Smart City Program Research Articles

SMART GOVERNANCE IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF WARSAW WITH THE USE OF ICT AND GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Abstract. The article presents the results of work carried out as part of the “Objectives of the SMART CITY program in the capital city of Warsaw” project run at the request of the Digitisation Bureau of the Warsaw City Hall by a design team from the Warsaw University of Technology in cooperation with Comtegra S.A. company. The first part shows the analytical assessment of systems, services, and solutions used in Warsaw in September and October 2017 as well as a SWOT analysis of weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of transforming Warsaw into a smart city. The second part of the article presents reasons and objectives of the transformation, as well as a general conceptual framework for Warsaw as a smart city. The study focuses on describing the critical processes that should take place in the structures of the city; principles and future directions for the model of organisation: services and solutions, actions and assistance that are already in progress or will be undertaken in the first stages of transforming the capital city of Warsaw into a smart city. The solution proposed by the authors of the article below concerning the transformation of the Polish capital into a smart city is currently being implemented by the City Hall of Warsaw in cooperation with Deloitte.

PENERAPAN MODEL GAMIFIKASI PADA APLIKASI SMART CITY SEBAGAI SOLUSI PEMERINTAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERLIBATAN DAN PERAN AKTIF WARGA

The Smart city program is designed to solve urban problems and promote sustainable city development. In its implementation, a smart city needs collaboration between government, people, and technology. From those elements, the human factor is the important thing that determines the success of a Smart city. However, in fact, the percentage of Indonesian citizens accessing government-owned sites and applications is still very low, less than 15%. This fact creates new challenges for the Indonesia government in initializing the Smart city project. This research analyses with a qualitative approach to recommending an application tool that contains a gamification model inside. From the study results, 87% of users feel more interested in the modified application. This innovation is expected to lead to increased citizen involvement. This innovation will not only improve citizen participation but also can be an effective solution to improve the quality of citizens to become Smart people, as initial capital in building Smart economy.

Implementation of E-Government Working to Improve Effectiveness

E-government is a system application that can be used for transaction processing and monitoring the creation of documents that exist in government, especially in the field of community service. E-Government is one of the application services of the Smart City program run by the central government. Jakarta Smart City is an attempt by the government to develop a system of government that is effective, efficient, and transparent to optimize the use of Information Technology systems. E-Government is now applied in several villages. This type of research used by the authors in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection technique were interview, observation and documents related to the study. Data analysis techniques in the study conducted qualitatively. The results of this study explained that the implementation of E-Government in the field of public services of government offices has been quite effective. It is measured based on indicators measuring the effectiveness according to Gibson.

A scale for measuring perceived bureaucratic readiness for smart cities in Indonesia

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a scale for measuring perceived bureaucratic readiness for smart city initiatives. Design/methodology/approach The present study employs a mixed method approach to achieve its research objectives. An exploratory study, consisting of literature review and qualitative interviews with key informants, was conducted to develop an initial instrument for measuring bureaucratic readiness. An online survey of 40 civil servants involved in smart city programmes in the Yogyakarta City government was then administered to test the instrument’s validity and reliability. Findings Perceived bureaucratic readiness can be measured through four dimensions: commitment of the upper echelons, legal support, information technology resources and governance. Research limitations/implications The proposed scale provides an alternative instrument for measuring perceived bureaucratic readiness for smart city initiatives. However, as data were only derived from one city government, they are relatively small in scope. Future research can be conducted for generalisation by replicating this study in other cities, thereby measuring its effectiveness in other contexts and settings. Practical implications This study not only provides a better understanding of bureaucratic readiness for smart city initiatives, but also proposes an assessment tool as a practical means of assessing bureaucratic readiness. The quantification of readiness is beneficial to putting smart city programmes into practice, as it allows smart city managers to assess the internal bureaucracy’s level of readiness. It also allows managers to mitigate and further policy agendas and thereby improve the bureaucracy’s support for smart city programmes. Originality/value Literature sometimes underestimates the role of bureaucracy in smart city implementation while overly stressing stakeholders, vendors and technology. This paper attempts to contribute to smart city research by reaching beyond the technological perspective and focusing on local government bureaucracy. None of the extant literature provides a scale for measuring bureaucratic readiness. The study thus proposes a systematic way to develop a means of measuring perceived bureaucratic readiness for smart city programmes.

