Smolensk Region Research Articles

A Study of Russian-Belarusian Border Dialects: The Use of the Genitive Case Ending -u in the Khislavichi Dialect

Summary This article explores the features of noun declension in the Khislavichi dialect, focusing on the use of the genitive case ending -u. The study is based on data from the Khislavichi Corpus, which consists of texts recorded from native speakers in the western part of the Khislavichi district of the Smolensk Region during field trips in 2018–2019. The linguistic situation in this area is characterized by the Russification of genetically Belarusian dialects. The analysis examines the preservation of dialect features, the historical and contemporary usage of the genitive case in Russian and Belarusian, and the specificities of the genitive ending -u in the Khislavichi dialect. The findings indicate that the Khislavichi dialect employs the -u ending in the genitive case for a larger number of lexemes compared to standard Russian. This raises the question of whether these "extra" -u forms can be linked to the previous Belarusian system. The study explores the variability found in the usage of both the -u and -a endings, suggesting that their selection may be contingent upon the intended meaning and the age of the speaker. Additionally, the article contributes to the development of a broader theoretical problem: the transition from one idiom to another, and ultimately the theory of language change. This research adds to our understanding of dialectal variation and the mechanisms of language change, particularly in regions experiencing language contact and assimilation processes.

Party Leadership of the Partisan Movement during the Occupation of Smolensk Region by Nazi Troops (1941–1942)

The article is devoted to the analysis of one of the most difficult, ambiguous and contradictory issues of the Great Patriotic War – the party leadership of the partisan movement in the Smolensk region in 1941–1942. Unfortunately, Soviet historiography used to evaluate the party leadership of the deployment of the guerrilla struggle exclusively in rosy tones, avoiding any critical assessments, which distorted the real picture of events. Party leadership and influence was a complex phenomenon. If at the level of ordinary party members heroism in the fight against the enemy, the personal qualities of real communists manifested themselves massively and everywhere, then confusion often reigned in regional party organizations, there was a lack of discipline. This was the result of serious failures in the leadership of the party members on the ground by the Smolensk Regional Committee of the CPSU (b). At the same time, after the occupation of the region, the regional committee had no systematic connection with district organizations and did not lead the partisan movement for five months. The situation began to change only after the defeat of the Nazis near Moscow. The turning point was the IX Plenum of the Smolensk Regional Committee of the CPSU (b) in April 1942, after which the systematic and active leadership of the underground district committees and the partisan movement in the Smolensk region began. But even then, in the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), in the NKVD, the partisans (many of whom were surrounded) were looked at suspiciously, with distrust. This can explain the enormous losses of the partisans in the summer and autumn of 1942. Thus, the thesis about the outstanding leadership role of the CPSU (b) in the deployment of the partisan movement is significantly embellished and does not correspond to reality.

Yakov Denisovich Petrov: Smolensk Teacher at the Head of the Regional Pedagogical University during the Great Patriotic War

In this publication, the authors continued their work on the study of the personality of the director of the Sverdlovsk State Pedagogical Institute, Yakov Denisovich Petrov, who held this post more than anyone else who headed this university, and his role in the development of the system of higher pedagogical education in the Sverdlovsk region. Based on the materials identified by the authors and previously unknown materials deposited in archival institutions of the Sverdlovsk and Smolensk regions, the authors analyzed in detail the features of the early biography of the director of the institute. This allowed us to fully answer questions related to Petrov's social background, which in the 1920s and 1930s was one of the main criteria for evaluating the political and business qualities of a communist and an employee for party and Soviet officials. And his gradual advancement up the career ladder: from a rural teacher to an experienced manager. At the same time, the authors abandoned the historical-party approach in consecrating the work of the Sverdlovsk Pedagogical Institute in the early years of Ya.D. Petrov's official activity, which is characteristic of Soviet historians. The personal participation of the director in solving the personnel and material problems of the university is specially investigated. The authors draw readers' attention to the fact that Petrov's solution of state tasks for the development of higher pedagogical education in the Sverdlovsk region and improving its quality in the most difficult conditions of the war years were quite successful. In many ways, this was the result of the rich work experience that Yakov Denisovich had accumulated during his years working in the public education system of the Smolensk region and in the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.

