Small Wire Research Articles

A novel high performance photodetection based on axial NiO/β-Ga2O3 p-n junction heterostructure nanowires array

Axial NiO/β-Ga2O3 heterostructure (HS) nanowires (NWs) array was fabricated on Si substrate by catalytic free and controlled growth process called glancing angle deposition technique. The field emission scanning electron microscope image shows the formation of well aligned and vertical NWs. A typical high resolution transmission electron microscope image confirms the formation of axial HS NWs consisting of β-Ga2O3 NW at the top and NiO NW at the bottom with an overall length ∼213 nm. A large photo absorption and also photoemission was observed for axial NiO/β-Ga2O3 HS NW as compared to the NiO/β-Ga2O3 HS thin film sample. Moreover, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis prove that there are higher oxygen vacancies with no deviation in electronic state after the formation of axial HS NW. Also, a high performance photodetector (PD) with a very low dark current of 6.31 nA and fast photoresponse with rise time and fall time of 0.28 s and 0.17 s respectively at +4 V was achieved using the axial NiO/β-Ga2O3 HS NWs. The type-II HS p-n junction formation and efficient charge separation at the small wire axis also makes this design to operate in self-powered mode.

Surface loss calculations and design of a superconducting transmon qubit with tapered wiring

Analytical formulas are presented for simplified but useful qubit geometries that predict surface dielectric loss when its thickness is much less than the metal thickness, the limiting case needed for real devices. These formulas can thus be used to precisely predict loss and optimize the qubit layout. Surprisingly, a significant fraction of surface loss comes from the small wire that connects the Josephson junction to the qubit capacitor. Tapering this wire is shown to significantly lower its loss. Also predicted are the size and density of the two-level state (TLS) spectrum from individual surface dissipation sites.

Atomic Layer Deposition Reinforcement of Methylcellulose Nanowire Forests

Micro‐ and nanostructured surfaces are widely used as functional surfaces in various fields including the maritime and medical industries. Many micro‐ and nanocoating technologies are delicate processes that have high costs at scale. Herein, an electrospray deposition (ESD) technique is investigated as an affordable method for obtaining micro/nanostructured surfaces. When processed via ESD from water:ethanol blends, methylcellulose (MC), a fibril gel former, can form nanowire coatings. These nanowires are formed via enhanced gelation by shear forces and surface charges that lead to electrospinning on a drop‐by‐drop basis. However, these ESD MC nanostructures can be easily destroyed upon water exposure. In this work, conformal coating of these MC nanostructures with atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 is explored to impart further stability. Upon subsequent heating of the ALD‐coated MC nanostructures, superhydrophobicity can be obtained. It is found that the final ALD‐coated structures exhibit a trade‐off between mechanical stability and hydrophobicity depending on MC nanowire size, with smaller wires being more mechanically robust and larger wires being more hydrophobic.

Three-Way Stopcock as Breathing Circuit in Anesthetic Procedures on Wistar Rats as Animal Models in Research

Introduction: General anesthesia in experimental animals is not limited in the field of anesthesia research. In Indonesia, ventilators and breathing circuit systems utilized in research involving anesthesia in rats are not widely available. The limitations in using ventilators and breathing circuit systems in research are one of the reasons why Indonesia is lacking complex and advanced animal experimental studies. Objective: This study aimed to examine a general anesthesia procedure for intubation in rats using tools and materials commonly discovered in clinical settings. Method: A search on the PubMed database using keywords consisting of animal study, rats, anesthesia, breathing circuit was performed. Review and Discussion: An endotracheal tube insertion procedure may utilize a Miller size 0 laryngoscope, while the endotracheal tube may use a 16 G intravenous cannula in which the needle is replaced by a small wire. The 3-way stopcock system may be considered as a replacement for the Mapleson E system for the breathing circuit system. The Fresh Gas Flow (FGF) source needs to be connected to the angled port, while the other two ports are connected to the reservoir and the intravenous cannula which would be delivered to the experimental animals. FGF three to five times as much as the minute ventilation may be used and the use of a reservoir capacity is similar to the tidal volume of spontaneous ventilation. Therefore, the oxygen flow rate is set to approximately 1-1.5 L per minute. A reservoir is not required for controlled ventilation. Conclusion: The use of a 3-way stopcock as a non-rebreathing circuit system is effective because it utilizes the similar principle as Mapleson E. The ability to use common tools and materials for general anesthesia procedures would significantly boost research of animal models in Indonesia to a further level.

