Small Wire Research Articles

Solid phase microextraction chemical biopsy tool for monitoring of doxorubicin residue during in vivo lung chemo-perfusion

Development of a novel in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) procedure allows localized delivery of high-dose doxorubicin (DOX) for targeting residual micrometastatic disease in the lungs. However, DOX delivery via IVLP requires careful monitoring of drug level to ensure tissue concentrations of this agent remain in the therapeutic window. A small dimension nitinol wire coated with a sorbent of biocompatible morphology (Bio-SPME) has been clinically evaluated for in vivo lung tissue extraction and determination of DOX and its key metabolites. The in vivo Bio-SPME-IVLP experiments were performed on pig model over various (150 and 225 mg/m2) drug doses, and during human clinical trial. Two patients with metastatic osteosarcoma were treated with a single 5 and 7 μg/mL (respectively) dose of DOX during a 3-h IVLP. In both pig and human cases, DOX tissue levels presented similar trends during IVLP. Human lung tissue concentrations of drug ranged between 15 and 293 μg/g over the course of the IVLP procedure. In addition to DOX levels, Bio-SPME followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis generated 64 metabolic features during endogenous metabolite screening, providing information about lung status during drug administration. Real-time monitoring of DOX levels in the lungs can be performed effectively throughout the IVLP procedure by in vivo Bio-SPME chemical biopsy approach. Bio-SPME also extracted various endogenous molecules, thus providing a real-time snapshot of the physiology of the cells, which might assist in the tailoring of personalized treatment strategy.

A Novel Approach to Subcutaneous Collecting Lymph Ducts Using a Small Diameter Wire in Animal Experiments and Clinical Trials.

Background: While performing microsurgery, including lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) for chronic limb lymphedema, it is a common procedure to identify the subcutaneous collecting lymph ducts with near-infrared fluorescence lymphangiography (NIR) using indocyanine green. However, due to limitations such as minimum observable depth, only a few lymphatic ducts can be identified with this procedure. Hence, we developed a new smaller-diameter "lymphatic wire" (LW) that could be inserted directly into lymphatic collecting ducts of the limbs, enabling accurate identification and localization. Methods and Results: First, used the LW on the hind limbs of 6 swine, and 36 porcine lymphatic collecting ducts were identified, the outer diameter of which varied from 0.3-0.7 mm (mean 0.41 ± 0.11 mm). We could insert the LW after creating a side opening in 30 of these ducts. We encountered no difficulties during the procedure. In the pathological examination, adverse events such as valve dysfunction and perforation were not identified. Based on the results, a clinical evaluation of the LW was performed in two patients with lower extremity lymphedema, and the LW helped us identify lymphatic ducts in the subcutaneous layer, even at the sites where the NIR had proved ineffective. Conclusion: Based on our results, we suggest that the procedure for identifying lymphatic vessels using the newly developed LW is a useful technique that can be utilized before performing a LVA for lymphedema. However, further clinical study is required to develop this device and technique, for wider clinical application in the future.

Coating Deterioration and Underlying Metal Corrosion Processes in Water-Line Area: Role of DACs

Water-line corrosion is a highly concentrated type of localized corrosion. The conventional single electrode method is limited in its ability to obtain the kinetic information of the corrosion occurrence and development processes. Herein, the coating deterioration and underlying metal corrosion processes in water-line area were studied by a small wire beam electrode to monitor the current density distribution. The distance between each electrode was very small (interval: 0.3 mm), thus facilitating it to approach the practical metal component with a continuous surface. The results showed that cathodic and anodic sites tended to be weak points of the coating at the initial stage. With the continuous degradation of the coating, the cathodic zone tended to occur in the above the anodic zone due to the effect of differential aeration cells (DACs). Subsequently, the cathodic zone expanded to the waterline and the polarity reversed to the anodic zone, causing the coating to peel and blister continuously from the bottom up. When the cathodic zone extended to the gas phase area above the water line, this area became the strongest cathodic zone under the action of the thin liquid film, thus significantly accelerating the corrosion of the base metal at the bottom. The present study aims to achieve an in-depth understanding of coating deterioration and underlying metal corrosion processes in the water-line area, providing a new means of directly visualizing the role of DACs played in water line corrosion.

