Snail Shell Powder Research Articles

Prediction of the mechanical properties of Polypropylene reinforced with Snail Shell Powder with a Deep Neural Network Model and the Finite Element Method

Neural networks have led to the evolution of the processing methodology of computational sciences. The problems like bio composites modeling and prediction are difficult to model with classical mathematical and statistical tools because of the data inherent noise. NN’s processing capability in the forecasting, recognition, modeling, system analysis and control can give fast characterization, modeling and prediction of bio composites properties, provided as long as datasets are available. Using Matlab®, a neural network model was evaluated to characterize the optimal properties of the ANS reinforced the Polypropylene. The feed forward multilayer model provided best results in comparison with the finite element method and the experimental tensile tests. The trained neural network is able to provide a best prediction of such bio composite based on natural particles having more advantages to the environment, economy and the sustainable development.

Analysis of tensile strength, microstructure, and fractograph of Al-Si with snail shell powder as reinforce agent

This research aimed to increase the mechanical property of Al-Si alloy by adding snail shell powder reinforcement using the stir casting method. This research used 1 minute, 2 minutes, and 3 minutes variations of stirring time. The snail shell powder percentage in this research was 0.05 wt% from the total 1.5 kg Al-Si alloy. The stir casting method was performed by melting the Al-Si in the furnace then was stirred at 500 rpm speed in 850°C temperature before sprinkled with snail shell powder. After the stir casting process, the Al-Si alloy was poured into permanent cylindric mould according to the tensile test specimen. The specimens then tested with the mechanical test to find the tensile strength and microstructure. The results showed increases of the mechanical property with the best result was found in the specimen with a stirring time of 3 minutes with the value of 21.04 kg/mm2.

Cement–paperboard composite for speaker/woofer casing: Experimental trend analysis (ETA) and performance evaluation

One of the uses of particle board is in the design of speaker/woofer casing, but with increasing demand, the cost is skyrocketing, effects of which lead to the high cost of end-use woofer gadgets. Cement–paper composite reinforced with snail shell powder/banana fiber was developed as an alternative. The fiber was grouped into two; untreated banana fiber (UBF) and treated banana fiber (TBF) (treated with 1 M NaOH). Fibers were infused into the composite at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% by weight of paper pulp while snail shell powder was added at 15 wt.% constant proportion for all samples produced. Curing was carried out for 28 and 56 days, respectively. The composite boards produced were examined for physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties. Results obtained indicated an uptrend in water absorption and thickness swelling at increasing fiber loading. Internal bond strength, screw holding strength, moduli of rupture, and elasticity were observed to be enhanced with increment in fiber proportion. It was further noticed that alkaline TBF performed better than the untreated fiber, hence recommended for paperboard production. Experimental trend and performance analysis engaged in revealed hydration to be the most efficient experimental variable and important for overall property maximization in cement–paper composite. Performance evaluation conducted showed effective property index was noticed to be highest for composite board doped with 2.5 wt.% TBF.

Study of removal Malachite Green dye from aqueous solution using snail shell powder as low-cost adsorbent

This research using snail shell (Rostellaria) powder to remove (Malachite Green ) dye from aqueous solution via adsorption. Experiments were conducted at 298 K to know the impact of initial concentration of Malachite Green, contact time, pH and effect of ionic strength. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of Malachite Green were realized at 0.0200 g of the adsorbent material . The maximum removal ratio was equal to 86.6585 % at 7.0000 mg/L,10 min as adsorption time and 298 K . Equilibrium adsorption isotherms was investigated. The empirical data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models of adsorption at different temperature change from (298 to 338) K. The adsorption isotherm data were suitability well to Langmuir isotherm. The calculated thermodynamics information of the adsorption process ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° refers that removal process occur via an adsorption process which features with spontaneous, exothermal and raise in the randomness of the molecules of the adsorbent dye,the obtained isotherms information from the experiments were conform For the type (S-curve) at Giles discretion.

Uji Efektivitas Cangkang Keong Mas (Pomacea canaliculata L.) Sebagai Biosorben Dalam Menyerap Logam Berat Merkuri (Hg)

Adsorbent is one of the effective solutions to reduce the Hg metal content. The golden snail is a pest for agricultural and contains high of calcium carbonate. However, calcium carbonate can be used as an adsorbent. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of golden snail shell powder in absorbing Hg metal. This research is a quantitative study consisting of dependent variables and independent variables. The dependent variable involved a concentration of 10 ppm mercury, and 100 rpm stirring time speed while the independent variable included of variations in powder mass and stirring time. The mass of golden snail powder used those are 0 gr, 5 gr, 10 gr, 15 gr, and 20 gr with a variation of stirring time for 15 minutes and 30 minutes for each sample of Hg metals. Each Hg sample was used at a concentration of 10 ppm. The calculation results obtained that the effectiveness of golden snail shell powder in absorbing Hg 10 ppm was the mass of 20 grams of golden snail powder with a stirring time of 30 minutes that was equal to 99.87% with the result of a decrease in concentration of 10 ppm Hg to 0.01 Hg ppm.

