Smart Components Research Articles

Public participation in the social sustainability evaluation of smart city infrastructure in the context of big data: a critical review

Purpose The current booming development of smart cities poses new requirements and challenges for their internal infrastructure development. This article aims to explore the questions of: What is the level of social sustainability of smart city infrastructure today? and What are the core contents and paths to improve this level?Design/methodology/approachWith the theme of public participation in the social sustainability evaluation of smart city infrastructure in the context of big data, this study mainly makes a systematic literature review of the Web of Science's Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index databases. After collection and screening, 199 documents were finally obtained.FindingsIt is found that the level of social sustainability of smart city infrastructure is still low, and public participation can provide solutions to the difficulties and challenges involved in its development, while big data technology can broaden the channels for public participation and promote the development of smart city-related components in the process, including smart city infrastructure.Originality/valueThis article summarizes the internal mechanisms of smart cities at the theoretical level and analyzes the social sustainable development of smart city infrastructure. In practice, the shortcomings in this field are identified and suggestions are provided on how to carry out digital public participation, which has practical reference value.

ECC based Authentication Approach for Secure Communication in IoT Application

Internet of Things (IoT) is an advanced applied science in recent years that enables communication among humans and smart components or among Internet-based components. Besides, IoT provides affiliation of physical and virtual elements that are fully controlled by different kinds of hardware, software, and interaction advancements. Though numerous methods of IoT offer many advantages to our day-to-day routine, it also possesses huge security weaknesses. The traditional methods are vulnerable to a huge range of attacks. Hence, establishing safe and effective security alternatives for the IoT environment remains as a main challenge and the major risk in this security solution is to transfer significant information in a secure manner. To address such limitations, an effective authentication approach named CHEK-based authentication methodology is devised for secure communication in IoT. The proposed authentication scheme consists of four steps and the authentication approach is developed by considering various security operations like hashing, encryption, secret key pairs, passwords, and so on. Moreover, the CHEK-based authentication scheme provides promising solution with minimum computational cost of 16.541 and minimum memory usage of 72.3MB.

Control of a Smart Security Object using an Arduino Platform and a GSM Controller

A smart home is a term often used to define a residence that employs electronic control systems or simply “controllers” to integrate and activate various spatial detectors and functional subsystems embedded within the smart home, particularly as integrated parts of home automation. In this paper, the focus is on studying security and enhancing the technical protection system, rather than on the functions and capabilities of controllers for smart functionalities within a specific facility. The paper describes intelligent control of a security object, enabled using specific components. The advantage of the designed system lies in its practical application, offering increased security, facility monitoring, streamlined communication, and user-friendliness through the utilization of ICT technology and smart components.

Smart Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)-Based Microgels Supplemented with Nanomaterials for Catalytic Reduction Reactions—A Review

The continuous and irresponsible addition of environmental pollutants into aqueous reservoirs due to excessive industrialization is a significant contemporary challenge. Nanomaterial-based catalytic reduction provides an effective way to convert these materials into environmentally useful products. Responsive polymeric assemblies, complemented with nanomaterials, represent advanced nanocatalysts that are gaining interest within the scientific community. These assemblies exhibit reversible morphological transitions in response to variations induced by external factors such as temperature, pH, or electromagnetic irradiation treatment. The term hybrid microgels has been coined for assemblies that contain both nanomaterial and smart polymeric components. This review presents recent advancements in the field of hybrid microgels as nanocatalysts for conducting reduction reactions on pollutants present in aqueous media. Apart from placing detailed emphasis on the advancements documented for these assemblies, the fundamentals associated with hybrid microgels, as well as the typical catalytic reduction, are also emphasized to develop an understanding for new academicians looking to explore this field. The author hopes that this critical review of the most recent academic literature, including the years spanning 2020 to 2023, will serve as a tutorial for the identification of research gaps in this field, along with its prospective solutions.