Construction of amorphous Ni(OH)2@nickel nanowire with interconnected structure as advanced core-shell electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors

Abstract Amorphous Ni(OH)2 closely coating on interconnected nickel nanowire arrays (Ni(OH)2@INWA) with rational architectures were prepared. The INWA with small wire diameter and high wire density acts both as miniature conductive scaffold and highly conductive core providing large surface area to load amorphous Ni(OH)2 and ensuring high ionic/electronic conductivities. The amorphous Ni(OH)2 nanosheets in-situ converted from the metallic surface of INWA are in seamless contact with the metallic core forming a close core-shell structure. Because of the material and architecture advantages, the amorphous Ni(OH)2@INWA presents enhanced electrochemical performance of ultrahigh specific capacitances of 3400 F g−1 at a specific current of 5 A g1, remarkable rate capability (3000 F g−1 at 100 A g−1). The asymmetric supercapacitor of Ni(OH)2@INWA//reduced graphene oxide delivers a high specific energy of 53 Wh kg1 at a specific power of 395 W kg−1, and a specific energy of 31 Wh kg−1 can be maintained at a specific power of 4973 W kg−1. It also shows a long-term stability with 91 % retention of the initial capacitance after 10000 cycles at a specific current of 2 A g−1.

Electromagnetic analysis of wires with joints using a hybrid meshless-moments technique

This paper presents a fast and accurate hybrid method to analyze radiation of and scattering from conducting wire structures. The proposed technique is based on meshless method (MlM) and method of moments (MoM). First, the electric field integral equation (EFIE) is broken into two parts, integral and differential parts. In this paper, we use smooth meshless basis functions in evaluating the differential part and conventionally employ pulse basis functions in estimation of the integral part, given by closed-form expressions. We call this new technique, advanced meshless method (AMM) and use it to analyze wire structures such as helix and straight dipole antennas. Next, we investigate structures that include two wires connecting at a joint point, such as a helical dipole antenna that is composed of a quarter-wavelength dipole, connected to two helical wires at both its ends and also a folded dipole antenna that has two half-wavelength dipoles connected by two small half ring wires. We propose a new hybrid meshless-moments technique (MMT) which treats separate wire parts like the helical wire, half ring wire, and straight dipole parts by the AMM and the joint or connection parts by the MoM. The interactions between different parts are then taken into account by calculation of the near-field integral equations. Various comparisons between AMM and MMT results with those of a conventional MoM confirm that while accuracy is fixed the AMM and MMT are at least 10 times faster than MoM. The main feature of the hybrid MMT method is its computational efficiency in analyzing electrically large problems. As an example, extinction cross section of a chaff cloud composed of a large number of randomly placed and oriented helical particles as a function of frequency is efficiently computed by the hybrid MMT to show its capability in fast and accurate calculation of a complex medium dispersion.

Fabrication of self-supported Ni(OH)2@nickel nanowire coreshell arrays with enhanced electrochemical performance for supercapacitor applications

A self-supported nickel nanowire array coated with Ni(OH)2 (Ni(OH)2@SNWA) with enhanced electrochemical performance was successfully fabricated by template-directed electrodeposition and oxidation treatment. Porous polycarbonate membrane was used as the template for the preparation of self-supported nickel nanowire array with a small wire diameter and high wire density. The Ni(OH)2 on the surface formed through oxidation treatment is in close contact with the inside nickel wire. Due to its self-supported and integrated core–shell structure, the Ni(OH)2@SNWA has excellent ionic and electrical conductivities, and shows enhanced electrochemical performance at high current densities.

Optimasi Pengaturan Kecepatan Motor Shunt Berbasis Imperalist Competitive Algorithm (ICA)

Imperalist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) is one method of artificial intelligence inspired by competition for power. In system optimization this method gets better results than other artificial intelligence methods. DC shunt motors do not need a lot of space because of the small wire diameter, but the output power is very small because the amplifier current is small. A good shunt motor setting is needed to produce the desired motor speed. In this study PID controls were tuned using ICA. This good PID guide will get a good system optimization. As a comparison, the control of the shunt motor speed without control, with PID control, with detuning ICA PID control (PID-ICA). The results showed that the results of PID-ICA had the smallest overshot and undershot, with a speed of 500.00 rpm and the fastest settling time : 1201 s. This research will be developed using other artificial intelligence methods.

TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCING COLD DEFORMABLE WIRE FROM HADFIELD STEEL

Purpose. Development of an improved technology for the production of small cross-section wire from high-strength austenitic steel using hot and cold deformation and heat treatment. Methodology. Structural studies of Hadfield steel 110G13L were carried out by light metallography. Hot deformation of the cast billet was carried out by forging on a hammer of type MA 4134 and hot rolling on a single-strand two-roll mill at a temperature of 1 000….1 030 0С. Heat treatment was performed in a drawing mill stream with heating in the inductor to the temperatures of recrystallization annealing and subsequent quenching. Results. An analysis of experimental studies showed the fundamental possibility of producing cold-deformed wire from Hadfield steel with a diameter of 2...5 mm, which can be used in automatic machines for welding and surfacing. Originality. A mode has been developed that includes heating, a combination of deformation operations, as well as regulated heating and water cooling according to the principle of vacancy hardening, which together gives the effect of a fine-grained structure, significantly reducing the intensity of strain hardening of thin wires from high-strength austenitic steel. Practical value. The developed technological scheme significantly reduces the production cycle, reduces the cycle time and provides significant resource savings.

Fabrication of patterned graphitized carbon wires using low voltage near-field electrospinning, pyrolysis, electrodeposition, and chemical vapor deposition

We herein report a high-resolution nanopatterning method using low voltage electromechanical spinning with a rotating collector to obtain aligned graphitized micro and nanowires for carbon nanomanufacturing. A small wire diameter and a small inter-wire spacing were obtained by controlling the electric field, the spinneret-to-collector distance, the pyrolysis parameters, the linear speed of the spinneret, the rotational speed of the collector. Using a simple scaling analysis, we show how the straightness and the diameter of the wires can be controlled by the electric field and the distance of the spinneret to the collector. A small inter-wire spacing, as predicted by a simple model, was achieved by simultaneously controlling the linear speed of the spinneret and the rotational speed of the collector. Rapid drying of the polymer nanowires enabled the facile fabrication of suspended wires over various structures. Patterned polyacrylonitrile wires were carbonized using standard stabilization and pyrolysis to obtain carbon nanowires. Suspended carbon nanowires with a diameter of <50 nm were obtained. We also established a method for making patterned, highly graphitized structures by using the aforementioned carbon wire structures as a template for chemical vapor deposition of graphite. This patterning technique offers high throughput for nano writing, which outperforms other existing nanopatterning techniques, making it a potential candidate for large-scale carbon nanomanufacturing.

Predicting the polymer modified ferrocement ultimate flexural strength using artificial neural network and adaptive network based fuzzy inference system

Ferrocement is a thin composite made with a cement-based mortar matrix reinforced with closely spaced layers of small diameter wire mesh. The mesh made of square weld mesh and minimum reinforcement. Ferrocement can also be considered a high performance laminated cementitious composite. The paper presents comparative models were developed to predict the Ultimate flexural strength using Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. The data have taken from experimental research work of ferrocement slabs. It reinforced with welded square mesh with different volume fraction and incorporating modified mortar with Recron fibre and artificial Latex with varying percentage. This work is attempted to develop an optimized method for prediction of Ultimate flexural strength and to reduce the design time.

Transition to chaos in the cylinder wake through the Mode C flow

The evolution of Mode C wake characteristics with the Reynolds number (Re) for Re up to 400 is investigated numerically. The Mode C wake instability is generated by placing a small wire in the near wake of a main circular cylinder. This setup ensures that the wake is unstable to Mode C only (without potential mode interactions), as demonstrated by Floquet stability analysis. Based on three-dimensional direct numerical simulations, three evolution regimes are identified for the fully developed Mode C flow. In the uniform periodic regime (Re = 166.4–210), the Mode C structure is uniformly distributed along the spanwise direction. The flow structure is 2T-periodic (T being the vortex shedding period) but retains a spatiotemporal symmetry every 1T. In the nonuniform periodic regime (Re = 220–230), the slightly nonuniform Mode C structure remains 2T-periodic at Re = 220 but undergoes a period quadrupling to 4T-periodic at Re = 230 before transitioning to chaos. In the chaotic regime (Re ≥ 240), the flow loses periodicity and becomes increasingly chaotic with increasing Re. The progressive wake transition to chaos is found to originate from the instability in the braid shear layer region through the uneven growth in strength and the consequent nonuniformity of the Mode C streamwise vortices. The wake transitions to chaos through the routes of Mode C and Mode B (for an isolated circular/square cylinder) are compared.

