Smoke Reduction Research Articles

Study of Indicators of CI Engine Running on Conventional Diesel and Chicken Fat Mixtures Changing EGR

This article presents a change in the indicators of a compression ignition (CI) engine by replacing conventional diesel fuel (D100) with pure chicken fat (F100) and mixtures of these fuels. Mixtures of diesel and fat with volume ratios of 70/30, 50/50 and 30/70 were used. Research of the fuel properties was conducted. In order to reduce the fuel viscosity, blends of fat and diesel were heated. The experimental research was conducted at different engine loads with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) both off and on. The conducted analysis of the combustion process revealed a significant change in the rate of heat release (ROHR) when replacing diesel with chicken fat. Chicken fat was found to increase the CO2 and CO emissions, leaving hydrocarbon (HC) emissions nearly unchanged. Having replaced the D100 with diesel and chicken fat mixtures or F100, a significant reduction in smoke and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions was observed when EGR was off. When EGR was on, the smoke level increased, but the blends with chicken fat reduced it significantly, and the increased fat content in the fuel mixture reduced the NOx emissions. The engine’s brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased while the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreased, having replaced conventional diesel with chicken fat due to differences in the fuel energy properties and the combustion process.

Optimization of EGR effects on performance and emission parameters of a dual fuel (Diesel + CNG) CI engine: An experimental investigation

Rapidly depleting conventional fuel reserves had prompted research on alternative fuels for diesel engines as diesel is most widely used in public transportation all over the world. The environmental consequences of using diesel are also encouraging to shift our focus towards alternative fuels. The nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke are the significant emissions that must be controlled effectively as the NOx is responsible for forming the acid rain and ozone layer depletion, which is further associated with the adverse effects on the health of human being. It is clear from the previous literature that diesel can be partially replaced by compressed natural gas (CNG) in a compression ignition (CI) engine and able to reduce NOx and smoke emissions.In the this research, tests are performed on a variable speed CI engine operated under dual fuel mode (D + 10% CNG), (D + 15% CNG) and (D + 20% CNG) modes at various exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates, such as 5%, 10% and 15% for three different loading conditions. The results showed that in all loading conditions, BTE dropped by 1–2% and the BSFC decreased at higher load by 2–3% as compared to diesel. The HC and CO emissions are higher at low and high load conditions as compared to diesel. In dual fuel mode, the highest reduction in NOx and smoke is 21% and 18% respectively as compared to diesel. A model equation is developed using ANOVA analysis to optimize the emission results.

Impact of Tamarindus Indica biodiesel blends on performance and exhaust emissions characteristics of light duty compression ignitionengine

Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica) is an integral part of South Indian cuisine. Its pulp is used to add sourness to south Indian curries. However tamarind seeds which are having a considerable amount of lipid in it are thrown away. Our main objective is to produce Tamarind biodiesel (TB) from tamarind seed oil and investigate its effect on performance and exhaust emissionsof CI engine. Oil was extracted from Tamarind seeds and was converted to biodiesel by transesterification process with NaOH as catalyst. Tests were performed using TB5, TB10, TB15 blends with 1500 rpm rated speed and compression ratio of18. The performance test results revealed that BTE of B15 was greater in comparison to other blends as well as diesel. However BSFC for TB blends were greater compared to neat diesel. Considerable reductions in exhaust emissions were observed with TB blends. TB10 showed apical reduction of 27% in CO and 15% reduction in smoke. TB5 showed 25% HC reduction followed by TB10 with 19.25% reductions. TB15 showed 19.36% of highest NOx reduction followed by TB10 with 10.7% NOx reduction. TB10 proved to give optimum test results for performance and emissions. From the results it can be concluded that TB can be considered as a viable option for biodiesels.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Various Heat Loss Factors from a Diesel Engine Fueled with Neat Biodiesels

In this study, three neat biodiesels are tested for the energy and exergetic performance in a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine. The experiments are conducted for waste poultry fat biodiesel (WPFBD), palm oil biodiesel (POBD) and waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOBD) at various loads by maintaining a fixed rpm of 1500. Parameters like exergetic efficiency, exergy destruction and various heat loss factors are computed from the thermodynamic models. The in-cylinder combustion pressures, heat release rate and fuel consumptions are also measured. Results show that WCOBD dominates the other two biodiesels by achieving high exergetic efficiency (32.62%) and low exergetic destruction (1.158 kJ). The in-cylinder combustion pressures and net heat release for WCOBD shows smoother combustion with better torque conversion. Whereas POBD shows high fuel consumption and more heat losses. Better utilization of heat input by converting into useful work was achieved for WCOBD at 75% and 100% loads. Similarly, the exhaust emissions from WCOBD compared with diesel fuel at all the loads reveal that except NOx, there is a drastic reduction of CO, UHC and exhaust smoke are observed.