Additive Manufacturing of Self‐Sensing Carbon Fiber Composites

Carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have gained substantial attention across various industries owing to their exceptional mechanical properties and lightweight nature. The emergence of additive manufacturing technologies brings new opportunities to the industry, offering advantages such as design freedom, rapid prototyping, and customization. However, the fabrication of CFRP composites through 3D printing techniques poses challenges pertaining to low resolution and limitations in complex geometry realization. This work introduces digital light processing printing as a versatile, high‐resolution method ideal for CFRP composite fabrication. The development and characterization of CFRP are focused on and the manipulation of mechanical properties through variations in matrix resins and fiber loadings is investigated, showcasing the versatility of CFRP composites for tailored applications. Additionally, the integration of self‐sensing capabilities in CFRP structures is explored, which opens up opportunities for applications in smart components for automotive and structural health monitoring.

Modeling and Automation of Data Collection and Processing in a Smart Medical Ward

The study considers modeling and automating the processes of data collection and processing in a smart medical ward. We examined the existing solutions in the field of smart wards. Such solutions allow to increase patient safety, improve the quality of their treatment, optimize workflows in inpatient facilities, reduce costs and increase comfort of the patients. At the same time, these solutions are focused on particular tasks, use varied technologies and protocols, and implement single scenarios for the functioning of the ward. This is not enough to create an integrated approach to automating patient treatment in smart wards, as there are problems of compatibility and integration of heterogeneous modules, systems and protocols, which leads to growing costs and reduced profitability. To avoid these problems, the complex must be implemented within a single framework with typical components, connections, and operation scenarios. To do this, at the first stage of the work, a conceptual model of a smart room is proposed, a description of its components is given, and scenarios of their functioning are provided. An algorithm for collecting and processing data for diagnosis and stratification of diseases has also been developed, a simulation of the smart ward operation has been carried out, and it showed that the implementation of data collection and processing using smart components can reduce the processing time at least twice.

Reusability and energy absorption behavior of 4D-printed heterogeneous lattice structures based on biomass shape memory polyester

Uniform triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) have been extensively used due to the good mechanical properties and energy absorption. The hybrid of lattices could combine the advantages of substructures with desirable properties. Moreover, the reusability of TPMS after external loading and the repeated energy absorption capacity are relatively unexplored. Herein, novel heterogeneous TPMS lattices composed of Gyroid and Diamond were designed and manufactured using a biomass shape memory polymer. First, a smooth transition between the adjacent substructures were achieved via structural design. Then, the external force (compression load) and thermal stimulated shape recovery cycles tests were conducted. The results showed that the heterogeneous samples exhibited multiple yielding stages and continuous energy absorption due to the synergistic effect of substructures. The large-deformed TPMS structures were able to recovery to the original shape under thermal stimulation, possessing a high rate of shape fixation and shape recovery (nearly 100 %). After experiencing several cold programming-shape recovery cycles, the total energies of heterogeneous structures did not sharply decrease and no obvious damage was detected by micro-CT, demonstrating a favorable reusability and repeated energy absorption capacity. Therefore, the development of 4D-printed heterogeneous lattice structures have great potentials in smart protective equipment and lightweight smart components.

A Versatile Elastin-Like Carrier for Bioactive Antimicrobial Peptide Production and Delivery.

Elastin-like polypeptidesare biotechnological protein and peptide carriers that offer a vast scope of applicability. This work aims to build a model for the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) by genetically engineering the Human Elastin-like Polypeptideplatform developed in the lab. The well-characterized AMP indolicidin is selected as an example of an antimicrobial domain for the recombinant fusion at the C-terminus of the carrier. The fusion construct has been designed to allow the release of the antimicrobial domain. The expression product has been purified and its physicochemical and antimicrobial properties has been characterized. Taking advantage of the self-assembling and matrix-forming properties of the recombinant biopolymer, the materials that are obtained have been evaluated for antimicrobial activity toward bacterial-strain models. This approach represents a cost-effective strategy for the production of smart components and materials endowed with antimicrobial capacity triggered by external stimuli.