Vyazma’s Merchant Savva Timofeev Son Altukhov: the Problem of Determining the Personality and Motivation of the Temple-Builder of the 18th Century

The article deals with the little-studied problem of merchant temple building in a provincial Russian city of the 18th century using the example of Vyazma. The author applied anthropological, systemic and critical approaches. In the 18th century, donations for the construction of churches became a characteristic feature of the daily life of the merchant elite. The focus of the study is the history of the Vyazma merchant-temple builder S.T. Altukhov. The example of this merchant shows what problems a historian may encounter in the process of research. A critical approach to the publications of the 19th century made it possible to make a more plausible assumption about the date of construction of the Vyazma temple, for which the merchant Altukhov donated his capital. Establishing the identity of the merchant, determining the approximate date of his birth, the composition of the merchant family were studied on the basis of a comprehensive study of the materials of the first and second revisions, as well as parish registers. The problem of motivation for the temple-building activity of the merchant S.T. Altukhova is considered on the basis of the study of archival documents from the fund of the Chief Magistrate. When working on the article, the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and the State Archive of the Smolensk Region were used. This article develops the topic of articles about the Vyazma merchant-temple builders of the 18th century, published by the author earlier.

The Image of the Small Homeland in the Lyrics of Modern Smolensk Poets

The article examines the question of the peculiarities of Smolensk poetry, in which one of the main motives is to show the image of the small homeland, the native Smolensk region. The main features of the Smolensk poetic school, highlighted by the famous Soviet critic, native of Smolensk Adrian Vladimirovich Makedonov back in 1960, are determined. The poetic work of one of the brightest modern poets of the Smolensk region – Yuri Vasilyevich Pashkov – is analyzed. Based on the opinion of Makedonov, it is proved that Pashkov belongs to the followers of the Smolensk poetic school, especially one of its founders, Nikolai Ivanovich Rylenkov.The activity of Pashkov is shown as the organizer of the famous literary association of the modern Smolensk region, which was named by the poet «Spring». Based on the example of the analysis of the poetic lines of some representatives of «Rodnik», a tendency to continue to show the image of the small homeland in modern Smolensk poetry is noted.

A new alien species Scirpus cyperinus (Cyperaceae) to the flora of the Smolensk Region

An alien North American species, Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth (Cyperaceae), earlier known in Russia only in the Kostroma Region, was found in the Smolensk Region. Characteristics of the locality of the species are given and plant communities with its participation are described. The monodominant phytocoenoses formed by this species are combined into the new ass. Junco effusi–Scirpetum cyperini ass. nov. The new locality of abundant occurrence of the species is removed from its primary range and known locations in Eastern Europe.

Chronology and main stages of vegetation development in the central region of the East European Plain during the Mikulino interglacial

The chronology of the Mikulino Interglacial and its individual phases have been the subject of discussion. The goal of this study was to evaluate the time limits of the main stages of the Mikulino Interglacial on the Russian Plain according to ²³⁰Th/U dating and paleobotanical studies of lake and peat sediments from the known sections located within the Tver region on the Bolshaya Dubenka River, Malaya Kosha River, Granichnaya River, and Sizhina River (“Kileshino-2” section). An improved geochronological approach has been applied to identify layers suitable for the ²³⁰Th/U isochronous approximation. In combination with pollen and carpological studies of the deposits, this made it possible to date units corresponding to relatively narrow time intervals in the development of plant formations at different stages of the Last Interglacial. New paleobotanical studies of buried lake and peat sediments from the sections located on the Bolshaya Dubenka River, Malaya Kosha River, and Granichnaya River allowed us to restore the vegetation development during the Mikulino Interglacial in the interval of pollen zones M1–M7, i.e., more pollen zones have been analyzed and in greater detail than in 1960–1970. A chronological scheme of the main stages of vegetation development in the Mikulino Interglacial is proposed based on the results of ²³⁰Th/U dating and paleobotanical studies of organic-rich deposits from the Tver region sections in combination with previously published data obtained for the “Nizhnyaya Boyarshchina” section from the Smolensk region. The Mikulino Interglacial had begun about 130–126 kyr ago. Its first phase, corresponding to the M2 zone, ended ca. 118 kyr ago. The pre-optimal stages of vegetation development (M3 and M4 zones) fit into the time range of ca. 118–112 kyr ago. The climatic optimum of the interglacial (M5 and M6 zones) began ca. 112 kyr ago and ended ca. 100 kyr ago. The duration of the Mikulino Interglacial was probably at least 25 thousand years.