Tobacco use, cessation, secondhand smoke and exposure to media about tobacco in Brazil: results of the National Health Survey 2013 and 2019

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare indicators of tobacco use, secondhand smoke, cessation and exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco media in 2013 and 2019, and to describe these indicators according to sociodemographic variables in 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from the National Health Survey. The indicators of use, secondhand smoke, cessation and exposure to tobacco-related media were evaluated. Prevalence and confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for the total population in 2013 and 2019 and according to sociodemographic variables for 2019. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess differences in prevalence. Results: There was an improvement in most of the indicators studied: an increase in ex-smokers, a reduction in secondhand smoke and attempts to quit smoking. All pro- and anti-tobacco media exposure indicators declined. When considering the prevalence according to sociodemographic characteristics in 2019, 43.8% (95%CI 41.6–46.0) of men tried to quit smoking, and 50.8% (95%CI 48.5–53.2) of women. Secondhand smoke at home was higher among women (10.2%; 95%CI 9.7–10.8). Among those who thought about quitting smoking because of warnings, the proportion was higher among women (48.0%; 95%CI 45.3–50.6). Tobacco use was higher among men (43.8%; 95%CI 41.6–46.0), in the population aged 40 to 59 years (14.9%; 95%CI 14.2–15.6), with a lower level of education (17.6%; 95%CI 16.8–18.4). Conclusion: The study showed improvement in tobacco-related indicators between the years studied. It is noteworthy that this advance was smaller in relation to the other periods previously analyzed, and therefore, greater investments in public policies to combat and control smoking in Brazil are necessary.

Statistical evaluation of the injection timing effect on performance and emission in a diesel engine with 30% emulsion fuel

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the statistical significance tests on an emulsion with 30% water content (E30). The use of E30 fuel at standard injection timing conditions (13° CA BTDC) leads to a more extended ignition delay period with the process extending further from the upper dead spot (TDC). Therefore, to determine the impact of this process on engine performance and exhaust gas emissions, it is necessary to set injection timing ranging from 13°, 15°, 17°, and 19° CA BTDC with engine load. Furthermore, to identify errors in data retrieval, the average value measured was compared using Duncan’s multi-range test (DMRT). E30 combustion significantly increased engine power at a probability level of 1% (P < .01). The optimal power and BMEP was at 17° CA BTDC, with an average increase of 4.2%. The result showed that the optimum SFC and thermal efficiency were at 17° CA BTDC, with a decrease in SFC by 17.55%, and an increase in thermal efficiency by 13.77%. The decrease in SFC was due to complete combustion of the fuel and the optimum injection timing. Furthermore, a significant decrease (P < .01) was recorded in the combustion emissions by advancing injection timing of 17° CA BTDC, HC emissions of 17.17%, CO 12.44%, and smoke by 58.57%. Therefore, the smoke reduction due to the vapor from the combustion was bound on the soot on the exhaust gases.

Spray Analysis and Combustion Assessment of Diesel-LPG Fuel Blends in Compression Ignition Engine

A major challenge for internal combustion engines (ICEs), and diesel engines, in particular, is the reduction of exhaust emissions, essentially nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). In this regard, the potential of LPG-diesel blends was evaluated in this work. The LPG and diesel blends were externally prepared by exploiting their perfect miscibility at high pressures. Two diesel-LPG mixtures with 20% and 35% by mass LPG concentrations were tested. In terms of spatial and temporal evolution, the spray characterization was performed for the two blends and pure diesel fuel through high-speed imaging technique. The combustion behavior, engine performance and exhaust emissions of LPG-diesel blends were evaluated through a test campaign carried out on a single-cylinder diesel engine. Diesel/LPG sprays penetrate less than pure diesel. This behavior results from a lower momentum, surface tension and viscosity, of the blend jets in comparison to diesel which guarantee greater atomization. The addition of LPG to diesel tends to proportionally increase the spray cone angle, due to the stronger turbulent flow interaction caused by, the lower density and low flash-boiling point. Because of improved atomization and mixing during the injection phase, the blends have shown great potential in reducing PM emissions, without affecting engine performance (CO2 emissions). The addition of LPG resulted in a significant smoke reduction (about 95%) with similar NOx emissions and acceptable THC and CO emissions. Furthermore, the low cetane number (CN) and high low-heating value (LHV) ensuring leaner air-fuel mixture, and improvements in terms of efficiency, particularly for a blend with a higher concentration of LPG.

