score after control was F1 (score = 2.47), the taste aspect F1 (score = 2.7), the aroma aspect F1 (score = 2.41), thetexture/crunch F1 (score = 2.65). There was an effect of substitution of snakehead fish meal and purple eggplant flour on color acceptability (p = 0.000) and taste (p = 0.003), there is no effect of substitution of snakehead fish meal and purple eggplant flour on aroma receptivity (p = 0.306) and crispness (p = 0.155). In conclusion, there are significant differences in the color and taste characteristics of cookies substitution of snakehead fish flour and purple eggplant flour between F0, F1, F2 and F3.

Identification of Ectoparasites and Endoparasites in Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) and Climbing Perch Fish (Anabas testudineus) Caught in the Sebangau River of Indonesia

Ectoparasites are parasites that can infect the external organs of fish (skin, gills and the outer surface of the body) while endoparasites are parasites that infect the internal organs of fish. This study aims to determine the types of ectoparasites and endoparasites that infect snakehead fish (Channa striata) and climbing perch fish (Anabas testudineus). Sampling was carried out at the Sebangau River while the identification was carried out at the Fish Quarantine Station, Quality Control and Safety of Fishery Products in Palangka Raya. Examination of ectoparasites includes mucus, gills, scales, and fish fins. Examination of endoparasites by observing the organs of the fish such as liver, meat, intestines and stomach. There are eight types of ectoparasites in snakehead fish, namely Trichodina sp, Dactylogyrus sp, Gyrodactylus sp, Apiosoma sp, Tetrahymena sp, Aelosoma sp, Lamproglena sp, and Henneguya sp, while there are four types of endoparasites in snakehead fish, namely Camallanus sp, Procamallanus sp, Neoechynorynchus sp , and Senga sp. There are five types of ectoparasites in the climbing perch fish caught in the Sebangau River, namely Trichodina sp, Dactylogyrus sp, Aelosoma sp, Myxobolus sp, and Epistylis sp. Meanwhile, there is only one type of endoparasite that attack snakehead fish, namely Procamallanus sp. The total prevalence of snakehead fish’s ectoparasites was 81.7%, with an intensity level of 6.1 individual parasites per fish. The total prevalence of ectoparasites in climbing perch fish is 45%, with an intensity level of 5.4 individual parasites per fish. The total prevalence of snakehead fish endoparasites is 65%, with an intensity level of 9.8 individual parasites per fish. The prevalence of climbing perch fish’s endoparasites is 31.7%, with an intensity level of 19 individual parasites per fish.

Reproductive Biology of Striped Snakehead (Channa striata, Bloch, 1793) in Floodplain of Lubuk Lampam, South Sumatra

Striped Snakehead (Channa striata) is one of the fish species inhabiting the flooded floodplain. Currently, the striped snakehead fish population in the Lubuk Lampam floodplain is undergoing a significant decline due to continuous and unregulated fishing activities. To prevent this population decline, there is a need for comprehensive efforts in managing their reproduction. The objective of this study was to investigate the reproductive behavior of striped snakehead fish in the floodplain of Lubuk Lampam, South Sumatra. The research spanned five months, from December 2022 to April 2023, and involved the collection of fish samples from four different floodplain types: river, lebung, lebak kumpei, and rawang. A total of 284 striped snakehead fish were examined, and measurements of length- weight and their reproductive biology were observed. The findings revealed that the sex ratio of striped snakehead fish was skewed toward females, with a ratio of 1:1.7 (females to males). The size at which female striped snakehead fish reach maturity was determined to be 28.5 cm, while male striped snakehead fish matured at 29.30 cm. The peak spawning season for striped snakehead fish occurred in December, coinciding with the rainy season. The spawning grounds for striped snakehead fish were predominantly located in the lebung station in the upper reaches of the Lubuk Lampam Floodplain. Striped Snakehead fish exhibited a partial spawning behavior. Furthermore, these fish demonstrated a relatively high reproductive potential, with fecundity ranging from 5,859 to 30,321 eggs.

The antibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas schubertii isolated from snakehead in An Giang province of the Mekong Delta

Antibiotic resistance and the transmission of resistance genes among bacteria in aquaculture are attracting world attention. The investigation was conducted to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas schubertii, which causes intensively cultured internal white spot disease in snakehead from An Giang province of the Mekong Delta. The findings isolated 29 bacterial strains from the kidney, spleen, and liver of diseased snakehead fish. Based on the morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing results, two strains of As9 and As11 showed a similarity of 98.71 % and 97.07 % to A. schubertii strains ZL-1 and GZ210812, respectively. The disc diffusion method was used to conduct antibiograms of the strains for 12 antibiotics. The research indicated that the bacteria were susceptible to the antibiotics ceftazidime, cefalexin, and doxycycline at rates of 86 %, 59 %, and 55 %, respectively. Meanwhile, bacteria were highly resistant to amoxicillin (93 %), flumequine (83 %), ciprofloxacin (76 %), rifampicin (66 %), erythromycin (62 %), colistin (59 %), florfenicol (59 %), and novobiocin (41 %). Interestingly, 100 % of the bacterial strains in the study demonstrated a multidrug-resistant phenotype, resistant to at least two antibiotics or more.