Small Place Research Articles

OBTAINING APPROXIMATIONS FOR RANGE-BASED FREE-NETWORK ADJUSTMENT

Abstract. Airborne and ground mobile mapping platforms are increasingly used in group formations to increase productivity or complement each other in terms of improving observation capacity and efficiency in the surveyed area. Similarly, the navigation of assisted and autonomous vehicles presents a similar problem of sharing a small place where, for example, accurate relative positioning is essential to avoid collisions. Estimating platform relative positions from inter-platform range measurements is important in these applications, as they can provide valuable information to improve individual platform navigation or can potentially detect anomalies in these solutions that could be caused by unintentional or intentional disturbances. Free-network adjustment based on ranges forms the baseline solution to obtain relative positions. The challenge is to provide adequate platform position approximations for the least squares adjustment to achieve both quick convergence and fast execution time. Here we propose a preprocessing method that creates suitable approximations based on range values.

The Postcolonial Jamaican Outlaw Hero in Perry Henzell's The Harder They Come

Abstract: Perry Henzell's The Harder They Come (1972, Jamaica) shows the harsh realities of Jamaica, an island that, since colonization, has been a compartmentalized, divided world. This article looks at how Henzell represents postcolonial Jamaica as a small place where there are two distinct social classes inhabiting the same island in the sun. After a brief history of cinema, both filmed and shown, in Jamaica, this article uses The Harder They Come to show that postcolonial Jamaica is just colonial Jamaica going by a new name. It also looks at Ivan Martin as an outlaw hero who belongs in the pantheon of other Jamaican outlaw heroes and freedom fighters such as Queen Nanny, Apongo and Tacky, Sam Sharpe, and Paul Bogle. The article further shows that, as an outlaw hero, Ivan becomes a living idea: he becomes something that, even after the last reel, cannot be killed.

"In small places, close to home": Urban environmental impacts on child rights across four global cities.

Urban environments influence child behaviours, exposures and experiences and may affect health, development, achievement and realization of fundamental human rights. We examined the status of eleven UN Convention on the Rights of the Child articles, in a multi-case study across four global cities. Within all study cities, children experienced unequal exposure to urban environmental risks and amenities. Many violations of child rights are related to car-based transportation systems and further challenged by pressures on urban systems from rapid population increases in the context of climate change. A child rights framework provides principles for a collective, multi-sectoral re-imagination of urban environments that support the human rights of all citizens.

Entertaining the Royalty. A forgotten tradition of the Vidushaka in Ancient Indian History

This paper provides an overview of the importance of dwarf figures/jesters in Ancient Indian history and society. There are numerous dwarf-like figures depicted in ancient Indian temples. These little figurines would have not only filled the area and add decorative value but also, they have a small but significant place in iconography. A dwarf-like figure, the Vidushaka, who was a brahmin with a tuft on his head and a staff in his hand, was found on the walls of Ajanta and in the Natyashastra text. His occupation is to light the stressful environment by making the court laughing. It goes without saying how valuable the Vidushaka is as a kind of entertainment in ancient India. The objective of this research is to look at how the Vidushaka (jester) had been contributing to the ‘entertainment industry’ of ancient India and how they have been portrayed through out the history (from ancient to medieval times). This would also allow us to discover that jesters were not only adept at entertaining others with amusing jokes, but also able to express himself on the oddities of human life.

Staff-Student Exchange between MMIHS and Bournemouth University (UK)

The world is rapidly becoming a smaller place with globalisation occurring everywhere. The process of internationalising higher education institutions through partnerships like ours, brings benefits to both MMIHS and BU and to both staff and students. For the latter, it offers new ideas, alternative ways of thinking, insights in the other people’s value systems and cultures, etc. It equips students and staff with knowledge, skills and dispositions to work in culturally diverse and international contexts, providing them with a wider diversity of knowledge and greater understanding of global issues and challenges. In short, the partnership offers many opportunities to gain new experiences, explore new sources and perspectives, and improve their cross-cultural capabilities and, ultimately, their employability

China English or Chinese English?

