Small Package Research Articles

Development of Reliable, High Performance WLCSP for BSI CMOS Image Sensor for Automotive Application.

To meet the urgent market demand for small package size and high reliability performance for automotive CMOS image sensor (CIS) application, wafer level chip scale packaging (WLCSP) technology using through silicon vias (TSV) needs to be developed to replace current chip on board (COB) packages. In this paper, a WLCSP with the size of 5.82 mm × 5.22 mm and thickness of 850 μm was developed for the backside illumination (BSI) CIS chip using a 65 nm node with a size of 5.8 mm × 5.2 mm. The packaged product has 1392 × 976 pixels and a resolution of up to 60 frames per second with more than 120 dB dynamic range. The structure of the 3D package was designed and the key fabrication processes on a 12” inch wafer were investigated. More than 98% yield and excellent optical performance of the CIS package was achieved after process optimization. The final packages were qualified by AEC-Q100 Grade 2.

A high-resolution area-change-based capacitive MEMS tilt sensor

Tilt sensors have been widely used in many applications, such as instrumentation leveling, oil drilling and structural health monitoring. With the rapid development of the micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) technology, MEMS accelerometer-based high-performance tilt sensors are capable of replacing conventional tilt sensors in most of application fields. High-sensitivity MEMS resonant accelerometers (MRAs) are fully qualified for tilt sensing. However, MRA chips have to be vacuum packaged and require complex circuits; therefore, they are difficult to be miniaturized and commercialized. In this case, this paper introduces a commercial-oriented capacitive MEMS accelerometer for tilt sensing with both high-resolution and compact size. The proposed MEMS sensor utilizes simplified fabrication processes, the area-change-based capacitive displacement transducer and the capacitance-to-voltage conversion application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for low-cost, high-sensitivity, low power consumption and miniaturization. The developed MEMS sensor has a package dimension of 14 mm × 14 mm × 3.6 mm with a single +5 V power supply and analog voltage output. Several evaluation experiments have been conducted with the results showing that the developed MEMS tilt sensor has a full measurement range of ±180°, a linear measurement range of ±30° with a nonlinearity of ±2.8%, a sensitivity of 33.6 mV/°, a noise floor of 2 × 10−4°/√Hz, a bandwidth of 100 Hz and an angle resolution of 7 × 10−4° with an integral time of 0.5 s. Compared with other commercial MEMS tilt sensors, the proposed sensor has a better resolution, a lower noise floor, a larger bandwidth, a lower power consumption and a smaller package. The simplified fabrication process and high performance suggest the developed MEMS tilt sensor is promising to be competitive in the market.

Demand Analysis and Distribution of Single-Trip Ticket Cards for Urban Rail Transit

In the current urban rail transit systems, nearly 15% of passengers are noncommuter travelers who use single-trip ticket cards (ticket cards). Accordingly, the effective management of ticket cards is of great importance. This article suggests a time series model for use in predicting ticket card storage based on the characteristics of ticket cards collected by an automatic fare collection (AFC) system. The distribution cycle, station types, and distribution volume of each station are also determined. Then, drawing on small package transportation feasibility theory, an unbalanced distribution model between production and demand (unbalanced distribution model), as well as a hybrid distribution model of loading and unloading (hybrid distribution model), is established. Application of these models to the Beijing Subway system is used to verify the efficiency and feasibility of such a hybrid distribution model. The analysis and results offer insights into usage patterns of urban rail transit ticket cards, providing solid evidence for a relative decision-making process.

Effect of Contact Pad’s Roughness and Ni–P Plating Thickness on Leadless Packages’ Shear Strength Variation

Studies on shear strength of thin small leadless packages (TSLP) focused predominantly on solder and reflow factors. Contact pad’s surface roughness (Ra) and Ni–P thickness factors, though rather important, have not been reported widely. Thus, the current study investigates the effect of TSLP’s contact pad, in terms of Ra and Ni–P’s thickness, on shear strength variation of the TSLP after being soldered on PCB. The Ra was controlled by using different Cu alloy leadframes, etchant’s pH and etching conveyor speeds. A shear test was conducted on the soldered TSLP using the Dage Series-4000-Bond-Tester as per Infineon’s specifications. The shear test data was supported by failure mode results in the form of scanning electron microscopy images and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The present work revealed that TSLP with high contact pad’s Ra exhibited a wide shear strength variation. In addition, thicker Ni–P significantly enlarged the shear strength variation of TSLP when the etched surface of the contact pad’s Ra is low. After solder reflow, the contact pad’s high Ra and Ni–P thickness triggered the formation of more heterogeneous pores in the solder region of the solder joint between TSLP and PCB. This resulted in shear failure at the porous solder region and heterogeneous shear strength of the soldered TSLP.