A smart component model replacement approach for refined simulation of large nonlinear RC structures

This paper proposes a novel smart component model replacement (SCMR) approach that is not only efficient for large-scale nonlinear structural analysis, but also accurate in the refined simulation of components of interest. The method creates a FE model with a relatively coarse mesh to simulate the entire structure. During analysis, when a component is identified to predefined criteria defined by the users, its model will be replaced by another more refined “substructure” model that can simulate the damage and failure more accurately. A few “replacement” strategies are presented for smoothly transiting between different models: (1) A gradually transiting strategy is presented to avoid the possible jumps of responses due to the model differences to guarantee numerical stability; (2) The historical boundary conditions are applied to the substructure model to address the historical dependence of responses; (3) The boundary connection between main and substructure is considered by using a flexible client/server technology, to simplify the replacement. The SCMR approach is verified by three application examples. The results demonstrate that the proposed modeling approach can efficiently perform large-scale nonlinear structural analysis, while capturing the failure mechanism in RC structures well.

A Hybrid Threat Model for Smart Systems

Cyber-physical systems and their smart components have a pervasive presence in all our daily activities. Unfortunately, identifying the potential threats and issues in these systems and selecting enough protection is challenging given that such environments combine human, physical and cyber aspects to the system design and implementation. Current threat models and analysis do not take into consideration all three aspects of the analyzed system, how they can introduce new vulnerabilities or protection measures to each other. In this work, we introduce a novel threat model for cyber-physical systems that combines the cyber, physical, and human aspects. Our model represents the system's components relations and security properties by taking into consideration these three aspects. Together with the threat model we also propose a threat analysis method that allows understanding the security state of the system's components. The threat model and the threat analysis have been implemented into an automatic tool, called TAMELESS, that automatically analyzes threats to the system, verifies its security properties, and generates a graphical representation, useful for security architects to identify the proper prevention/mitigation solutions. We show and prove the use of our threat model and analysis with three cases studies from different sectors.

Basal complex: a smart wing component for automatic shape morphing

Insect wings are adaptive structures that automatically respond to flight forces, surpassing even cutting-edge engineering shape-morphing systems. A widely accepted but not yet explicitly tested hypothesis is that a 3D component in the wing’s proximal region, known as basal complex, determines the quality of wing shape changes in flight. Through our study, we validate this hypothesis, demonstrating that the basal complex plays a crucial role in both the quality and quantity of wing deformations. Systematic variations of geometric parameters of the basal complex in a set of numerical models suggest that the wings have undergone adaptations to reach maximum camber under loading. Inspired by the design of the basal complex, we develop a shape-morphing mechanism that can facilitate the shape change of morphing blades for wind turbines. This research enhances our understanding of insect wing biomechanics and provides insights for the development of simplified engineering shape-morphing systems.

Basic Criteria for creating a Smart City

Nowadays, non-smart cities face challenges such as climate change, population increase versus resource depletion, transportation problems and lifestyle changes, while in the model of smart cities, the urban area can cope with most of these challenges. Although the term smart city is not a fixed term and so far it has not been defined, in other words, there is no standard definition for this term. We can say that a smart city is a developed urban area that produces a sustainable economy. Designing and creating an ideal place for people to live by increasing the quality of life through high optimization of both city components (both soft and hard components) with multiple areas; Governance, Economy, People and the Environment, Mobility and the Built Environment. This article clarifies some of the prominent variables facing most cities in terms of the challenges of the natural environment, the built environment, mobility, and social and economic characteristics that slow down the development wheel towards achieving a better life for the population. Most of these problems and challenges can be solved by drawing up a city development policy based on the principles of the smart cities. This article also develops a scientific approach to explain the concept of smart cities, explains the benefits of applying this model to cities, and suggests a new set of the dominant components of smart cities worldwide.

Dual Response to Light and Heat of a Metal–Organic Rotaxane Network Featuring Flexible Viologen‐Derived Structs