The distinction between ‘Singapore English’ and ‘Singaporean English’ is interesting. It appears that small places tend to use the bare name of the country, while larger countries use the derived adjective. So we find: Singapore English, Hong Kong English, Brunei English; but American English, German English, Malaysian English. On this basis, we might favour Chinese English over China English, because China is big.

True Blue: White Unionists in the Deep South During the Civil War and Reconstruction By Clayton J. Butler

Reviewed by: True Blue: White Unionists in the Deep South During the Civil War and Reconstruction By Clayton J. Butler Wendy Hamand Venet True Blue: White Unionists in the Deep South During the Civil War and Reconstruction. By Clayton J. Butler. Conflicting Worlds: New Dimensions of the American Civil War. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2022. Pp. x, 228. $45.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-7662-7.) In True Blue: White Unionists in the Deep South During the Civil War and Reconstruction, Clayton J. Butler makes an important contribution to our understanding of Unionists in the Deep South during and after the Civil War. Butler asks several key questions. Who were these white men? Why did they remain loyal to the Union? How were they viewed in the North and the South? What roles did they play during and after the war? He seeks answers to these questions by focusing individual chapters on three Unionist military units: the First Louisiana Cavalry, the First Alabama Cavalry, and the Thirteenth Tennessee Union Cavalry. While acknowledging that his approach undervalues the important role played by Unionist women during the war, Butler notes that “donning a blue Federal uniform represented the most unambiguous expression of national allegiance one could make” (p. 2). Butler finds that white Unionists came from many backgrounds and professed a variety of motivations for their unconditional loyalty. Some were slave owners, while others were laborers motivated by class resentment. In New Orleans, many Unionists were German or Irish immigrants. Although some were former Whigs, many Unionists were Democrats who had voted for Stephen A. Douglas in the presidential contest of 1860. While some Unionists disliked slavery, most did not express sympathy for slaves as a motivation to enlist. Instead, they professed a strong dedication to the United States as a nation. For these men, secession represented a violation of the Constitution and the legacy of the Founders. Butler does not make a case that Unionist soldiers influenced the outcome of the war, but he does argue that these units had a respectable military record, fighting at Port Hudson, Louisiana, in the Red River campaign, and during William T. Sherman’s March to the Sea. Sherman, Butler shows, understood the public relations value of having Unionists serve in his ranks. Of greater [End Page 368] interest to Butler is the role of newspapers’ support of the Union or the Confederacy through the dissemination of information about soldiers’ allegedly heroic or traitorous efforts. Butler’s impressive newspaper research encompasses big city dailies and small-town papers, and it helps broaden the relatively narrow focus of his book. Another strength of this book is Butler’s discussion of the 1864 Fort Pillow massacre, in which Confederate soldiers under the command of General Nathan Bedford Forrest killed close to half the garrison of 585 U.S. soldiers rather than allowing them to surrender. While not taking attention away from the massacre’s Black victims, Butler notes that Forrest’s men also killed nearly one hundred white Unionists, as well as the commander of the Thirteenth Tennessee Cavalry, Major William F. Bradford. Bradford initially escaped the bloodshed but was executed by Forrest’s men several days after the massacre. Butler argues convincingly that the episode should be understood both as an expression of Confederates’ racial hatred and as their reaction to the presence of white and Black defenders of Union. In a volume of fewer than two hundred pages of text, the book’s coverage of Reconstruction is understandably brief and largely focused on Louisiana and Alabama. Although many white Unionists ultimately endorsed emancipation during the war, in the postwar period their diverse political views reemerged. Unionists played roles during both Presidential and Radical Reconstruction, but Butler joins other scholars in emphasizing that their failure to form a long-term alliance with African Americans contributed to Reconstruction’s broader failure. In his conclusion, Butler discusses the “relatively small place” unconditional Unionists occupy in both national Civil War memory and current historiography. Small in number but consequential nonetheless, these Deep South Unionists found “their voices drowned out by the chorus of returning Confederates and their descendants” (p. 166). Clayton Butler’s book reminds us of...