Is there a "safe" suction pressure in the venous line of extracorporeal circulation system?

Successes of extracorporeal life support increased the use of centrifugal pumps. However, reports of hemolysis call for caution in using these pumps, especially in neonatology and in pediatric intensive care. Cavitation can be a cause of blood damage. The aim of our study was to obtain information about the cavitation conditions and to provide the safest operating range of centrifugal pumps. A series of tests were undertaken to determine the points at which pump performance decreases 3% and gas bubbles start to appear downstream of the pump. Two pumps were tested; pump R with a closed impeller and pump S with a semiopen impeller. The performance tests demonstrated that pump S has an optimal region narrower than pump R and it is shifted to the higher flows. When the pump performance started to decrease, the inlet pressure varies but close to −150 mmHg in the test with low gas content and higher than −100 mmHg in the tests with increased gas content. The same trend was observed at the points of development of massive gas emboli. Importantly, small packages of bubbles downstream of the pump were registered at relatively high inlet pressures. The gaseous cavitation in centrifugal pumps is a phenomenon that appears with decreasing inlet pump pressures. There are a few ways to increase inlet pump pressures: (1) positioning the pump as low as possible in relation to the patient; (2) selecting appropriate sized venous cannulas and their careful positioning; and (3) controlling patient’s volume status.

Routing electric vehicles with a single recharge per route

AbstractDriven by environmental considerations, regulations on vehicle emissions, and the offer of major subsidies, electric commercial vehicles (ECVs) are receiving ever stronger attention in logistics companies. Route planning for ECV fleets requires consideration of the special characteristics of ECVs, like limited driving range and the potential need to recharge en route at dedicated recharging stations. From a practical viewpoint, the number of recharge operations of each vehicle can very often be restricted to one recharge per route because (i) typical route distances in the most important application areas of ECVs, like small package shipping and food or beverage distribution, do not require more than one recharge given the current driving range of ECVs, and (ii) operations managers are very reluctant to plan vehicle routes with two or more recharges because recharging operations are perceived as unproductive idle times. We develop a simple hybrid of large neighborhood search and granular tabu search to solve the resulting electric vehicle‐routing problem with time windows and single recharge (EVRPTWS), considering the possibility of both full and partial recharge. The heuristic works on routes represented as customer sequences, and recharge operations are implicitly considered by determining the recharging position in the route, the recharging station to visit, and the amount to be recharged in optimal fashion. We discuss how our algorithm can be extended to handle nonlinear recharging times, different recharging times per station, and time‐dependent waiting times at stations. In numerical studies on EVRPTWS instances from the literature, the method provides optimal or near‐optimal solutions for instances with up to 100 customers within reasonable runtimes. Additional studies investigate the cost savings potential of partial recharges in comparison to full recharges in the presence of time‐window constraints, and examine the factors that influence this cost saving potential.

Effect of multiple fuel injection strategies on mixture formation and combustion in a hydrogen-fueled rotary range extender for battery electric vehicles

The hydrogen-fueled range extender based on the rotary engine is a promising solution for battery electric vehicles due to key advantages such as: high efficiency, small packaging dimensions and low weight within the framework of the near zero-emission concept. Although rotary engine has been examined over the past years, the detailed knowledge of hydrogen combustion in the rotary engine with direct injection system has not been investigated properly. In this paper, the rotary range extender was numerically studied with a focus on the influence of the direct multiple injection strategies on hydrogen distribution and combustion. The result demonstrates that due to large flame speed and diffusion length the engines fueled by pure hydrogen differ significantly from the engines with conventional fuel. The process is characterized by the weak influence of turbulence on the flame during almost the whole combustion stroke except for the late stages when 70% of the fuel is already burnt. Hence the difference in the injection strategies lead to different local hydrogen distribution that has effects on combustion rate and performance characteristics significantly. Fuel stratification leads to the formation of subregions with various hydrogen concentration. The lean mixture cannot provide enough high temperature, whereas the rich mixture is characterized by a lack of oxygen. The total NOx formation can be twice lower in comparison with premixed combustion at the same averaged equivalence ratio. The direct multiple injection strategy allows the use of a higher averaged equivalence ratio up to 0.8 which results in larger power density in combination with low NOx emission.