Are Smart Innovation Ecosystems Really Seeking to Meet Citizens’ Needs? Insights from the Stakeholders’ Vision on Smart City Strategy Implementation

The concept of a smart city is becoming the leading paradigm worldwide. Consequently, a creative mix of emerging technologies and open innovation is gradually becoming the defining element of smart city evolution, changing the ways in which city administrators are organizing their services and development globally. Thus, the smart city concept is becoming extremely relevant on the agendas of policy-makers as a development strategy for enhancing the quality of life of the citizen and improving the sustainability goals of their cities. Despite of the relevance of the topic, still few studies investigate how open innovation shapes the way cities become smarter or focus on the experiences of professionals to understand the concept of a smart city and its implementation. This paper fills this gap and analyzes the processes for building effective smart cities by integrating the different perspectives of smart innovations and using the core components of smart cities according to a conceptual framework developed in previous research. In so doing, it provides useful insights for smart city stakeholders in adopting social and technological innovation to improve the global competitiveness of their cities. The empirical dataset allows examining how “smart cities” are being implemented in Manchester (UK), and in Boston, Massachusetts, and San Diego City (United States of America (USA)), including archival data and in-depth interviews with core smart city stakeholders who are involved in smart city projects and programs across the cases. Results from empirical data suggest that the conceptualization of smart cities across the cases is similar with a strong emphasis on social and technological innovation aimed at addressing municipal challenges in the core sub-systems of the cities, which include mobility, environmental sustainability, entrepreneurial development, quality of life, and social cohesion. The results also reveal benefits and challenges relating to smart innovation ecosystems across the cases and the future directions of their diffusion.

Problems of SMART CITY Programs and Projects Evaluation

Smart cities are one of the answers for an increasing share of the population living in urban areas. Smart approaches should help cities to manage the liveable environment in the cities in a sustainable way. To evaluate the development in this area – evaluation of smart city projects and programs the suitable evaluation methodologies are needed. For the moment there exists no common methodology for evaluation of smart city projects and programs. The main aim of this article therefore is, to identify, from existing literature, the main problems of smart city programs and project evaluation and the most common methodologies used for evaluation. The general problem of evaluation is in the heterogeneity of the current cities and the challenges they face nowadays. These challenges together with new possibilities connected with IT solutions (IOT, big data) are changing the way future cities will be operated. According to our short research in current literature, it seems to be not so big issue for project-level evaluation, but it is a real issue when considering the evaluation of the program. It is very difficult to identify the total impact of the smart city activities on the city and its citizens.

Urban Competitiveness and the Smart City: An Empirical Analysis in a Developing Country Context

This paper examines whether smart city programs, and information technology in general, contribute to urban competitiveness. Using regression analysis, it investigates the contribution of different metrics of the information economy, network society, online government and digital life to the competitiveness of cities. At a more general level, it seeks to measure the benefits of the application of information technology to the economic competitiveness, livability and environmental sustainability of cities. It concludes with guidance for urban development in developing countries.