Quality Prediction Model for Manufacturing Process of Free-Machining 303-series Stainless Steel Small Rolling Wire Rods

This study suggests a machine learning model for predicting the production quality of free-machining 303-series stainless steel small rolling wire rods according to the manufacturing process's operation condition. The operation condition involves 37 features such as sulfur, manganese, carbon content, rolling time, and rolling temperature. The study procedure includes data preprocessing (integration and refinement), exploratory data analysis, feature selection, machine learning modeling. In the preprocessing stage, missing values and outlier are removed, and variables for the interaction between processes and quality influencing factors identified in existing studies are added. Features are selected by variable importance index of lasso regression, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and random forest models. Finally, logistic regression, support vector machine, random forest, and XGBoost is developed as a classifier to predict good or defective products with new operating condition. The hyper-parameters for each model are optimized using k-fold cross validation. As a result of the experiment, XGBoost showed relatively high predictive performance compared to other models with accuracy of 0.9929, specificity of 0.9372, F1-score of 0.9963 and logarithmic loss of 0.0209. In this study, the quality prediction model is expected to be able to efficiently perform quality management by predicting the production quality of small rolling wire rods in advance.

BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE FERROCEMENT REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

The Ferrocement is a type of thin reinforcement concrete made of cement- sand mortar mixture with closely spaced of relatively small diameter wire meshes with or without bars of small diameter called skeletal bar. The purpose of the current study is to identify the behavior of the composite fibrocement and reinforced concrete beams. The main variables of the current study are the number of layers of wire mesh, the casting time for the second layer ( Normal concrete) , and the effect of the presence or absence of the skeletal bars. The current study included the casting of two reference beams with a different reinforcing ratio (2φ8 mm), and (3φ8 mm). The study also included the casting of eight composite beams of fibrocement and reinforced concrete. The results show that the use of fibrocement layer, with (4,6,8) layers of wire meshes, skeletal bar, and the first casting period (1.5 hr) leads to increase the ultimate load by (17.142%, 21.42%,and 22.85%) also the cracking load increased by (31.57%, 47.36%,and 68.42%). The results show that the use of fibrocement layer, with (4,6,8) layers of wire meshes, skeletal bar , and the second casting period ( 24 hr) leads to increase the ultimate load by (32.85%, 40%,and 42.85%) also the cracking load increased by (36.84%, 84.21%,and 89.47%).When using the fibrocement layer containing on the skeletal bar the maximum load increased (6.96%, 17.64%) for the first and second casting, respectively, also for cracking load, it increased by (6.67%,16.12%) respectively, this is due to that the skeletal bar leads to increase reinforcement area and increase restriction in compared with ferrocement layer without the skeletal bar. © 2019 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association