DNA barcodes in small packages

Molecular Biology Under adverse environmental conditions, some microorganisms form spores that provide robust protection for genetic material. Qian et al. developed a system in which DNA barcodes are encapsulated inside nongerminating microbial spores and can be dispersed on objects or in the environment (see the Perspective by Nivala). These barcoded spores provide a durable, specific marker that can be read out quickly with simple equipment. When applied to soil, the spores can be transferred to and from objects around them, enabling tracking at meter-scale resolution. On plant leaves, the spores are not readily transferred, and the authors demonstrate a potential use for tracking agricultural products. Science , this issue p. [1135][1]; see also p. [1058][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aba5584 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abc4246

Wafer Saw Process Optimization for Die Chipping Mitigation on Extremely Small Leadframe Package

The paper focused in addressing the silicon die chippings defect at the wafer sawing process of an extremely small semiconductor package. In-depth potential risk analysis and Pareto diagram were done to identify the top reject contributors and eventually resolve the issue. A comprehensive design of experiment (DOE) was done and validation of the solution was employed to formulate the effective corrective actions. Results revealed that die chippings were addressed by optimizing the wafer sawing process through enabling the dressing, pre-cut and step-cutting modes. Ultimately, an improvement of 95% for die chippings reduction was achieved.

Understanding consumer perceptions of quality based on package size: the moderating role of the evaluation context

PurposeEmpirical research on the influence of package size on consumers' quality perception has been scarce. Yan et al. (2014), an initial study focusing on this topic, showed that a small package generates higher perceived quality than a large package of the same brand. To cultivate a deeper understanding of such an effect, this paper aims to extend that study by examining the process by incorporating the evaluation context as a moderator.Design/methodology/approachTwo experiments were carried out. In Study 1 (n = 380), the effect of package size on perceived quality was investigated by comparing a standalone context in which a single package size was presented and a context in which two different package sizes were shown. In Study 2 (n = 436), a standalone context was compared with another context in which participants viewed two different sizes but directed their attention to only one.FindingsThe findings indicate that the package size effect is not universal, and that it generally appears in a standalone context. In the contexts where two sizes were presented, it appears when consumers' attention is directed to only one size, whereas the effect does not manifest when consumers focus equal attention on both. The impact of the evaluation context is also stronger for small packages than for large packages.Originality/valueThis paper adds knowledge to packaging and cue-utilisation literature by clarifying a boundary condition of the impact of package size on consumers' quality perception.

Electrolyte-gated transistor for CO2 gas detection at room temperature

The availability of a low-cost CO2 sensor with small package size and low power consumption is crucial to enter market for consumer application. This study is set out to deliver proof-of-concept and a hypothetical mechanism for a new CO2 sensing concept based on an electrolyte-gated transistor (EGT), which consists of the n-semiconducting metal oxide (MOX) In2O3 as channel-forming layer and ionic liquid (IL) [EMIM][BF4] as electrolyte. Gas measurements were performed under typical conditions for indoor and outdoor air quality evaluation, i.e. CO2 in the range 400–4000 ppm. The device behavior was reversible with response and recovery times (t90) of about 20 s in DC mode. Channel conductivity showed a linear CO2 sensitivity of 0.1 %/ppm and resolution ≤200 ppm at low CO2 concentrations (≤1200 ppm). Fitting to the Clifford-Tuma model yielded a sensitivity coefficient of 175ppm−1 in the CO2 range 0–4000 ppm. The sensing mechanism is most likely based on simultaneous electrochemical reactions of H2O, O2, CO2. Basically, the CO2 sensitivity originates from the depletion of O2 in proximity to MOX, which leads to an amplified electrical current. The presented CO2 detection principle synergistically combines advantages of several device classes: Sensitivity of transistors, selectivity of electrochemical sensors, and simplicity of chemiresistors.