Use of snail shell powder as a low cost Adsorbent for the Decolorization of AzureC dye

Use of snail shell powder as a low cost Adsorbent for the Decolorization of AzureC dye

Chemical and Phase Characterization of Snail Shell (Archachatina Marginata) as Bio-Waste from South-West in Nigeria for Industrial Applications

This paper aimed at characterizing waste snail shells found in South-West, Nigeria for potential industrial applications. Snail shells which represent the bio-shell waste of snails' remnants from restaurants, eateries or snail sellers constitute a serious degree of environmental threat with little or no economic value; their effective utilization can bring immense economic prosperity. Snail shells were obtained from two selected region of South-Western part of Nigeria. The obtained snail sells were thoroughly washed to remove adhered dirt and later dried in an electric powered oven at 110 o C for 6h. The dried shells were then crushed and further pulverized to obtain powder snail shells (SS p ) and labeled samples SS p A and SS p B respectively. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by Energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) while the phase constituent was analyzed using X-ray diffractometer. The results showed that SS p A consist mainly calcium (Ca) 83.38% while sample SS p B contains higher calcium (Ca) content of 85.04%. However, X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate predominant phase of calcite for the samples. This indicates that the snail shell powder is suitable for industrial applications such as filler in paper and ceramic industry. Keywords: Snail shell; chemical composition; phase constituent; calcite phase. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2020

Equilibrium and Thermodynamic studies of Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue dye on snail shell powder

Remazol Brilliant Blue dye is a noxious dyes, so the snail shell powder was used as a adsorbent surface because of its high efficiency to remove the remazol brilliant blue dye from aqueous solutions where the removal percent was (99.09%). Also, the factors affect the efficiency of adsorption (equilibrium time, adsorbent weight, PH, ionic strength, temperature and using "Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin" modelels were studied. The experimental data of isotherm showed that it is in good agreement with the freundlich and temkin equation it to take the form (S-curve) according to the Giles classification, and it does not agree with the Langmuir equation. The thermodynamic functions (ΔS, ΔH, ΔG) were calculated and explained in the mean of the chemical structure of the adsorbant.

Constructing hydrotalcite Mg-Al-CÜ3 by utilizing CO32-’ from natural resource

This research aims to construct hydrotalcite Mg-Al-CO3 by tuning the pH synthesis and molar ratio. The tuning was carried out by applying different synthesis pH. In addition, utilization of snail shell waste is expected to replace CO3 2- ion that needed for anion component in hydrotalcite production. For this study precipitation and hydrothermal methods were applied for synthesis. The precipitation had been carried out in three steps, namely isolation of ion CO3 2- from snail shell, preparation of Na2CO3 solution using snail shell powder as ion CO3 2- source and synthesizing hydrotalcite, where hydrothermal method was carried out at 150 °C. Confirmation of hydrotalcite obtained was done using SEM and FTIR.

Cr(VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution Using a Magnetite Snail Shell

In this study, magnetic snail shell (MSS) prepared by impregnating of iron oxide onto snail shell (SS) powder was used for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. Among six different mass ratios of Fe/SS powder studied, the MSS25 produced at a ratio of 25% achieved the highest Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption isotherm, kinetics, and mechanism of Cr(VI) onto MSS25. The results illustrated that adsorption of Cr(VI) onto MSS25 reached equilibrium after 150 min at pH 3. The adsorption kinetics could be well described by the pseudo-second order model (R2 = 0.986). The Langmuir model (R2 = 0.971) was the best-fitting model that described the adsorption isotherm of Cr(VI) onto MSS25. The maximum adsorption capacity was 46.08 mg Cr(VI) per gram of MSS25. Ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and adsorption-coupled reduction were determined as the main adsorption mechanisms of Cr(VI) onto MSS25. The high percentages of CaCO3 and Fe3O4 found in the MSS25 structure made a significant contribution to the Cr(VI) adsorption process.