Design and Experiment of the Buckwheat Hill-Drop Planter Hole Forming Device

The hole forming device is an important element of the buckwheat hill-drop planter, and its design level directly affects the seeding quality of the hill-drop planter. A hole forming device with a duckbill structure is widely used in hill-drop planters for wheat, cotton, peanuts, etc. According to the requirements of buckwheat seeding operations, this study designs the components of the duckbill hole forming device. It is determined that the duckbill upper jaw length is 65 mm, the duckbills number is 10, the pressure plate on the spring side length is 90 mm, the duckbill opening size is 8.79 mm, and the duckbill effective opening time is 0.1 s. Through co-simulation analysis of discrete element software EDEM (DEM-Solutions, Edinburgh, United Kingdom) and multi-body dynamics software RecurDyn (FunctionBay, Inc., Seongnam-si, South Korea), it is measured that when the pressure plate on the spring side is directly below the rotation axis of the dibber wheel, the spring compression is 33.3 mm, the pressure on the pressure plate is 95–102.6 N, and the contact time of a single duckbill with the soil is 0.2 s at a speed of 40 r/min. Based on the results of the design and simulation analysis, the large end diameter, small end diameter, original length and wire diameter of the duckbill spring are 36 mm, 26 mm, 60 mm, and 1.8 mm, respectively. An experimental bench for the seeding wheel of a buckwheat hill-drop planter was built, and three wire diameter duckbill springs of 1.6 mm, 1.8 mm and 2.0 mm were tested to verify the simulation and calculation results. The experimental results show that the optimal wire diameter of the duckbill spring is 1.8 mm. Finally, a single factor experiment of the dibber wheel rotation speed was carried out. The experimental results show that when the rotation speed of the dibber wheel is 40–65 r/min, the seeding qualification rate, seeding void hole rate and seeding damage rate of the buckwheat hill-drop planter are ≥85.3%, 0, and <0.3%, respectively. This study provides a basis and reference for the hole forming device design of a buckwheat hill-drop planter.

On the influence of test speed and environment in the fatigue life of small diameter nitinol and stainless steel wire

To better understand the complex interplay of speed and environment on metals commonly used in implants, rotary bend fatigue tests were conducted on stainless steel and nitinol wires. A range of alternating strains was tested to create ε-N curves at two speeds (physiologic and accelerated) and in three environments (deionized water at body temperature, phosphate buffered saline at body temperature, and laboratory air at ambient room temperature). Results indicate that speed and environment can affect the observed fatigue life in nuanced ways. An electropotential monitoring technique was demonstrated to characterize fatigue crack growth which may be useful in future investigations.

(Electrodeposition Division Research Award Address) Electrodeposition in the Era of Additive Manufacturing

In the era of additive manufacturing (AM), great interest in electrodeposition has evolved, either as a post-printing finishing stage (e.g., on cellular AM’ed structures) or as a standalone three-dimensional (3D) printing technique. Over the years, a variety of electrochemical 2D patterning and 3D printing techniques have been developed, e.g., meniscus-confined electrodeposition (MCED), localized electrochemical deposition (LECD), electrochemical fountain pen nanofabrication (ec-FPN), electrochemical dip-pen nanolithography (E-DPN), electrochemical printing (EcP), electrochemical fabrication (EFAB), and nanotransfer printing (nTP).The MCED process relies on an electrolyte-containing micropipette with a micron/submicron-size orifice. As the micropipette approaches the surface of a conductive substrate, a meniscus (liquid bridge) is established between the dispensing orifice and the substrate’s surface (Fig. 1b). Electrical current (or potential), applied between a small conductive wire inside the pipette and the conductive substrate via the meniscus, causes reduction of the reducible species on the surface confined by the meniscus. The dispensing micronozzle is then withdrawn from the substrate at a speed that should match the deposition rate, allowing continuous fabrication. The size and shape of the meniscus established between the nozzle and the growing feature are determined mainly by the shape and size of the nozzle, its moving speed, the thermodynamic properties of the electrolyte, surface wettability, and the relative humidity.We recently suggested a novel setup and procedure for 3D electrochemical deposition, combining MCED with atomic force microscope (AFM) closed-loop control (see Fig. 1a).1,2 This aforementioned combination allowed us to print freestanding vertical pillars (Fig. 1c) and overhang structures with an overhang angle as high as 80° without the need to use supports (Fig. 1d). A copper-based electrolyte was used for feasibility tests. Fully dense, uniform and exceptionally smooth features were printed (Fig. 1c), with diameters ranging from 1.5 μm down to 250 nm and a high aspect ratio (> 100). The dense deposited copper features had a polycrystalline microstructure, with submicron grain size (see Fig. 1e), and were mechanically rigid and of good electrical conductivity.Other functional metals and alloys that will be printed in the near future in our lab include pure aluminum and cobalt-phosphorous amorphous alloy. To this aim, a recipe for successful electrodeposition of these materials under potentially relevant conditions should first be developed. Here, I will summarize our ongoing work on: (1) electrodeposition of pure and dense nanocrystalline aluminum from room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) on copper and nickel substrates; and (2) electrodeposition of exceptionally well adhered CoP coatings on copper.I will also present our novel electrochemical processing of functional core/multi-shell ZnAl/Ni/NiP powders.3,4 This process can be used for processing of functional powders for laser-based additive manufacturing (LAM) with either reduced or increased laser absorbance, but also processing of phase change materials (PCMs) or zinc-based anodes in zinc-air batteries. Figure 1