LPWA Network Design and Implementation Strategy of Jakarta and Tangerang Area for Smart Meter Utilities

Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly being implemented in major cities in the world, including in Indonesia. Currently, several cities in Indonesia have implemented smart city programs. Smart city implementation in Indonesia has not been supported by networks which are suitable for connectivity of equipment such as sensors. Sensors which are connected are still using cellular networks so they are not efficient in terms of power usage and bandwidth, where sensors only require small power and bandwidth. A network technology designed for the use of sensors is LPWA networks (Low Power Wide Area Networks) where, this network connects a large number of sensors with small power usage and narrow bandwidth. In this paper the authors try to design the LPWA network using LoRa technology for the purpose of using smart meters for electricity, water and gas in the DKI Jakarta and Tangerang areas with an approach to network performance parameters. The network parameters designed will be analyzed and adapted to the conditions of the region so that it has good network performance and capacity can meet the needs of smart meters in the region. The purpose of this paper is to produce a network design that fits the needs of smart meters which are expected to be a material consideration for operators in designing the LPWA network.

A mission to converge for inclusion? The smart city and the women of Seelampur

Based on ethnographic research in New Delhi, this article critically examines the promise of inclusion of the smart city, new governance program Mission Convergence for marginalized residents, especially minority women in the urban periphery of Seelampur. Drawing from transdisciplinary debates, I argue that this smart city program must be globally located in institutional shifts in New Public Management approaches that advocate the hybrid and networked state, entrepreneurial citizens, and self-regulated workers in the global economy. Program practices of counting the poor revealed structural inequities that were concealed behind the smooth interface of Convergence. Furthermore, subaltern women formed the nurturing interface of the networked state which was a hollow position without power. Finally, Seelampur women were trained in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and other skills as precarious labor for the global economy. My research highlights contradictory experiences of marginalized women in the context of optimism about ICT-enabled inclusion.

Modelling the Smart Governance Performance to Support Smart City Program in Indonesia

Every local government in Indonesia is in a race to become the leading innovator of smart city initiatives. The ambitious urban digitization program: “Gerakan 100 Smart City” was initiated in 2017 by the Ministry of Communication and Information, supported by the Ministry of Public Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, and the Ministry of National Development Planning. Although the urban digitization program of smart city sounds promising, the implementation is lacking since there is neither specific national standard nor guidance to assist local government undertaking the smart city initiatives. With respect to the smart governance dimension that serves as an important foundation for delivering government-related services, there is limited indicators and the related formula to measure its performance. This research fills the gaps by modelling indicators and formula in the smart governance dimension to support the smart city program. The research was conducted by identifying the smart governance purposes, mapping the current related governance indicators, and developing a model for smart governance performance. The model was then validated by three experts of smart city and e-government evaluation and implemented in Surabaya City as a case study. The proposed model results in 29 indicators in three different domains and seven aspects of assessment. The model can serve as a reference for smart governance performance evaluation to support smart city initiatives in Indonesia.

Implementing smart city programmes, and how the rules are perceived by the population, using the city of Rzeszów as the model

Implementing smart city programmes, and how the rules are perceived by the population, using the city of Rzeszów as the model

Smart City: Opportunities and Challenges in Public Services and Its Relation to The Protection of Rights and Privacy in Big-Data Era

This article investigates Smart City program with the utilization of internet technology that government assumes as means to solve problems every city encounters, such as traffic jam, retribution, public security, and trash dumping. To provide public service, Smart City collects and manages personal data information of citizens from the intended city and puts it into a Big Data base. This program with Big Data technology has been successful addressing problems in cities. On the other hand, a consequence on how to protect public’s electronic-based personal data should be taken into account as well. Collecting, Processing, and Saving Information of public personal data may carry on particular risk, including violation on individual’s rights and privacy, when it is not well managed and set under a very clear policy, especially when its big data server is outside the territory of Indonesia. In general conclusion, the government needs to enact a regulation in constitutional and national level and/or regional regulation which specifically sets on how to prevent the misuse of electronicbased personal data and what law that regulates any violation against individual rights and privacy, as well as a regulation called privacy by design.