AbstractMetal–organic rotaxane compounds (MORCs) with supramolecular (pseudo)rotaxane motifs as main structures have inherent dynamic character, but their potential as responsive molecular machines is largely hampered by poor responsiveness to external stimuli. In this study, using a multi‐functionalized pseudorotaxane linker that combines two kinds of functionalities, a novel MORC, U‐bpybc‐CB8 (U refers to uranyl, bpybc refers to 1, 1’‐bis(4‐carboxybenzyl)‐4, 4’‐bipyridinium, and CB8 is cucurbit[8]uril), with multi‐responsive capability that can respond to both light and thermal stimuli, is reported. The characterization, combining spectra measurements and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, shows that, due to the involvement of viologen‐functionalized flexible organic dicarboxylate guest molecule in the CB8‐ involved pseudorotaxane ligand, the resultant uranyl‐based MORC exhibits photochromic behavior after UV or visible light irradiation. More interestingly, it is revealed that the exceptional thermal response of U‐bpybc‐CB8 as temperature increases from 170 to 270 K, i.e., volume expansion followed by contraction after the inflection temperature of ≈230 K, can be stemmed from the lattice flexibility of this metal–organic supramolecular network. The dual responsiveness of MORCs reported here demonstrates the potential of such supramolecular assemblies as smart molecular components like sensors and switches that respond to light irradiation or temperature changes.

Component-based robot prefabricated construction simulation using IFC-based building information models

Despite the widespread usage of Building Information Modeling (BIM) based simulation in the construction industry, robot construction simulation environments are built on particular modeling tools and can only be simulated with certain robot models. This not only limits construction robot development and also makes it difficult to directly share building information with robots, which impedes the study of robotic construction. To overcome this problem, we propose a new framework for robotic construction simulation which integrates open standard formats and tools to achieve a commonly used robot simulation environment. This provides a new approach to automatically convert IFC to simulation description format (SDF) and generate building components as smart components, which eliminates platform-specific limitations on robotic construction simulation, which further expands the utilization of BIM models.

Reassessing smart city components: An overview of the dynamic nature of smart city concept

Cities all over the world are in search for a sustainable solution to address the problems associated with urbanization. Holistic smart cities have a multidimensional point of view for future cities. This paper pools components of smart cities and deconstructs the complicated holistic smart cities. The pooled data comes from 29 studies, consisting of 23 performance evaluation schemes and 6 indicator sets that cover 15 countries plus 6 broad geographic regions. On the basis of recurrent themes amongst smart city components, we categorize the components into 9 sub categories and 3 main categories. The results verify that the 6 predetermined components namely, Economy, People, Environment, Mobility, Living and Governance are inalienable from the holistic approach. Novel and unique components that emerge from the study, such as Technology, Infrastructure, Energy, Pandemic Resiliency, Legal, Demography and Propagation substantiate the dynamic nature of the holistic perspective. We recommend that for accurate and better holistic evaluation of smart cities, evaluation schemes need to assimilate varied smart city components from the 3 main categories in a balanced manner. This adds value to the holistic approach and allows diversity and context specificity to thrive in smart city components making them holistic in the true sense. The study is beneficial for policymakers and researchers for holistic measurement of smart city performance.

AQFD‐based approach for the development of smartproduct‐servicesystems

AbstractThe paper proposes a novel method for the development of smart product‐service systems (Smart‐PSSs) by focusing on the analysis of customer requirements and the selection of those features that can practically enhance the smart capabilities of the offering. To achieve such a goal, a quality function deployment (QFD) based method is presented to specifically address the development of Smart‐PSS solutions. The novel approach, named quality function deployment for smart‐product service systems (QFD for Smart‐PSS), relies on the deployment of smart characteristics and components besides the conventional product and service features. Such an approach allows a better granularity of the assessment and deployment of the system features by well defining the smart components in PSS. To preliminarily verify the applicability of the method, a case study concerning the development of a Smart‐PSS solution for the elevators of a building is proposed. The results achieved show the potential benefits that the proposed approach can have both in the case of novel solutions and when an existing system has to be augmented. The method is at the initial stage of development and while this study can augment knowledge on the development of Smart‐PSS, further research work is needed to extend its validation.