Complex Tibial Plateau Fractures Treated with a Hybrid External Fixator – Long Term Results

Abstract Introduction: High energy tibial plateau fractures represent a challenge because of the combined bone and soft tissue injury. The iatrogenic impact can further increase the likelihood for crippling complications. Less invasive treatment protocols have been developed to improve the results. Objective: We present the long-term results of limited internal fixation combined with a small wire external fixator. Patients and Methods: Fourteen patients were followed for at least 10 years. Initial and final functional results, complications and presence of joint degeneration were registered according to validated rating scores. Results: Of all patients included in the study, thirteen showed an excellent initial rating and one had an average result at baseline. 10 years later, eight patients still showed excellent grading results, four – good ones, one – average and one – poor results. Ten knees (71%) had osteoarthritis. Postphlebitic syndrome was diagnosed in two cases. Three knees showed medio-lateral instability, one showed a varus and one – a valgus deformity. Knee arthroplasty was performed in one case. Conclusion: The limited internal fixation combined with a hybrid ex fix can be considered as an alternative to the ORIF, especially when the soft tissues are severely compromised. Despite the inevitable joint degeneration, the associated overall morbidity is low and the long term function is quite satisfactory.

INVESTIGATION ON LIGHT WEIGHT FERROCEMENT BEAMS UNDER MONOTONIC AND REPEATED LOADING

A Light weight ferrocement is a composite material consisting of cement-sand mortar (matrix) along with light weight ne aggregate ( In this research blast furnace slag is employed as light weight ne aggregate ) as a replacement of sand in some quantity and reinforced with layers of small diameter wire meshes . These studies mainly attempt to determine the rst crack strength, ultimate strength and the inuence of mesh wires on some of these properties. This work has been proposed to investigate on the Load-Deection and Moment-Curvature characteristics of lightweight ferrocement in monotonic and repeated loading. These results are expected to be useful in a better understanding of the exural behaviour of lightweight ferrocement and in the design of such members subjected to monotonic and repeated loading.

Effect of Heat Treatments under High Isostatic Pressure on the Transport Critical Current Density at 4.2 K and 20 K in Doped and Undoped MgB2 Wires.

Annealing undoped MgB2 wires under high isostatic pressure (HIP) increases transport critical current density (Jtc) by 10% at 4.2 K in range magnetic fields from 4 T to 12 T and significantly increases Jtc by 25% in range magnetic fields from 2 T to 4 T and does not increase Jtc above 4 T at 20 K. Further research shows that a large amount of 10% SiC admixture and thermal treatment under a high isostatic pressure of 1 GPa significantly increases the Jtc by 40% at 4.2 K in magnetic fields above 6 T and reduces Jtc by one order at 20 K in MgB2 wires. Additionally, our research showed that heat treatment under high isostatic pressure is more evident in wires with smaller diameters, as it greatly increases the density of MgB2 material and the number of connections between grains compared to MgB2 wires with larger diameters, but only during the Mg solid-state reaction. In addition, our study indicates that smaller wire diameters and high isostatic pressure do not lead to a higher density of MgB2 material and more connections between grains during the liquid-state Mg reaction.