EFFECT OF BIOMASS BLENDING AND DESULPHURIZATION ON FLUE GAS EMISSIONS OF NIGERIAN SUB BITUMINOUS COAL BRIQUETTES

The effect of blending, briquetting and desulphurization of coal and biocoal briquettes of Nigerian sub bituminous coal is discussed. The flue gas of the coal and biocoal samples were analyzed to study the emission characteristics of nitrogen oxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) due to environment concern with the use of coal as either domestic or industrial fuel. Sub bituminous coal sample from eight coal mines and sites in five states in Nigeria were collected. The states and sites included Kogi (Ogboyoga, Okaba), Benue(Owukpa),Nassarawa (Lafia/Obi), Ebonyi (Afikpo) and Enugu (Okpara,Onyeama and Ezinmo).The samples were pulverized and blended with sawdust at various constituent ratios of 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50 and 100:0 sawdust : coal. Cassava starch was used as binding material while calcium hydroxide was used as desulphurizing agent for the briquettes. Emission tests for various compositions of the briquettes were carried out and the O2, CO2, CO, NO2 and SO2 of the briquettes were compared. Results showed reduction in combustion emission with increase in sawdust concentration with the reduction in smoke and noxious gas emission. The sulphur dioxide range of the coal briquettes is between 0.018ppm and 0.028ppm which decreased to between 0.025and 0.005 ppm in biocoal briquettes. Same for nitrogen oxide which range between 0.034ppm and 0.038ppm but decreased to between 0.025 and 0.019 ppm and carbon monoxide range of between 0.3ppm and 0.48ppm which decreased to between 0.43ppm and 0.12 ppm in the biocoal briquettes. The 50:50 blends of sawdust to coal for Ogboyaga has the lowest carbon monoxide emission of 0.12 ppm; Okpara has the lowest sulphur dioxide emission of 0.005ppm while Onyeama has the lowest nitrogen oxide emission of 0.019 ppm. These are below the national ambient air quality standards which put sulphur dioxide at 1.4 x 10-1 ppm. The biocoal briquette emits less sulphur dioxide because it contains desulphurizing agent which fixes some of the sulphur that would have gone to the atmosphere to ash. Keywords: biocoal briquettes, blending, flue gas emissions, sub - bituminous coal.

The nonparametric Behrens-Fisher problem in partially complete clustered data.

In randomized trials or observational studies involving clustered units, the assumption of independence within clusters is not practical. Existing parametric or semiparametric methods assume specific dependence structures within a cluster. Furthermore, parametric model assumptions may not even be realistic when data are measured in a nonmetric scale as commonly happens, for example, in quality-of-life outcomes. In this paper, nonparametric effect-size measures for clustered data that allow meaningful and interpretable probabilistic comparisons of treatments or intervention programs will be introduced. The dependence among observations within a cluster can be arbitrary. Point estimators along with their asymptotic properties for computing confidence intervals and performing hypothesis test will be discussed. Small sample approximations that retain some of the optimal asymptotic behaviors will be presented. In our setup, some clusters may involve observations coming from both intervention groups (referred to as complete clusters), while others may contain observations from one group only (referred to as incomplete clusters). In deriving the asymptotic theories, we do not impose any relation in the rate of divergence of the numbers of complete and incomplete clusters. Simulations show favorable performance of the methods for arbitrary combinations of complete and incomplete clusters. The developed nonparametric methods are illustrated using data from a randomized trial of indoor wood smoke reduction to improve asthma symptoms and a cluster-randomized trial for smokingcessation.