An experimental study for determination of convective heat transfer coefficients on cooling monofilament

In this study, the convective heat transfer coefficient around small diameter circular wires is determined in an effort to obtain main parameters affecting monofilament cooling process. The different diameter wires and air velocities were employed for detailed research in parallel and cross flow by using a wind tunnel. These correlations were based on conditions used in monofilament yarn production line. The wire diameters which were used in the experiments are vary from 0.2 mm to 1 mm while air velocities 0.5 m/s to 5 m/s as well. These wires were heated with power supply and cooled with specified air flow for the determination of convective heat transfer coefficient. A high precision multi-meter was used to measure the voltage and current values and then the wire surface temperatures have been determined by means of calculated wire resistance. The convective heat transfer coefficients were obtained by subtracting the radiation heat transfer from total heat transfer. The experiments were carried out with different Reynolds numbers. Finally, the resulting Nusselt correlations were compared with the correlations reported by Glicksman, Copley, Fand and Keswani, Churcill and Bernstein, Hilpert, Mc Adams, Dito, Brünig and, Kase and Matsuo. Results are in good agreement with literature for the same range of Reynolds numbers.

Optimization of wire electrical discharge machining using statistical methods coupled with artificial intelligence techniques and soft computing

Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a special form of electrical discharge machining that uses a small diameter wire as the electrode to cut a narrow kerf in the workpiece. Although it is a simple concept, the performance of the process is highly dependent on the operating parameters. The aim of this work is to optimize WEDM operating parameters with the objective of achieving a maximum material removal rate (MRR) and minimum surface roughness (SR) for an AISI 304 stainless steel workpiece. This work compares the performance of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) based on the coefficient of determination, root mean square error, and absolute average deviation calculations. This is followed by implementing the fuzzy logic technique to get the optimal operating parameters. The results show that using both the RSM and ANN is more adequate and reliable in predicting the MRR and SR. In addition, it is shown that by increasing the peak current, the pulse on time, and by decreasing pulse off time, the resulting workpiece surface is rougher despite achieving a higher material removal rate. It is concluded that the optimal process parameters combination that achieves the maximum MRR and minimum SR is 25 µs pulse on time, 5 µs pulse off time, and 6 A peak current.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF MODIFIED FERROCEMENT WRAPPED COLUMNS AND CFRP WRAPPED COLUMNS

Ferro cement is a type of thin wall reinforced concrete commonly constructed of hydraulic cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced layers of continuous and relatively small size wire mesh. The mesh may be made of metallic or other suitable materials. The fineness of the mortar matrix and its composition should be compatible with the mesh and armature systems it is meant to encapsulate. The matrix may contain discontinuous fibers. The results of an experimental study on the increase in the load carrying capacity of modified ferro cement wrapped columns and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer sheet wrapped columns. The modified ferro cement wrapping reinforced with 2 layers of welded steel meshes is used. Six short RCC square columns including four strengthened columns (Two with modified ferro cement and two with 2 layers of CFRP) were tested. The specimens were subjected to axial compressive load till failure. The results indicated that the increase in load carrying capacity of Column wrapped with modified ferrocement is about 89.80% over control specimen and that of column wrapped with CFRP sheet is about 74.28% over control specimen. Hence it is concluded that modified ferro cement jackets can be effectively used for strengthening of columns.

Research on Locating Algorithm of Unmanned Airport Source Based on Array Detecting Line

In view of the fact that the UAV patrol overhead transmission line cannot accurately locate the patrol UAV, the relative position of the field source cannot be judged, and the problem of autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance cannot be realized. A field based on electric field information array detection is proposed. Source location algorithm. Firstly, based on the principle of electrostatic induction, the portable power frequency electric field sensor detection plate is designed. The four sensor detection plates are installed on the same horizontal surface of the drone with the coordinate center of the unmanned aerial vehicle center as the fixed coordinate system. By analyzing the geometric relationship of the spatial position of the four sensors and the corresponding output signals, the relative position coordinates of the field source space can be solved, so as to accurately locate the spatial relative position of the field source and the patrol UAV. The UAV can provide a reference for autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance. The algorithm solves the problem that it is difficult to achieve accurate positioning and navigation due to factors such as too small wire diameter, weather conditions, and sensor limitations when the patrol drone is far away from the operator. At the same time, a reliable method is proposed. The algorithm can restore the trajectory of the UAV in the laboratory environment, and verify the accuracy of the field location algorithm. It provides a theoretical basis for the research of UAV autonomous obstacle avoidance navigation.