On the effect of non-metallic inclusions in production of small diameter wires

Invistigations are directed to detection of the metallurgical reasons of the breakage of alloy steels during production of the small diameter wire. Several batches of the coiled bar(s) of low carbon silicon-manganese steels of the Sv-08G2S and G3Si1 were taken as materials for invistigation. The main influence on the metal breakage during drawing is exerted by its structure and mechanical characteristics, it is known. The initial structure of the coiled bar(s) before drawing to small diameters from the differents smelting within one sort was not differ and represented globular pearlite for Sv-08G2S steel, ferrite and pearlite for G3Si1 steel. The influence of equipment and drawing technology on the wire breakage is minimal, as the processing is performed with the same conditnions. Special attention in the invistigations was paid to the contamination of steel with nonmetallic inclusions during the drawing. Analysis is showed in the wire of low carbon silicon-manganese steels the presence of the point oxides, non-deformable silicates and sulfides, and fragile inclusions, which are located along the rolling direction. The feature of the wire, which has observed the breakage during the production, is the presence of the large quantity of the line inclusions (3...5 points), which are located in some cases over the entire surface of the polished section of the Sv-08G2S steel. The structure of all investigated steels does not differ, the mechanical characteristics of the wire with breakage corresponded to the required standard values. It is shown that contamination of the original wire rod with (more than 2 points) of nonmetallic inclusions are significantly increases the chance of difficulties arising during production of the wire with a diameter of 1,2...0,8 mm and can lead to breaks. The high purity of steel in terms of nonmetallic inclusions guarantees the absence of breakage due to this defect during the production of wire, which contributes to increase of the performance and decrease in the cost of finished products.

Design exploration study of a smart passive window based on NiTi bent actuator

This paper presents a multi-functional (sensing -actuating) greenhouse ventilation window design heated/cooled naturally by convection, to overcome different industry challenges in terms of designing smart applications. This ventilation window design includes a smart C-shaped NiTi actuator and three-pulley system, and all attached to the window. The force generated in the NiTi wire shrinks the C-shaped to open the ventilation window when the environmental temperature increases. When the environmental temperature decreases, the C-Shaped NiTi actuator returns to its initial position and closes the window. This smart actuation allows energy saving due to natural phase transformation induction (i.e. convection) and high force generation compared to the small NiTi wire mass. Using the pulley system is important as well to reduce the load on the NiTi actuator and enhance its long-life time. In this paper, the smart ventilation window actuator design has been disused followed by a simulation study to investigate the NiTi C-shaped element behavior. The simulation results predict the thermomechanical behavior of the NiTi wire at the proposed greenhouse environmental conditions and the force generated in the wire. For future studies, an experimental investigation could be done to prove the simulation results.

Study on Volume Reduction of Cesium Contaminated Soil by High Gradient Magnetic Separation: Design of Magnetic Filters

The superconducting magnetic separation was examined to reduce the volume of cesium contaminated soil by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. By using superconducting high gradient magnetic separation, silt and clay with high radioactive concentration due to the large particle surface area per unit mass can be further separated into high-dose 2:1 type and low-dose 1:1 type clay minerals selectively. Here, we examined filter conditions to improve the magnetic separation performance in farmland soil that is rich in organic matter. The results of magnetic separation of uncontaminated soil suggested that the separation selectivity of 1:1 and 2:1 type clay minerals was larger with the filters with smaller wire diameter. On the other hand, it was found that it was difficult to magnetically separate 0-20 μm particles even with the filters with small wire diameter and high selectivity. To solve this problem, magnetic separation was performed under the same conditions on actual contaminated soil that was highly classified into 0-20 μm and 20-75 μm particles. As the result, it was found that the radioactivity can be further reduced by removed high-dose 0-20 μm particles and targeting the 20-75 μm particles.