Историко-правовой анализ категории «гражданственность»

This article is devoted to the formulation of the question of citizenship as a legal value of a Soviet person. The legal activity of the commission on the departure of Soviet citizens abroad, which operated under the Smolensk Regional Committee of the CPSU in the first half of the 1980s, is considered. Using the example of the Smolensk Region, the authors highlight the work of organizations that controlled the departure of Soviet citizens abroad. The study was conducted on the basis of archival sources stored in the State Archive of the Modern History of the Smolensk region (hereinafter GANISO), many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The shortcomings and problems of traveling abroad are revealed, and it is also possible to conclude that there have been no cases of treason or refusals to return to their homeland on the part of residents of the Smolensk region. The authors also attempt to compare the concept of citizenship and the institution of plurality of citizenship, relevant in the modern history of our state.

The fight against misappropriation of socialist property, bribery and speculation in the early 1980s by the materials of the Smolensk region

The fight against misappropriation of socialist property, bribery and speculation in the early 1980s by the materials of the Smolensk region

ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE POPULATION OF SMOLENSK IN THE 16TH-17TH CENTURIES BASED ON THE MATERIALS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT PYATNITSKY DISTRICT

Introduction. The article analyzes materials dated to the 16th-17th centuries came from Smolensk. This period turned out to be one of the most complex and eventful in the history of the region, that's why every new detail is significant for the study. For a long time, Smolensk functioned as a boundary city and also as an important trade hub between the Muscovite Tsardom and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; so, the composition of its population may reflect the influence of the western neighbors. Materials and methods. There were examined the craniological materials discovered during the excavations at the Pyatnitsky district of the city in 2012. The necropolis dates back to the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, it is located on the high bank of the Dnieper near the fortress wall of the Smolensk Kremlin. The materials include 17 male and 19 female skulls. Classical and multidimensional biometric methods were used as statistical approaches. Results. The comparison beetween the studied sample and the other sample of the 12th century city population known from the literature has showed their high similarity, although the later sample tends to be slenderer. Statistically significant differences were recorded only for certain parameters of the skull. The comparison with the aggregated sample of the rural Smolensk region population dated to the 18th-19th centuries also revealed a significant difference for the cranial length and height and some parameters of the facial skeleton. Discriminant analysis showed a quite unique status of the studied sample, which differs from both synchronous urban groups and later samples of the rural population of the central region. There are also no processes of macrosomization observed for it. Conclusion. The absence of significant differences for most characteristics between the studied sample and the urban population of the 12th century can indicate the continuity of the morphological type of the Smolensk urban population. On the other hand, the intermediate position of the studied sample in relation to early and late comparative materials can indicate that the studied sample represents recent settlers from the rural area.

An integrated approach to the prevention and treatment of mastitis in cattle

This article presents the results of research on the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic measures for mastitis in cattle. In modern conditions, in the farms of the Smolensk region, the disease of large cattle (cows) with mastitis is an urgent problem. In this regard, the subject of our research was the work on the search and application of new most effective means for the prevention and treatment of breast disease in lactating cows. The object of research was cattle. The work was carried out in the conditions of a farm in the Smolensk region. In order to implement a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis, prevention and therapy of cattle in the household, the situation was first studied by suit.

Meadow clover is the most important forage crop in the western part of the Non-chernozem zone

Relevance. The task of modern feed production is to increase feed production, as well as improve their quality and energy saturation. A special place in solving this problem belongs to perennial legumes and grasses. At the same time, it is important to use precisely those crops and varieties that have the greatest biological potential.Methods. The objects of research were meadow clover (Pochinkovets variety and Topaz variety), timofeevka meadow (VIC 911 variety), ryegrass pasture (Karat variety and Express variety), for the realization of the biological potential of which solid mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, double superphosphate, potassium chloride) are needed, as well as concentrated liquid complex fertilizers of the series “Ultramagus.”Results. Among the studied species of perennial grasses, meadow clover has the highest yield, so among the clover varieties, the Pochinkovets variety had the greatest potential. Varieties of meadow clover increased the collection of dry matter when applying solid phosphorus-potassium fertilizers and liquid complex fertilizer “Ultramag Combi”. The highest yield was obtained in variants with the combined use of root fertilization with solid fertilizers at the rate of P80K120 and foliar fertilization with liquid complex fertilizer “Ultramag Combi”. The yield of meadow clover, depending on the variety, ranged from 12.05 to 12.46 t/ha. Varieties of meadow clover Pochinkovets and Topaz in the conditions of the Smolensk region form a tall monodominant herbage capable of intensive regrowth during the season and yielding at least two full-fledged mowing under optimal cultivation conditions.