Evidence that human and equine erythrocytes could have significant roles in the transport and delivery of amino acids to organs and tissues

Erythrocytes have a well-defined role in the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the mammalian body. The erythrocytes can contain more than half of the free amino acids present in whole blood. Based on measures showing that venous erythrocyte levels of amino acids are much less than arterial erythrocyte levels, it has previously been proposed that erythrocytes also play a role in the delivery of amino acids to tissues in the body. This role has been dismissed because it has been assumed that to act as an amino acid transport vehicle, the erythrocytes should release their entire amino acid content in the capillary beds at the target tissues with kinetic studies showing that this would take too long to achieve. This investigation set out to investigate whether the equine erythrocytes could rapidly take up and release smaller packages of amino acids when exposed to high or low external concentrations of amino acids, because it seemed very unlikely that cells would be able to release all of their amino acids without serious impacts on osmotic balance. Freshly prepared erythrocytes were placed in alternating solutions of high and low amino acid concentrations in PBS to assess the capacities of these cells to rapidly take up and release amino acids depending on the nature of the external environment. It was found that amino acids were rapidly taken up and released in small quantities in each cycle representing 15% of their total load in equine erythrocytes and 16% in human erythrocytes. The capacity for rapid uptake/release of amino acids by equine and human erythrocytes provided evidence to support the theory that mammalian erythrocytes have a significant role in transport of amino acids from the liver to tissues, muscles and organs.

Miniature force sensor for absolute laser power measurements via radiation pressure at hundreds of watts.

We present a small power meter that detects the radiation pressure of an incident high-power laser. Given its small package and non-destructive interaction with the laser, this power meter is well suited to realizing a robust real-time, high-accuracy power measurement in laser-based manufacturing environments. The incident laser power is determined through interferometric measurement of displacement of a 20 mm diameter high reflectivity mirror, mounted at the center of a dual element spiral flexure. This device can measure laser power from 25 W to 400 W with a 260 m W/H z noise floor and ≤ 3.2% expanded uncertainty. We validate our device against a calibrated thermopile with simultaneous measurements of an unpolarized 1070 nm laser and report good agreement between the two systems. Finally, by referencing to an identical mechanical spring that does not see the incident laser, we suppress vibration noise in the power measurement by 14.8 dB over a 600 Hz measured bandwidth. This is an improvement over other radiation pressure based power meters that have previously been demonstrated.

Profile of Paul L. McEuen

In 1965, engineer Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit would double every two years. This prediction, known as Moore’s Law, has been proven accurate and spurred semiconductor research toward miniaturization. Moore’s Law, however, is starting to plateau. According to Cornell University physicist and National Academy of Sciences member Paul L. McEuen, this plateau presents an opportunity. Over his career, McEuen has worked with silicon devices and studied and fabricated next-generation inorganic and organic materials, such as gallium arsenide and carbon nanotubes. He and others are combining silicon electronics with these novel materials and deploying them in different technological niches. McEuen’s Inaugural Article (1) takes this work a step further by using heterogenous materials in a wireless electronic sensor system that is so small it can barely be seen by the naked eye. Fig. 1. Paul L. McEuen. Image credit: Susan Wiser (photographer). Fig. 2. An OWIC on a fingertip. Image credit: Alejandro Cortese (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY). McEuen grew up in Oklahoma and developed an interest in science and technology from a young age. When he was 13 years old, McEuen experienced an epiphany that would foreshadow his career in science. “I had saved up about $200,” McEuen says, “and bought a telescope to look at stars and planets.” After a few hours, however, he got bored. “Stars and planets don’t do very much,” he adds. So McEuen trained his telescope on a nearby wasp that had settled atop a soda can. “It was stunning,” he recalls. “The wasp looked like an amazing, fantastical machine. I was just blown away. So much complexity in such a small package; that, I think, is when I started to understand that ‘small’ was the way for me.” Now, his Cornell laboratory’s motto, “anything, as long as it’s small,” reflects this early …