Potential of snail shell and palm kernel shell powders in improving engineering properties of clay

This research is aimed at using Snail Shell Powder (SSP) and Palm Kernel Shell Powder (PKSP) in stabilizing clay. Elemental and oxide compositions of the powders were determined and they revealed SSP is richer in CaO than PKSP. Sieve Analysis, Compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Atterberg Limit were conducted on natural and stabilized soil mixture. The natural soil (A-7-6) was blended with SSP and PKSP at varying proportion of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% by dry weight of soil respectively and also combined at ratios not more than 10% total . Inclusion of additives increase the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) while it predominantly the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) values of the stabilized soil mixture. Plasticity Index (PI) decrease with the addition of the powders with the best performance observed mostly with SSP blended soil. It was also found that the CBR values of soil increase with corresponding increase in dosage of the powders. Soil blended with 8% SSP offered the best result with increase in MDD from 1198 to 1300kg/m3 while the combined additives gave the best result at 2%SSP+8%PKSP addition with MDD increasing to 1266 kg/m3 and further reduction of OMC to 21%. The best results in PI were from Soil blended with 2% SSP and also 2%SSP+8PKSP with 6.25% and 9.2% respectively. For CBR, soil blended with 8% SSP and 2%SSP+8PKSP of combined ratio gave peak performances. The potential of these additives in improving soil properties and reducing construction cost of road are presented.Keywords: Palm kernel shell Powder, Snail shell powder, Clay stabilization, Geotechnical properties

Potentials of Egg Shell and Snail Shell Powder in Sorghum Beer Clarification

Aim: Turbidity is one of the integral parameters used to ascertain beer quality and clarity. This has been achieved through a combination of filtration processes and utilization of kieselghur as filter aid. Kieselghur on the other hand is expensive and not readily available; therefore there is need to find potential filter aids from locally available materials. The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of egg shell powder and snail shell powder in sorghum beer clarification. 
 Study Design: This study was made to fit into using a combination of T-test and one way Analysis of Variance.
 Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at Department of Food Science and Technology Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, between May 2018 and November 2018.
 Methodology: Sorghum grains were malted by adoption of barley malting protocols while snail shells and egg shells obtained from the market were processed into powders. Temperature programmed infusion mashing method was used to produce wort from sorghum malt that was germinated for 2 days and 3 days. The resulting worts were fermented using Saccharomyces carlsbergensis to obtain sorghum beer and the beer was clarified with kieselghur, egg shell powder and snail shell powder. Turbidity and other quality analyses were carried out on the sorghum wort, sorghum beer and clarified sorghum beer.
 Results: The results showed that beers clarified with Kieselghur had better clarity than egg shell powder and snail shell powder clarified sorghum beers. Egg shell powder showed better clarification potentials than snail shell powder. There is a correlation between total solids and turbidity. Germination period significantly influenced the turbidity of sorghum beer.
 Conclusion: This study showed that egg shell powder can serve as potential filter aid in beverage clarification.

Decolorization of Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye using snail shell powder by action of adsorption processes

The adsorption of CBB G-250 dye on snail shell powder was investigated in adsorption process. The effects of PH, contact time, temperature and adsorbent dose were evaluated. The maximum adsorption of CBBG-250 was achieved where the removal ratio was 86.3% at the optimum initial dye concentration 20.000mg/L, the absorbent material weight 0.02g and the contact time 30 min. The balance of adsorption and kinetics was found for Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkinisotherm. Thermal dynamics of the adsorption processΔH, ΔG and ΔS were found exothermal, spontaneous, and decrease in randomness at the solid/solution interface.

Surface characterisation, corrosion and mechanical properties of polyester-polyester/snail shell powder coatings of steel pipeline for naval applications

The pure polyester reinforced with snail shell powder (SSp) applications as coating to steel pipeline was carried out. The snail shell powder of size 75 μm in the range of 20 wt.% at 5 wt.% interval was used for these coatings. Characterisation of the snail shell powder by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and morphological surface modification in the absence and presence of polyester and polyester reinforced with snail shell powder were also evaluated by electron microscope. The elements present before and after coatings were investigated. The steel pipelines coated with polyester/SSp being heat-treated at 150 °C were investigated for corrosion resistance by Tafel test in seawater. The mechanical and tribological properties of coated and uncoated were also investigated. The corrosion resistance properties of polyester/snail shell powder coatings were significantly improved. This was attributed to the hard coatings after heat-treated. Current density (icorr) of the steel pipeline, steel pipeline/polyester, steel pipeline/ polyester reinforced with 10 wt.% and 15 wt.% SSp in seawater was 36.61, 10.47, 9.05 and 0.81 μA/cm2 respectively. The hardness values of the formulation of polyester/snail shell powder were improved too. The test shows that addition of snail shell powder increases wear resistance of the coating reinforced with snail shell powder than polyester alone. From the above findings, the steel pipeline coated with polyester/snail shell powder in the range of 10–15 wt.% can be used conveniently in seawater environment.