The Main Results of Ecological and Economic Assessment of Agricultural Land in Smolensk Region

The results of the ecological and economic assessment of agricultural lands in Smolensk region presented in the article include the quantitative dynamics of land area as well as the qualitative indicators of agricultural lands characterizing the relief, soil, moisture conditions, water regime and cultivated area.

Совершенствование системы удобрений и микроэлементного состава для повышения устойчивости агроценозов льна-долгунца в Смоленской области

Long-lived flax refers to crops that are demanding on the level of soil fertility and mineral nutrition conditions. Therefore, in the technologies of cultivation of this crop, the choice of soils according to the indications of acid-base properties and the balanced application of macro- and micro-fertilizers is important. Keywords: FLAX-LONG-LIVED, COMPLEX FERTILIZERS–ECOGUM, ORGANO-MINERAL COMPLEX (OMK), COMPLEX TRACE ELEMENTS-MULTILENE, NUTRIVANT PLUS, FLAX FIBER, SEEDS

Probable gastrointestinal disease factors in postmenopausal age women receiving antihypertensive therapy

The frequency of achieving control as a result of taking antihypertensive drugs in women in the age group 55-64 years reaches 78.9%, the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms occurring during treatment of hypertension is up to 62%. The aim: to analyze the probable causes of the development of symptoms of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in postmenopausal patients receiving antihypertensive therapy. Material and methods. A comprehensive clinical examination of out-patient and in-patient patients of health care institutions of the Smolensk region with hypertension aged 50 to 84 years, (group AG, n=160) mean age 67.4 ± 17.4 years. Results. Complex examination and observation on the basis of standard methods with high probability shows the formation of gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, simple erosions of the gastric mucosa, biliary dysfunction, chronic pancreatitis steatohepatosis in the observed patients. Conclusions: In postmenopausal women receiving antihypertensive therapy, there are major gastrointestinal symptoms of varying severity, arising in conditions of irrational nutrition, psycho-emotional and physical stress on the background of irregular medication. Based on the analysis of modern scientific sources, it can be argued that complex rational antihypertensive, antiplatelet, hypolipidemic, antisecretory and eradication therapy and the correction of modifiable risk factors ensures the achievement of remission of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disease in the optimal time, improves the quality, life expectancy of patients and improves disease prognosis.

АНАЛИЗ ЭПИЗООТИЧЕСКОЙ СИТУАЦИИ АФРИКАНСКОЙ ЧУМЫ СВИНЕЙ В СМОЛЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ С 2013 ПО 2023 ГГ.

The article provides information on the spatiotemporal analysis of the spread of the African swine fever (ASF) epizootic in the Smolensk region over the past 10 years. Information on ASF outbreaks in 2013-2022 is provided. among the domestic pig population and the number of wild boars. The purpose of our work was to analyze the spread of African swine fever among populations of domestic pigs and wild boars in the Smolensk region in the period from 2013 to 2022. Qualitative and quantitative analyzes were used to systematically review the data. Primary data were obtained from the Smolensk Region Department for the Protection, Control and Regulation of the Use of Forestry, Fauna and Their Habitats. To study the development of the ASF epizootic among domestic pigs and wild boars, making it possible to determine trends in the spread of infection and changes in the epizootic situation, the ArcGIS for Desktop version (ESRI) geographic information system was used. In the Smolensk region, problems with ASF continued from 2013 to 2016. During this period, outbreaks were reported among domestic pigs and wild boar populations. The number of wild boar before 2013 was 19 thousand; at the time of the active spread of the ASF virus in the Smolensk region, the number of individuals decreased. African swine fever poses a serious threat to the pig industry. To successfully combat ASF in the Smolensk region, it is necessary to suspend hunting in order to regulate the wild boar population and comply with veterinary and sanitary requirements.

МИКОБИОТА КОРМОВ ИЗ СМОЛЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article presents data on the composition of the surface and subepidermal mycobiota of five samples of forage crops from Smolensk region: grains of oats, rye, pea beans, sunflower seeds and mustard. The study showed that Penicillium dominated in the surface parts, and Dematiaceous hyphomycetes dominated in the deep parts.