IoT based Wireless Sensor Network Improvement Against Jammers Using Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an interconnected network of electronic objects, machines, and physical items in our environment. Wireless Sensor Network is the key component of Internet of Things. Wi-Fi is used by IoT to link home appliances to the internet so that they may be managed and controlled remotely. Sensors were used in WSN technology to sense and gather data from various smart home components, then send it to a gateway. In this paper, the performance of IoT based WSN had been examined when the Jammers interfered with the normal operation of the network and caused deficiency in network from the delay, throughput and data dropped points of view which they are important parameters to examine the performance of any network. The aim of this paper is to improve the degradation in performance caused by Jammers using three Ad Hoc routing protocols (AODV, OLSR and GRP) in number of different Riverbed Modeler Simulation scenarios for different audio and video applications. The results showed that the Ad Hoc routing protocols played a significant role in network performance. AODV had been investigated a better delay and data dropped improvement with acceptable throughput improvement while OLSR had the best throughput among other routing protocols with acceptable improvement in delay and data dropped. According to the research, an intelligent system should be used to decide whether a route is used for applications with a high throughput requirement or low delay and data loss.

Smart component monitoring system increases the efficiency of photovoltaic plants

Abstract Due to the increasing expansion of renewable energy, especially the widespread installation of solar power plants worldwide, to better exploit and increase the efficiency and quality of power generation, we need to closely monitor the performance of important components of the plant. In this study, using an innovative smart monitoring system and electronic sensors, we monitored components such as power in photovoltaic (PV) arrays in real time, including the phenomenon of hot spots as an example of power loss in PV panels. Detection of hot spots is very difficult to deal with in a large power plant. The results also demonstrated smart monitoring that increased detection speed and increased the efficiency rate per supervisory technician by ≤36% compared with the previous efficiency rate, which was 10% per technical staff, and increased the quality of the operation of each solar power plant. In this paper, meteorological data were coordinated with research data to validate the research. Furthermore, to compare the results of using the smart monitoring method with the conventional observation method, a complete diagram of a 5-kW solar system in MATLAB® 2018 was simulated and output diagrams were presented. Finally, to provide a comprehensive validation, our research results were compared with technical data obtained from a local 5-kW solar power plant located in Sari, Iran (36°33ʹ48″N, 53°03ʹ36″E) with an average annual irradiation of 1490 kWh/m2. When the simulation results and research are analysed, it is clear that the smart and real-time monitoring approach brings various benefits to solar power plants.

Three-Dimensional Printing Applications in Food Industry

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has gained increasing attention for its unique ability to create geometrically complex designs, which not only can be used for mass manufacturing but also has environmental and economic benefits. Additionally, as far as the food industry is concerned, this emerging technology has the potential to personalize products in terms of shape and/or nutritional requirements creating a wide range of food items with specially made shapes, colors, textures, tastes, and even nutrition using suitable raw materials/food components. In the future, 3D food printing could make complex food models with special interior design. This review gives attention to intelligent food packaging. Point-of-use machinery for manufacturing smart packaging, with a 3D printing approach, enables the use of multifunctional smart components and is self-identifying and highly sensitive, while using biocompatible non-toxic materials is cheaper than traditional manufacturing methods. This would create smart food packaging and in turn prevent customers from purchasing unsuitable food and thus reduce food waste. Future studies can make the process more compatible and efficient with a wide variety of materials that could be used to improve the 3D printing process.

Flexible and smart electronics for single-cell resolved brain–machine interfaces

Brain–machine interfaces (BMIs) offer the potential for the development of communication tools between the brain and external devices. The current BMI technologies for recording and modulation of electric signals from the brain have made significant contributions to areas such as neuroscience, disease diagnosis, and rehabilitation. Next-generation BMIs require long-term stable recording and modulation of electrical signals from statistically significant neuron populations with millisecond single-cell spatiotemporal resolution. However, there are challenges to achieving this stability due to the mechanical and geometrical mismatches between electronics and the brain tissue. In addition, the requirement to achieve cell-type-specific neuromodulation and transmit and process the ever-increasing volume of data on-the-fly necessitates the implementation of smart electronics. In this review, we first summarize the requirements, challenges, and current limitations of BMIs. We then highlight three major approaches to the fabrication of flexible electronics as implantable electronics, aimed at enabling long-term stable and gliosis-free BMIs. The progress of multifunctional electronics for multimodal recording and modulation of cell-type-specific components in the brain is also discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the integration of wireless and closed-loop modulation, and on-chip processing as smart electronic components for BMIs. Finally, we examine the remaining challenges in this field and the future perspectives for how flexible and smart electronics can address these problems and continue to advance the field of BMIs.