Tannery Waste Water Treatment through Aggregation of Bio-sorption and Chemical Coagulation Aided by Indigenous Coagulant

Tannery in Bangladesh seems a source of pollution load and waste water to all because there are 270 registered tanneries where approximately 220 MT raw hides and skins are taking for the production of leather in Bangladesh. The leather industry has crossed the record $1-billion mark in exports in 2013-2014. According to the Department of Environment, the tanneries discharge 22,000 cubic meters of untreated liquid toxic waste daily. These pollution load and waste water should need treatment to make environmentally sustainable and living. From this point of view, we worked on tannery waste water processing. The paper highlights the initiation of Algal treatment with chemical coagulation process aided by natural coagulant for waste water processing in Bangladesh. The methodology of this process starts with mixing of waste water from different section of beam house operations at a definite ratio. The mixer takes nearly six hours to settle down. After sedimentation, the turbidity decreases at a reasonable amount i.e. 1428 NTU whereas before sedimentation it was 9050 NTU (2100P Turbid Meter of HACH). Later the supernatant was collected for algal treatment. After algal treatment the turbidity reduced to 530 NTU from 1428 NTU and the DO level increased up to 4.48 mg/L at 33.6 °C (HQ 40d of HACH) where DO level was 0.24 mg/L at 33.6°C in raw mixer. In addition, the amount of alum as chemical coagulant was reduced in tannery waste water treatment by using indigenous snail shell powder as coagulant aid in conjunction with alum. In case of untreated sample after sedimentation required alum dozing was 6 mL/ 40 mL sample. After algal treatment, required alum dozing reduced to 4 mL/ 40 mL sample. By adding 3 mL/ 40mL liquid natural coagulant as coagulant aid, alum dozing was further minimized to 1 mL/ 40mL sample. The odour was more tolerable than raw mixer after algal treatment but after adding alum aided by natural coagulant, the odour was more acceptable than before. The diversified technique can hopefully reduce a reliable chemical cost in treatment process, considerable amount of pollution load and increase DO level and thus make effluent environment friendly to discharge. Finally, the DO level increases up to 6.56 mg/L at 33.7 0C and turbidity reduces to 183 NTU, pH reduces to 7.6, odour turns to be tolerable limit.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SERBUK CANGKANG KEONG TERHADAP NILAI CBR TANAH LEMPUNG EKSPANSIF

n this research, soil improvement is done by using waste of snail shells (LCK) in Desa Ulak Kembahang II, Kecamatan Lubuk Keliat, Kabupaten Ogan Ilir, Sumatera Selatan and soil from Tanjung Api-api Area, Gasing , Kabupaten Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan . The soil used is a type of problematic soil that is expansive clay, which is known LL value (Liquid limit) more than 35%. The LCK used is then used as powder. Furthermore, there are 5 variations of percentage of addition of snail shell powder (SCK) with soil, and give the curing time is for 0, 1 and 7 days. Results from CBR Unsoaked (US) Testing resulted in the addition of SCK at a certain percentage and the curing time could increase the value of CBR expansive clay soil. The highest value of CBR Unsoaked on variation of percentage of SCK increase as much as 11% in the curing curing time for 7 days that is equal to 5.6% for the value of CBR US which in the original land has a CBR value of 3.5%. The result analysis of SEM-EDX test on soil mixture and SCK known SCK works as filler which fill the cavity found in soil grains and the main element of soil known as SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 forming binder material with CaO.