Применение иммуногенетического метода и статистического анализа в характеристике популяций овец романовской породы

The article is devoted to the development and application of a combined method for determining genotypes and alleles in complex blood group systems in sheep (A, B, C, M). To establish genotypes and alleles in complex systems, we used the combined method we developed with the implementation of the formula of Bernstain F. (1924) in the Microsoft Office Excel (2003) computer program. In total, the experiment used materials obtained from 586 Romanov breed sheep from 5 regions of the Russian Federation (Republic of Bashkortostan, Voronezh region, Smolensk region, Tambov region, Yaroslavl region). In diallelic loci (R, D, I), the determination of genetic structures was carried out using a formula obtained on the basis of the Hardy–Weinberg law. It has been established that 7 blood group systems in Romanov breed sheep (A, B, C, M, D) are open. The exception were two diallelic loci (R, I), in which the study of the allele type was carried out based on the phenomenon of epistasis, when the recessive Ii/i genotype of the I system suppresses the manifestation of antigens, genotypes and alleles of the R system. Based on the data obtained, the level of heterozygosity was determined, which is a measure of assessing biodiversity in the studied populations of Romanov breed sheep. A cluster analysis of 12 blood group systems in 7 populations of the Romanov breed of sheep showed the relationships between them. The resulting dendrogram is a reflection of the results of the research. The possibilities of using the statistical method in order to identify specific characteristics in VII blood group systems in Romanov breed sheep are revealed.

Специфика гармонизации объектов храмовых и приусадебных комплексов (на примере Смоленской и Липецкой областей)

The issues of creating an integral space for the life of an extremely complex, contradictory modern person as a unique personality, with all the complex of his mental and spiritual components, brings to the fore the issue of emotional comfort. Achieving the harmony of the individual and the microcosm of the environment of his daily habitation passes into the plane of artistic and aesthetic searches and solutions. The relevance of the study lies in identifying the principles of designing a modern spiritual, cultural and socio-psychological space, where the formation and development of a new personality takes place. Currently, this issue is of special relevance for design education. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific methods (dialectical-materialistic method, induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis) and the method of comparative analysis. The novelty of the work is revealed in a creative approach to the environment. Basing on the analysis of architectural forms and the natural environment, the authors establish compositional techniques for the relationship between artificial and natural elements of temple complexes and estate territories. The paper highlights modern cultural and humanistic functions in the environment of temple and estate complexes as places of concentration of new spiritual and moral values of a person. The conclusions include providing techniques for harmonizing the artificial and natural objects of temples and estate complexes. The cultural and semantic unity of architectural objects, small architectural forms and open spaces shapes the artistic and figurative environment of the complex. The study represents compositional solutions in the form of the relationship of point, linear, planar and volumetric elements of the environment of multifunctional environmental complexes (by the example of the renovation projects of the Aleksino estate (Smolensk region) and the Kosmo-Damianovskiy temple in the village of Kazinka (Lipetsk region)).

Features of primary forms of headache in multiple sclerosis

To study the features of the primary forms of headache in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). A total of 110 patients with MS were examined in the outpatient appointment of a neurologist at the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery of the «Smolensk State Medical University» in the period from April 1, 2023 to May 31, 2023. A group of 20 people with a diagnosis of primary headache (PH) was selected. At the same time, a control group of 20 people with a diagnosis of PH was selected on the basis of the Center for Industrial Medicine of the Federal State Medical Institution MSU No. 135, Desnogorsk. The analysis of complaints, anamnestic, laboratory data, neurological status and test results on specialized scales was carried out. Migraine was the most frequent type of headache in MS patients (in a ratio of 5.6:1 compared to tension headache) and was observed in 17 (85%) MS patients. Tension headache was diagnosed only in 3 (15%) patients (p=0.002). Headache was significantly more common in the remitting form of MS (p=0.046). Age, total cholesterol level, EDSS level, type of MS disease-modifying therapy were not associated with the risk of developing headache. When comparing the population of patients with MS and PH with the control group on the anxiety and depression scale and the MoCA test, statistically significant differences were obtained (p<0.05). PH were diagnosed in 18.2% of patients with MS, with a much higher prevalence of migraines than tension headache. In addition, female gender and the type of MS are significantly associated with the risk of migraine. Migraine, as a comorbid condition, can aggravate cognitive impairment in patients with MS, characterized by a lower value of the MoCA scale, especially together with the progression of anxiety and depressive disorders. These findings indicate the need for a larger epidemiological study to accurately assess the prevalence of PH in patients with MS in the Smolensk region.