Web-Based Mapping Untuk Pemetaan Lokasi Kerusakan Jalan Raya Menggunakan Cluster Marker

Online mapping has developed rapidly over the past few years resulting to replace GIS functionality. This system allows users to use appliacation without using specialized GIS software. The system can receive data from multiple sources and display the map to all users. These developments bring web-based mapping technology. Web-based mapping using MapsAPI as third-party tools. MapsAPI allows system to mapping data in real time and real location. That information technology can support smart city program’s to solve several problem in a city like mapping the location of the damaged roads. Users only need to use internet browsing application to add location or observe the map of road damage. People and government as system user’s, can utilize the system to determine the priority of roadwork.

(Smart) Citizens from Data Providers to Decision-Makers? The Case Study of Barcelona

Against the backdrop of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) taking effect in the European Union (EU), a debate emerged about the role of citizens and their relationship with data. European city authorities claim that (smart) citizens are as important to a successful smart city program as data and technology are, and that those citizens must be convinced of the benefits and security of such initiatives. This paper examines how the city of Barcelona is marking a transition from the conventional, hegemonic smart city approach to a new paradigm—the experimental city. Through (i) a literature review, (ii) carrying out twenty in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, and (iii) actively participating in three symposiums in Barcelona from September 2017 to March 2018, this paper elucidates how (smart) citizens are increasingly considered decision-makers rather than data providers. This paper considers (i) the implications of the technopolitics of data ownership and, as a result, (ii) the ongoing implementation of the Digital Plan 2017–2020, its three experimental strategies, and the related seven strategic initiatives. This paper concludes that, from the policy perspective, smartness may not be appealing in Barcelona, although the experimental approach has yet to be entirely established as a paradigm.

The Concept of E-Tourism in the Smart City Assumption as an Opportunity for the Development of Tourism in Wałbrzych

Summary Subject and purpose of work: The main objective of the article is to recommend some solutions in the area of e-tourism which could be introduced by the local government in Wałbrzych as part of activities initiated in 2017 for the development of the Smart City concept. Materials and methods: The implementation of the objective required a detailed analysis and evaluation of the “Strategy for Sustainable Development of Wałbrzych City until 2020”as well as the key task areas of the Smart City Program Council set up in the city, including Task Teams implementing projects of smart urban solutions. In the course of the research, a literature review was also conducted to explore the ways of defining the concept of e-tourism. Results: As a result of the literature research, the authors emphasized different aspects (dimensions) of e-tourism and described the e-tourism model for tourist consumption. The analysis of the strategic municipal documents showed that they did not contain any direct references and plans regarding the development of activities in the area of e-tourism. The current study offers recommendations for the growth of e-tourism in Wałbrzych. Conclusions: In the context of the realisation of “Smart City for the city of Wałbrzych” program, the concept of e-tourism, according to the authors, is an opportunity for the development of tourism in the city and in the region. The catalogue of possible solutions is open and their implementation requires taking into account the needs of different groups of stakeholders, including people with disabilities and the elderly.

A holistic evaluation of smart city performance in the context of China

Development of smart city has been increasingly accepted as a new technology-based solution to mitigate urban diseases. The Chinese government has been devoting good efforts to the promotion of smart city through introducing a series of policies. However, policies may have limited effectiveness in application if they do not respond to the practice. There is little study examining what results have been achieved in practice by applying policy measures. This study presents a holistic evaluation of smart city performance in the context of China. The evaluation indicators in this study are selected by applying a hybrid research methodology including literature review and semi-structured interviews. Indicator data are collected from 44 sample smart cities. The evaluation was conducted by applying Entropy method and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique collectively. This study highlights that the overall smart city performance in China is at a relatively low level. There is also a significant unbalance in performance between five smart city dimensions including smart infrastructure, governance, people, economy and environment. The smart performance between cities varies significantly since cities implement smart city programs in different ways. These differences impede experience sharing between cities. Actions have been recommended in this study for promoting further development of smart city in the context of China, such as increasing the investment on smart infrastructure, providing training programs, and establishing evaluation mechanism.