MEASUREMENT OF VOID FRACTION DISTRIBUTION WITH SMALL WIRE MESH SENSOR IN WATER-AIR TWO-PHASE BUBBLE AND SLUG FLOWS IN VERTICAL SMALL DIAMETER PIPE

MEASUREMENT OF VOID FRACTION DISTRIBUTION WITH SMALL WIRE MESH SENSOR IN WATER-AIR TWO-PHASE BUBBLE AND SLUG FLOWS IN VERTICAL SMALL DIAMETER PIPE

Verification of Flow Regime Difference for Measurement of Void Fraction Distribution with Small Wire Mesh Sensor in Water-Air Two Phase Flow in Vertical Small Diameter Pipe

Verification of Flow Regime Difference for Measurement of Void Fraction Distribution with Small Wire Mesh Sensor in Water-Air Two Phase Flow in Vertical Small Diameter Pipe

Stability of helicoidal surfaces with constant mean curvature

Motivated by an experimental result on the shape of liquid water supported by a small stainless helical wire, we find a class of stable helicoidal convex surfaces with constant mean curvature whose boundary consists of a single helix and two short arcs.

The Broken Wires Identification of Wire Rope Based on Multilevel Filtering Method Using EEMD and Wavelet Analysis

In view of the shortcomings of current wire rope magnetic flux leakage (MFL) detection devices such as large size and low sensitivity, as well as the poor noise reduction effect of MFL data and the low recognition rate of defects, this paper designs a wire rope three-dimensional MFL detection device based on unsaturated magnetic excitation (UME) and proposes a multilevel filtering algorithm. Six types of small gap broken wire defects can be effectively detected by the three-dimensional tunnel magnetoresistive sensor array. The multilevel filtering method based on EEMD and optimal wavelet is applied to three-dimensional UME signal processing, effectively suppressing noise interference. And color processing technology is applied to enhance the characterization of the defect images. A support vector machine recognition network based on the color moment feature vector as input is designed to classify broken wire defects, and the quantitative recognition rate of 98.572% is achieved when the limit error is 0.901%. The experimental results show that the detection device has the advantages of high sensitivity and simple structure and can collect MFL information in three directions, and the filtering algorithm effectively improves the signal-to-noise ratio and can realize the preliminary quantification of broken wire defects.

Development of technologies for hot pressing of rods made from 7075 aluminum alloy on a radial­shear mill of a new design – numerical modeling

The paper proposes a radial shear mill (RSM) of a new design, which allows manufacturing metal rods of small diameters or wires with a fine-grained structure. The paper presents the results of modeling the evolution of the structure during hot rolling-pressing of aluminum alloy 7075 on the RSM. Mathematical modeling of the technological process was carried out using the MSC.SuperForge, and the empirical Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov equation was used to predict the passage of softening processes. Due to the absence of the coefficients of the Avrami equation, a series of experiments on physical modeling of the rolling-pressing technological process were conducted on an STD 812 torsion rheometer. The experiments were conducted at the temperature range of 250–450 ℃ and a strain rate of 1.0–20 s -1 . By using physical modeling, it was proved that during processing on the RSM, it is necessary to develop a torsional deformation over the entire section of the workpiece, which leads to effective refinement of the structure. The derived formulas and simulation modeling of the obtained values of the stress-strain state (SSS) were used to simulate the technology of the combined process. Moreover, rational temperature-rate conditions were determined to deform the workpiece on the RSM. It was proved by mathematical modeling that shear deformations develop along the entire section of the workpiece during processing on the RSM, which leads to effective refinement of the structure and the formation of a fine-grained structure in the rods, i. e. products of the required quality are manufactured