Selective Capture of Magnetic Wires to Particles in High Gradient Magnetic Separation

High gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) achieves effective separation to fine weakly magnetic minerals using numerous small magnetic wires in matrix, and its separation performance is inherently dependent on the capture characteristics of the wires. In this work, the selective capture of magnetic wire to particles in high gradient magnetic field was theoretically described and simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics. It was found that the capture trajectories of a small amount of particles under the ideal condition was significantly different from those of a large amount of particles under the actual condition, and non-magnetic particles would be much more easily entrained into magnetic deposits captured onto the wire surface under the actual condition than those under the ideal condition. These theoretical and simulated results were basically validated with the experimental magnetic capture to an ilmenite ore, and the wires in slow feed mode have achieved much higher capture selectivity than those in the fast feed mode. For instance, at the magnetic induction of 0.8 T, the TiO2 grade of magnetic deposits captured by 3 mm diameter wire in the slow feed model reached 36.78%, which is higher than 28.32% in the fast feed model. The selective capture difference between the fast and slow feed models increased with increase in the magnetic induction and with decrease in the pulsating frequency. This investigation contributes to improve HGMS performance in concentrating fine weakly magnetic ores.

Small REBCO isotropic round wire (STAR): an important step from performant material to practical conductor in high field HTS magnets

Development of practical high current density round wires out of REBCO tapes, for use as single strand conductor or as sub-element of a complex cable, may constitute a real breakthrough in magnet technology.

Design &amp; Simulation of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Uwb Applications

Within the path of the closing multi decade, there may be a quick development being advanced of far off correspondence applications. The presentation of all such some distance flung frameworks is based totally upon the plan of the radio twine. Small scale strip radio wires are desired for more part of their programs and elements of interest. This paper shows the form and duplicate of spherical square restoration smaller scale strip reception equipment. the general reception equipment is planned and reenacted in microwave tool immoderate Frequency form Simulator (HFSS). The substrate utilized in this setup is FR4 and substrate is carried out with ε_r = 4.4. The proposed reception gadget is utilized for extraordinary far off correspondence applications. Addition, go back misfortune and information switch functionality are the exhibition parameter of proposed radio twine. The proposed recieving wire is broke down at thunderous recurrence of 4.4 GHz. the arrival misfortune is - 30.2 db and increase of radio wire is eight.34. switch pace is superior as lots as one hundred sixty five.88%

A Precision Statement for Fatigue of Solid Round Wire

Abstract ASTM E2948, Standard Test Method for Conducting Rotating Bending Fatigue Tests of Solid Round Fine Wire, is a procedure for rotating bending fatigue tests of fine wire to obtain the fatigue strength for metallic materials at a specified life in the fatigue regime where the strains are predominately and nominally linear elastic. This method is limited to the fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire subjected to constant amplitude, completely reversed, periodic strain. The methodology can be useful in assessing the effects of inclusions, melt technique, and cold work processing. Data obtained in accordance with ASTM E2948 is subject to variability because of many factors. An inter-laboratory study (ILS) was performed to assess variability of the data and to develop a precision statement for ASTM E2948. Ten laboratories participated in the ILS. The samples consisted of two materials, Nitinol and 35N LT. Each material was supplied from a single lot from a single manufacturer. Samples were tested at three different strain amplitudes with ten replicates at each strain level. Variability of the resulting data was quantified as reproducibility limits, between laboratory variability, and repeatability limits, within laboratory variability. A precision statement for ASTM E2948 was formulated based on the reproducibility and repeatability limits determined from the inter-laboratory study. The viability of the limits is assessed with Monte Carlo simulations. Alternative methods of analysis using nonparametric statistics and bootstrap methods are discussed.

Optimasi Pengaturan Kecepatan Motor Shunt Berbasis Imperalist Competitive Algorithm (ICA)

Imperalist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) is one method of artificial intelligence inspired by competition for power. In system optimization this method gets better results than other artificial intelligence methods. DC shunt motors do not need a lot of space because of the small wire diameter, but the output power is very small because the amplifier current is small. A good shunt motor setting is needed to produce the desired motor speed. In this study PID controls were tuned using ICA. This good PID guide will get a good system optimization. As a comparison, the control of the shunt motor speed without control, with PID control, with detuning ICA PID control (PID-ICA). The results showed that the results of PID-ICA had the smallest overshot and undershot, with a speed of 500.00 rpm and the fastest settling time : 1201 s. This research will be developed using other artificial intelligence methods.