Smart City as an Upshot of Bureaucratic Reform in Indonesia

The implementation of e-government in Indonesia is not only limited to efforts to improve the efficiency of bureaucracy, but also achieve more comprehensive goals of increased efficiency of entire communities with the ultimate objective to boost productivity and competitiveness in facing global challenges. At the local government level, efforts to enhance overall efficiency is implementing smart city program. This article proposes a smart city program implemented in several cities in Indonesia. The main questions are: Is the smart city program able to bring about change to the lives of Indonesian citizens? What are the problems encountered by municipalities in implementing the smart city program? The research found that smart city development in a number of municipalities was aimed at two main sectors, which were governance and public services. The governance sector covered planning, regional finance management, and personnel system.

New Indian Urbanism: Emerging Issues on Sustainability and Urban Ecology

India is on the verge of being emerged as the most populated country of the world. To manage the massive urban population, smarter, sustainable and greener cities are envisioned in India’s newly adopted urbanization policy. While smart city program with techno-infrastructure interventions for a few selected cities leave the Indian urban ecological spaces uneven, various issues on social, cultural, economic and environmental sustainability put forward challenges which are yet to be addressed. In this paper the author presented a critical analysis of current urban growth trend in the Indian urban scenario and delved into the issues on peoples’ participation, inclusive planning and environmental considerations. Citing various case studies from Indian urban trends, the author argues that a comprehensive sustainable inclusive urbanization policy is attainable with convergence of the mission in practice and a vision for the future with alternative path of self reliance for the urban poor in India. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Inclusive Planning, Smart City, Peoples’ Participation

Exploring participatory visions of smart transport in Milton Keynes

This paper explores citizen concerns emerging in the design stage of MotionMap, a smart transport initiative developed in the context of a £16 million smart city programme. A city-wide sensing system integrated with other databases will provide real-time information about vehicular and pedestrian movement. The experience of a series of smart transport workshops in Milton Keynes suggests that citizens feel that they bear the cost of smart cities through potentially intrusive surveillance producing sacrifices in convenience and privacy, while the gains are captured by industrial and governmental actors. This distrust of surveillance through urban sensing systems is not inflexible. Such systems can gain legitimacy through a participatory approach where users legitimize the sensing system by taking an active role in providing transport data, as opposed to having it ‘harvested’ from them through passive or opportunistic mechanisms. Participatory approaches are challenging because users will engage only if the system can provide compelling benefits. A key contribution of this research comes from identifying that the benefits important to citizens are not necessarily measured in economic terms nor in terms of increased efficiency.

Automatic building information model reconstruction in high-density urban areas: Augmenting multi-source data with architectural knowledge

Abstract Many studies have been conducted to create building information models (BIMs) or city information models (CIMs) as the digital infrastructure to support various smart city programs. However, automatic generation of such models for high-density (HD) urban areas remains a challenge owing to (a) complex topographic conditions and noisy data irrelevant to the buildings, and (b) exponentially growing computational complexity when the task is reconstructing hundreds of buildings at an urban scale. This paper develops a method - multi-Source recTification of gEometric Primitives (mSTEP) - for automatic reconstruction of BIMs in HD urban areas. By retrieving building base, height, and footprint geodata from topographic maps, level of detail 1 (LoD1) BIMs representing buildings with flat roof configuration were first constructed. Geometric primitives were then detected from LiDAR point clouds and rectified using architectural knowledge about building geometries (e.g. a rooftop object would normally be in parallel with the outer edge of the roof). Finally, the rectified primitives were used to refine the LoD1 BIMs to LoD2, which show detailed geometric features of roofs and rooftop objects. A total of 1361 buildings located in a four square kilometer area of Hong Kong Island were selected as the subjects for this study. The evaluation results show that mSTEP is an efficient BIM reconstruction method that can significantly improve the level of automation and decrease the computation time. mSTEP is also well applicable to point clouds of various densities. The research is thus of profound significance; other cities and districts around the world can easily adopt mSTEP to reconstruct their own BIMs/CIMs to support their smart city programs.