PENGARUH PROMOSI DAN DESAIN KEMASAN TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN SARIAYU PUTIH LANGSAT

This study is purposed to obtain empirical evidence about the problem under study, namely the Effect of Promotion and Packaging Design on Purchasing Decisions of Sariayu Putih Langsat Products at PT. Martina Berto Tbk. This research was conducted on 91 consumers of Sariayu white langsat products that have been selected as samples, sampling with random sampling, data analysis with multiple linear regression using SPSS 20. Based on data analysis and discussion, partially the promotion variable has a positive but not significant effect on purchasing decisions where t count 1.565 <t table 1.987 and the significance level of 0.121> 0.05. The packaging design variable partially has a positive but not significant effect on purchasing decisions where t count 1.374 <ttable 1.987 and the significance level of 0.173> 0.05. Simultaneously obtained F count of 5.137> F table 3.10 with a significance level of 0.008 <0.05, it can be concluded that Ha is accepted, meaning that promotion and packaging design has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. The coefficient of determination (R2) of 10.5% means that the promotion and packaging design variables have little influence on purchasing decisions. The conclusions of this study are (1) Promotion has a positive effect but not significantly on purchasing decisions, (2) Packaging design has a positive but not significant effect on purchasing decisions, (3) Promotion and packaging design simultaneously has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, (4) Variable promotion and small packaging design influence on purchasing decisions.

Ozone Gas: Scientific Justification and Practical Guidelines for Improvised Disinfection using Consumer-Grade Ozone Generators and Plastic Storage Boxes.

We describe direct measurements of ozone concentration achievable in small enclosed containers (plastic storage boxes) for use as improvised decontamination systems for small articles such as disposable PPE (N95 masks, nitrile gloves, etc.), clothing, mail and small packages, food, and other miscellaneous articles. The emphasis is on the reliable and sustained generation of ozone gas concentrations of sufficient concentration and duration to create an effective virucidal environment to achieve more than 95% to 99% viral inactivation, based upon the data already published in the peer-review literature on this topic.
 The suggestion that ozone be used to inactivate virus is certainly not a new idea. Our objective in this report is to make clear that the necessary levels of ozone can be improvised using simple, easy-to-use, inexpensive, and widely available supplies, and that there is every theoretical and experimental reason to believe that this approach is as highly effective in viral inactivation by ozone as are the far more expensive, complex, cumbersome, and less available equivalent ozone (and other) disinfectant systems that have themselves become unavailable during times of pandemic crisis.
 Using multiple types of readily available commercial ozone generators, concentration in the tested improvised enclosure is tracked over time to assess ozone charging and decay rates, and the ozone quenching effects of items placed in the box. Generator performance is compared against published ozone dosage values for virucidal and antimicrobial activity. Bubbler and box-fan-type ozone generators were found to be effective at achieving and maintaining target concentrations of 10ppm ozone or higher, whereas automotive cigarette lighter and universal serial bus type plug in “air freshener” ozone generators could not achieve the target concentrations in these experiments. Calculations and practical guidelines for assembly and effective use of an ozone box for improvised decontamination are offered.
 The majority of this report is directed toward the scientific justification and rationale for this approach. The end of the document summarizes the findings and offers simplified designs for the construction and use of ozone boxes as an improvised method of disinfection.

Analysis on the Effect of PLS (Positive List System) Implementation and the Long-run Equilibrium Relationship between Pesticide Price and Agricultural Prices

Implementation of the PLS (January 1, 2019) may have influences on the condition of domestic production such as the increase of pesticide costs and low suitability on MRL tests. In order to analyze the impact of increase in pesticide costs on price of agricultural products, we have conducted time series analysis on 34 products. The result shows that prices of red beans, spinach, radish, garlic and apple spiked after the increase in pesticide price and find new equilibrium at higher prices. In order to minimize potential damages to the farmers, the government need to intensify the guidance activities and extension service for farmers on suitable production practice and safety inspection. Subsequently, it can lead to stable production and supply of safe agricultural products. Also, it is necessary to strengthen the expertise of pesticide distributors and sellers, who are the main source of information for farmers. Advancement of pesticide management system, improvement of small packaging of pesticide, measuring container and pesticide labeling and development of general-purpose pesticides should be simultaneously conducted, too.