English

Chitosan and chitin sources have emerged as promising groups of biological substances that can induce plant growth and resistance to diseases. This study is aimed at investigating the potential effect of chitosan and snail shell to promote cocoa growth and induce resistance against Phytophthora megakarya. The results showed that treatment of cocoa seeds with chitosan at 1.5 to 2.0% and snail shell at 2.0% increases the percentage of germination and also reduces the time of germination. 12 weeks after planting, a series of morphological changes was observed on the plants treated with chitosan and snail shell. Plant height (34 to 39.5 cm), leaf number (11 to 13 leaves/plant), leaf area (88 to 130 cm2) and fresh weight of roots and shoots (25 to 44 g/plant) increased significantly in the chitosan and snail shell treated soils. Pods inoculated with chitosan and/or snail shell treated soil suspensions presented very slight necrotic lesions. This could be linked to a decrease in the P. megakarya load of the soil suspension. Leaf inoculation showed variation among the treatments with the lowest index (highest level of resistance) recorded in plants treated either with chitosan or snail shell. The treatment of plants with chitosan and snail shell powder before and after inoculation showed higher level of phenolic compounds than in the control plants. Furthermore, the inoculation induced a significant accumulation of proteins in the cocoa plants treated with chitosan and snail shell. The level of proteins accumulation after inoculation was higher in plants treated with snail shell than those treated with chitosan. In conclusion, the effect of snail shell on cocoa growth and resistance showed that it is possible for snail shell powder to be a biofungicide and biofertilizer used in the control of cacao Black Pod Disease in nurseries. Key words: Theobroma cacao, Phytophthora megakarya, black pod disease, chitosan, snail shell, biocontrol agents.

Anti-Wear Enhancement of Silicon-Grey Cast Iron for the Production of Grinding Plates: Effect of Snail Shell Powder as Carbide Forming Material

Grinding plates produced with silicon-grey cast iron wear out quickly. As a result of this molten grey iron is treated with ferrochrome to produce hard and wear resistant grinding plates. This makes the cost of the grinding plates very expensive for the rural community to purchase them for their domestic grinding operation. Because of this limitation this present research study looks at the effect of snail shell powder on the properties of grey cast iron with a view to using it as an alternative to conventional ferrochrome for the production of grinding plates. The grey cast iron scraps were melted in a crucible furnace. Ladle treatment of the molten metal was done by varying the percentage of snail shell powder from 0.1 to 0.5. The same process was repeated for ferrochrome to serve as a control. The molten metal was poured into a prepared sand mold. The microstructure, spectrometer analysis, hardness, wear and tensile properties were studied. The results show that the tensile strength increased with increasing snail shell powder up to a maximum value of 0.4 % and the hardness values increased linearly as the snail shell powder increased, while the wear rate decreased continuously with increasing composition of snail shell powder. The microstructure of all a samples showed the network of interdendritic cementite (white) surrounded by patches of pearlites. The practical test of the grinding plates was conducted and found that the developed grinding plates gave 96.7 % efficiency. The results obtained for the snail shell powder samples compare favorably with conventional ferrochrome. This work has established that snail shell powder can be used as an alternative to ferrochrome for the production of white cast iron for grinding plate’s application.

Pembuatan Serbuk Cangkang Keong Mas (Pomacea canaliculata L.) serta Aplikasinya sebagai Penjernih Air Sungai dan Pengikat Logam Berat Kadmium

This study aims to produce golden snail shell powder that can be used as a purifier and a metal binder on Musi River water. The method used was a randomized block design with two factors, namely the type of purifier treatment (A) consist of golden snails shell powder and shrimp shell chitosan. Purifier concentration factor (B) is 0%, 0.5% and 1%. Data obtained through several stages in a row of manufactured of golden snail powder, application of golden snail shell powder and shrimp shell chitosan, and analyzed the effect of golden snail shell powder and shrimp shell chitosan on turbidity, TDS, pH and Cd concentration of water river. 80 grams of golden snail shell obtained 20 grams of golden snail shell powder. The golden snail shell powder produced known as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Aplication of golden snail shell powder in water river able to lowering the turbidity 75% at 0.5% concentration and 78% at 1% concentration, increase the value of TDS is still within the threshold in range of 391.5 to 604 ppm, and increasing the pH in range of 5-7 which is still within the tolerance limits corresponding Government Regulation Number 416 of 1990. However, the golden snails shell powder raise the river water Cd concentration from 0.00782 to 0.00815 ppm, while the shrimp shell chitosan capable to lowering the concentration of Cd in river water of 0.00048-0.000518 ppm.

Studies on the Transport of Aromatic Solvents through Filled Natural Rubber

The transport of three aromatic solvents (benzene, toluene and xylene) through snail shell powder filled natural rubber was studied at 313, 333, and 353 K by conventional weight-gain experiments. The effects of snail shell powder content, particle size, nature of solvent, and temperature on the transport characteristics of natural rubber were determined. The estimated Arrhenius activation energies for the processes of sorption, diffusion, and permeation showed that the activation energies were highest in xylene at all the filler contents investigated. The calculated enthalpies, and entropies of sorption were all positive for the solvents investigated. Similarly, the change in the estimated free energies of sorption were all positive; an indication of the non-spontaneity of the solubility of snail shell powder filled natural rubber in the aromatic solvents at 313 k.