Combustion and emission characteristics of light duty diesel engine fueled with transesterified algae biodiesel by K2CO3/ZnO heterogeneous base catalyst

ABSTRACT The present study analyzes performance of algae biodiesel in low-powered single-cylinder diesel engine running at rated constant speed of 1500 rpm and 210 bar fuel injection pressure. Algae biodiesel was prepared from Spirulina algae species and transesterified using heterogeneous base catalyst K2CO3/ZnO and methanol. Experiments were conducted with algae biodiesel blended with diesel fuel in 5%, 10%, 15% & 20% proportion on volume basis designated as ABD5, ABD10, and ABD15 & ABD20, respectively. Results reported that an increase in algae biodiesel content in diesel blends decreased the cylinder pressure and ignition delay compared to straight diesel fuel. ABD20 reported 13.42% higher brake thermal efficiency than the diesel. NOx increased with an increase in algae biodiesel content. The peak heat release for ABD15 was 1.1 kJ which was higher than the other blends. ABD15 depicted shorter ignition delay, less cylinder peak pressure, and less exhaust gas temperature compared to the other fuel blends. Further ABD15 showed 20% and 3.97% reduction in smoke compared to ABD20 at 3/4th and full load engine operating conditions, respectively, also depicted a reduction of 12.8% compared to neat diesel.

실험계획법을 적용한 배기가스 저감용 후처리장치의 성능 평가

This paper was performed to evaluate the performance of aftertreatment system on the reduction of smoke and NOx emissions in a direct injection diesel engine by DOE (Design of Experiment). Control factors were four types of catalysts and two levels of exhaust gas temperatures in order to reduce the exhaust emissions selected as responses. An aftertreatment system filled with catalyst-coated beads was installed to the exhaust pipe line of 1 m behind from the exhaust manifold and the exhaust gas flow path of the engine was controlled by a butterfly valve. Engine tests were carried out at an engine speed of 1,500 rpm and various engine loads. This study showed that smoke was not affected under all catalysts and exhaust gas temperatures, but NOx emission was affected by the types of catalyst and exhaust gas temperature. The C4 catalyst for NOx emissions was more effective when the exhaust gas temperature was higher than when it was low. Through the DOE it has been proved that the C4 type catalyst and higher exhaust temperature was effective and adequate to reduce the NOx emissions without deterioration of smoke.

DEVELOPMENT OF BOOST SYSTEMS FOR FORCED DIESEL ENGINES

The paper analyzes the world experience in boosting diesel engines by improving the air supply system, i.e. the installation of drive superchargers and (turbochargers) TKR. Two main types of mechanical superchargers, rotary and centrifugal, are considered. The most common models of rotatory superchargers, Roots, Eaton and Lysholm, the scheme and principle of operation of centrifugal superchargers are analyzed. The main disadvantage of mechanical supercharging is that all the power needed to compress the air is taken from the engine crankshaft. Therefore, gas turbine supercharging is considered the most promising. Single-stage boost systems are analyzed using the example of well-known car manufacturers such as Pegaso and Volkswagen. It has been established that the use of turbocharging increases engine efficiency, which leads to a decrease in specific effective fuel consumption. The further development is aimed at improving single-stage turbocharging systems, reducing the size of turbochargers, reducing inertia, using turbine controls and using two-stage boost systems. In addition, an analysis is made of the work of well-known companies developing boost systems (ABB Turbo Systems, MTU, MAN, Borg Warner Turbo System), which showed that for diesel engines with a liter capacity of more than 60 kW / l it is rational to use a two-stage boost system with intermediate cooling of the charge air. The advantages of using a two-stage boost system are: high torque at low engine speeds; increase in rated power; increase in boost pressure; reduction in fuel consumption; smoke reduction; high potential to reduce NOx emissions; improved transient characteristics. The use of a two-stage controlled turbocharging with cooling of the charge air type R2S achieves a high average effective pressure. Depending on the setting, the system can be implemented both at low and high engine speeds.

Sustainable Trend in Mitigating Fuel Emissions and Load Performance of Internal Combustion Engine Empirical Research

As technology strives with increase in energy demand, there is need of adopting reliable techniques towards maintaining green environment without affecting production. Knowing fossil and biomaterial feedstock with different percentages of NOx emissions generation. This research reviews the effective ways of reducing the various pollutants (NOx, CO, HC and smoke) emissions from different fuel types (petroleum and biodiesel). This centered on some factors on high generation of NOx emissions from biofuel and fossil which include flame adiabatic temperature, molecular structure of the bio-material (biofuel)and fossil, load conditions and ignition delay time. The paper further stated the adequate methods for reduction of NOx, HC, smoke and others for both in pre and post combustion approaches. However, the observed results from the adopted technologies indicates that EGR introduced, reduced the NOx emissions at about 5-25% EGR rate when used with bio-fueled engine. This is achievable via controlling the combustion peak temperature and oxygen content, also shows significant drop in CO and HC emissions. Finally, with this techniques and modifications, the fuel emissions will be greatly minimized for better environment for operational activities.