Using a Neural Network to Minimize Pressure Spikes for Binary-coded Digital Flow Control Units

A unique method of improving energy efficiency in fluid power systems is called digital flow control. In this paper, binary coding control is utilized. Although this scheme is characterized by a small package size and low energy consumption, it is influenced by higher pressure peaks and larger transient uncertainty than are other coding schemes, e.g., Fibonacci coding and pulse number modulation, consequently resulting in poor tracking accuracy.
 This issue can be solved by introducing a delay in the signal opening/ closing of the previous or subsequent valve, thus providing sufficient time for state alteration and valve processes. In a metering-in velocity control circuit, a feedforward neural network controller was used to create artificial delays according to the pressure difference over the digital flow control unit (DFCU) valves. The delayed signal samples fed to the controller were acquired through the genetic algorithm method, and the analysis was performed with MATLAB software.

Peningkatan Mutu Sarana Pendidikan Melalui Pengembangan Self Access Library For English Students (SALE)

<p><em>The research and development of Self Access Library for English Studets (SALE) is aimed at increasing the quality of educational tools as mandated by Permenristekdikti RI No. 44 2015 and its change Permenristekdikti RI No. 50 2018 about National Standard of Higher Education (SN Dikti). It is conducted based on the need of students of PBI IAIN Surakarta for comprehensive, accurate, easily accessible and inexpensive learning sources. Thus, SALE is initiated as an online library providing 126 English e-books classified based on the syllabus of PBI, covering the topics on English education, linguistics ang literature so the students can find appropriate learning sources easily. SALE also gives the students connections to some experts so they can meet virtual consultants or discussion partners to confirm their reading comprehension on the issues concerned. The research and development include some steps; observing potential problems, collecting data, designing SALE, validating the product by experts, first revision, small group trial, second revision, user trial, packaging, and final product. The score of validation by the experts and small group trial shows that SALE is categorized very good and eligible. It means SALE is ready to be an alternative learning source provider with qualified long distance service. The use of SALE by the students causes the improvement on students’ tasks quality as the result of an easy access to some important references appropriate with their majors. Therefore, SALE has become an evidence of the efforts to improve the quality of educational toools at IAIN Surakarta, particularly at PBI department</em></p>

Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Dan Kelayakan Usaha Sedotan Prupuk (Phragmites karka (Retz) Trin ex Steud) Di Desa Tumbang Nusa, Pulang Pisau

Communities in Tumbang Nusa Village, Jabiren Raya District Pulang Pisau Regency began to develop prupuk (Phragmites karka (Retz) Trin ex Steud) as a straw material to replace plastik that is difficult to decompose. This study aims to calculate the cost of production, develop a selling price scenario and conduct a feasibility study on the development of straws from prupuk. Primary data was collected from 20 people involved in making pru[uk straws and supplemented with secondary data from various previous studies and publications.The results of this study indicate that the cost of production of prupuk straws ranges between IDR 374.3 - IDR 408.68 per pcs. The proportion of prupuk straw financing is for the purchase of raw materials (59.72% to 65.14%), labor costs (34.36% to 39.58%) and overhead costs for capital financing (0.6% to 0.7 %). Determination of the selling price is done by adding the cost of goods manufactured to the desired profit (mark up method) with scenario I with a profit rate of 10% (amounting to IDR 389.04 for large packages and IDR 449.54 for small packages) to scenario VI with a level of 60% profit (IDR 565.88 for large packages and IDR 653.88 for small packages). In terms of price, determining the selling price up to scenario VI can still compete with the prices of its competitors, namely bamboo straws. Although the price of the product is competitive, the level of labor productivity is very low. At the break even point condition, the maximum labor income is only IDR 180,062.74. When compared with the UMR District of Pulang Pisau, the income contribution received from making this purun straw is very small (only 6.11%). In order to achieve an income level equivalent to the UMR of Pulang Pisau Regency, a production turnover of 383 pcs per person per day is needed or equal to 7,652 pcs per person per month. In order to improve the quality and quantity of prupuk straws, it is necessary to apply production technology.