Low-cost, safe, and effective smoke evacuation device for surgical procedures in the COVID-19 age.

Smoke is generated by energy-based surgical instruments. The airborne by-products may have potential health implications. We developed a simple way to use de conventional surgical evacuator coupled with de electrosurgical pen attached to a 14G bladder catheter for open surgery. It was used in ten prospective patients with breast cancer. We notice a high reduction in surgical smoke during all breast surgery. A questionnaire was used for all participants of the surgery to answer the impression that they had about the device. The subjective impression was that the surgical smoke in contact whit the surgical team was reduced by more than 95%. Surgical smoke is the gaseous by-product produced by heat-generating devices in various surgical procedures. Surgical smoke may contain chemicals particles, bacteria, and viruses that are harmful and increase the risk of infection for surgeons and all the team in the operation room due to long term exposure of smoke mainly in coronavirus disease 2019 age. The adapted device described is a very simple and cheaper way to use smoke evacuators attached with the monopolar electrosurgical pen to reduce smoke exposure to the surgical team worldwide.

Euglena Sanguinea algal biodiesel and its various diesel blends as diesel engine fuels: a study on the performance and emission characteristics

ABSTRACT In this study, the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine have been studied by using Euglena Sanguinea algal biodiesel and its various diesel blends (ES10, ES20, ES30, ES40, ES40, ES50, and ES100). BSFC and EGT increase with the increase in the concentration of biodiesel in diesel. The average BTE dropped by 1.4%, 1.97%, and 4.3% for ES20, ES30, and ES40 blends respectively compared to diesel. For emission parameters, average reduction in CO, HC, and smoke was 21.25%, 29.32%, and 7.5% for ES30, and 16.9%, 23.69%, and 10.11% for ES40 blends respectively compared to diesel. Slight rise in NOX emission was observed which were 7.3%, 10.1%, and 14.41% for ES20, ES30, and ES40 blends respectively compared to diesel. Overall, biodiesel up to ES30 blends in a diesel engine observed to be the optimal blend for emission reduction without compromising engine performance. Abbreviations °C: degree centigradeASTM: American society for testing and materialsBD: biodieselBSFC: brake specific fuel consumptionBTE: brake thermal efficiencyCO: carbon monoxideCP: cloud pointDF: diesel fuelDI: direct injectionEGT: exhaust gas temperatureES: Euglena SanguineaESxx: xx % by vol. of Euglena Sanguinea biodiesel + (100-xx) % by vol. of diesel FFA: free fatty acid g: gram h: hour HC: hydrocarbon IC: internal combustion kWh: kilo watt hour L: litermin: minute ml: milliliter NOx: oxides of nitrogen PP: pour point ppm: parts per million

Effect of Diesel Fuel-Coconut Oil-Butanol Blends on Operational Parameters of Diesel Engine

The global concentration of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is increasing as well as the emissions of harmful pollutants. Utilization of liquid biofuels in combustion engines helps to reduce these negative effects. For diesel engines, the most common alternative fuels are based on vegetable oils. Blending neat vegetable oils with diesel and/or alcohol fuels is a simple way to make them suitable for diesel engines. In this study, coconut oil was used in ternary fuel blends with diesel and butanol. Coconut oil is a potentially usable source of renewable energy, especially in the Pacific, where it is a local product. Diesel fuel-coconut oil-butanol fuel blends were used in concentrations of 70%/20%/10% and 60%/20%/20%, and 100% diesel fuel was used as a reference. The effect of the fuel blends on the production of harmful emissions, engine smoke, performance parameters, fuel consumption and solid particles production was monitored during the measurement. The engine was kept at a constant speed during the measurement and the load was selected at 50%, 75% and 100%. From the results, it can be stated that in comparison with diesel fuel, specific fuel consumption increased with a positive effect on the reduction of engine smoke.

Assessment of Direct Injected Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Diesel Blends for Ultra-Low Soot Combustion Engine Application

Technological and economic concerns correlated to fulfilling future emissions and CO2 standards require great research efforts to define an alternative solution for low emissions and highly efficient propulsion systems. Alternative fuel formulation could contribute to this aim. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with lower carbon content than other fossil fuels and which is easily vaporized at ambient conditions has the advantage of lowering CO2 emissions and optimizing the combustion process. Liquefied petroleum gas characteristics and availability makes the fuel a promising alternative for internal combustion engines. The possible combination of using it in high-efficiency compression ignition engines makes it worth analyzing the innovative method of using LPG as a blend component in diesel. Few relevant studies are detectable in literature in this regard. In this study, two blends containing diesel and LPG, in volume ratios 20/80 and 35/65, respectively, were formulated and utilized. Their effects on combustion and emissions performance were assessed by performing proper experimental tests on a modern light-duty single-cylinder engine test rig. Reference operating points at conventional engine calibration settings were examined. A specific exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) parametrization was performed evaluating the LPG blends’ potential in reducing the smoke emissions at standard engine-out NOx levels. The results confirm excellent NOx-smoke trade-off improvements with smoke reductions up to 95% at similar NOx and efficiency. Unburnt emissions slightly increase, and to acceptable levels. Improvements, in terms of indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC), are detected in the range of 1–3%, as well as the CO2 decrease proportionally to the mixing ratio.

Effect of pilot and post fueling on the combustion and emission characteristics of a light-duty diesel engine powered with diesel and waste cooking biodiesel blend

ABSTRACT Biodiesel produced from waste resources provides both environmental and economic benefits. The use of biodiesel blends in tandem with advanced fuel injection strategies enables effective control over engine-out emissions. The current study investigates the effect of the pilot and post fuel injection on combustion and emission characteristics of a light-duty diesel engine fueled with standard diesel and waste cooking biodiesel blend. The engine adopted for this study is an automotive common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine, wherein the electronically controlled fuel injection system provides flexibility to control single and multiple injection schedules along with the provision for change in fuel injection pressure. A blend of 80% diesel and 20% waste cooking biodiesel (B20) was tested at four-part loads and three fuel injection pressures. The test results indicated a considerable reduction in smoke (84.4%), hydrocarbon (71.8%), and carbon monoxide (46.8%), compared to the base diesel (D100) operating at a single injection and lower fuel injection pressure. Also, Brake thermal efficiency was improved by 4.46%. However, nitric oxide emission was found to be 15% higher due to the higher fuel injection pressure. The experimental results affirm that the usage of pilot and post-injection along with higher fuel injection pressure for waste cooking biodiesel blend yielded a significant reduction in emissions at part-load condition.

Evaluation on the consequence of cerium oxide nanoparticle additive in biomass derived fuel blended with diesel for CI engine operation

ABSTRACT Prosopis juliflora (PJF) is a non-edible feedstock and is mainly found in arid and semi-arid regions. This bio-oil extracted from PJF seeds and is converted into biodiesel with the help of the transesterification process. This work aims at investigating the performance and emissions of a diesel engine using the biodiesel extracted from the PJF plant seeds. Cerium oxide nanoparticles are used as an additive which acts as an oxygen donating catalyst and provides oxygen for combustion. The activation energy of cerium oxide acts to burn off carbon deposits within the engine cylinder at the wall temperature and prevents the deposition of non-polar compounds on the cylinder wall which resulted in reduced HC emissions. The exhaust gases were further treated by EGR to reduce NOx emissions. There is a considerable reduction in smoke and NOx emissions with the PJF seed oil as compared to Biodiesel at all exhaust gas recirculation process.

Effect of microalgae, tyre pyrolysis oil and Jatropha biodiesel enriched with diesel fuel on performance and emission characteristics of CI engine

The objective of present paper, the exhaust emission parameters blend of Jatropha, tyre pyrolysis oil and spirulina microalgae biodiesel diesel engine with a rated power of 3.5 kW at 1500 rpm. The engine was operated at constant compression ratio of 17.5 with different engine loads were applied. Comparative parameters measures of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), fuel consumption, exhaust temperature, sauter mean diameter, smoke emission, particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been presented. The secondary blends (JMETPO20, SP20) meaningfully reduction in smoke, PM and NOX emissions from the diesel engine, while the improved CO2 emissions. The result shows reduction in smoke, PM and NOX emission was observed with 20% blends. Reduction in smoke emission by 11.58%, 18.33%, PM emission by 5.3%, 33.1% and NOX emission by 10.2%, 10.66% but CO2 emission slightly higher for JMETPO20 (80% JME + 20% TPO) and SP20 (80% diesel + 20% spirulina) respectively at full load condition. Numerical and experimental results are valid for diesel engines of conventional diesel fuel, using 220 bar fuel injection pressure. Validation work is performed through the proposed numerical solver using experimental results.