Ask a Political Scientist: A Conversation with Katherine J. Cramer about Listening as a Way of Democratic and Scholarly Life

Ask a Political Scientist: A Conversation with Katherine J. Cramer about Listening as a Way of Democratic and Scholarly Life

Study and simulation of MEMS electrostatic actuators

The desire for cutting-edge technologies is at an all-time high as the world becomes more digital. To suit the unique requirements, numerous systems and their associated devices are on the market. One such developing technology for producing devices is Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS). The simplest description of MEMS technology is the combination of tiny mechanical and electromechanical components on a single chip using micromanufacturing techniques. Its benefits include low cost, lightweight, accurate measurement in small places, and low power usage. The main objective of this proposed work is to design, analyze and compare various electrostatic actuators. Analyses of the device's electrostatic actuation, capacitive sensing, displacement, Eigen frequency, resonant frequency, time domain response of parallel plate actuation electrodes with variable gap actuator, differential capacitive sensing, parallel plate capacitance, and balanced actuation are all done in-depth.

Urban Environmental Acupuncture for Improving the Sustainability of Dense City Areas – Polish Experiences from the SALUTE4CE Project

Abstract The idea of urban environmental acupuncture postulates, that in areas with no space available for green spaces, sustainability and climate resistance can be improved by small green spots in key locations. The project SALUTE4CE established pilot environmental acupuncture strategies in Central-European cities. The author was responsible for elaborating an Action Plan for the functional area of Chorzów, Ruda Śląska and Świętochłowice, Poland. The project aimed at finding spots with potential outcomes in terms of sustainability, reducing urban heat islands and improving comfort and quality of spaces, with nature based solutions: from planting climate resistant vegetation and restoring biodiversity, through improving local retention, to green roofs or vertical walls. The concept assumes, that acting in many small places can bring synergic effects and contribute to urban regeneration. Four pilot spots have been constructed so far, and other interventions shall be realized in the coming years. So far the project results have been disseminated in project documents and reports. This paper aims at a summary of project experiences and perspectives in regard to participating Polish cities.

Good Things Come from Small Places: Communicating Qatar to World Cup Tourists

This paper deals with the discursive and linguistic ways in which the World Cup 2022 is communicated to a global audience of potential tourists. More specifically, three distinctive communicative phases are identified, which include the “Expect Amazing”, “Deliver Amazing”, and “Now is All” ones. With a focus on the enregisterment of the World Cup 2022 as a tourism-related discourse, it is argued that the Qatari authorities employ the various phases of the event communicatively not only in order to give a tangible answer to the accusations they have been receiving primarily on behalf of the Western media but also in order for them to put Qatar on the global tourist map, to rebrand the country, and ultimately to establish tourism as one of the country’s basic revenue sources in the post-World Cup era in an overall attempt to diversify its economy.

EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF ECO-FRIENDLY REFRIGERANT COUPLES R407C/R32/R600a (90/10 BY WT.%) AND R407C/R32 TO REVEAL THE GWP AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

In this experimental study, based on cooling couples a new mixture (90%R32 + 10%R600a) has been proven to be better than R32 for the global warming potential (GWP) in a low-pressure cycle (LPC), within a high-pressure cycle (HPC) R407C by utilizing a small laboratory cooling system. This system consists of two cooling cycles connected by a heat exchanger and has also been termed as a mini cascade refrigeration system (MCRS). The main aim of this study is to study a suitable gas or mixture for MCRS at the lowest GWP value and a low-temperature cooling room to reach less than -30°C. In the same way, the following conditions have been determined in this research: the inlet and outlet temperatures of the evaporator, condenser, heat exchanger, compressors, with evaporator pressure as well as superheat. Consequently, MCRS can be used with thermostats at the lowest degree of -32°C or less, the mixture has results close to R32 and the coefficient of performance for MCRS COPMCRS is equal to 1.63 and 1.78 for the new mixture and R32, respectively, under the same operating conditions. Therefore, the ozone depletion potentials (ODP) for R32 and the new mixture are equal to zero, and the GWP for the new mixture is less by amount of 63 than that for R32. The MCRS can be used in a small place, for instance, transport blood samples, blood tests, and vaccines by small cars. Both R32 and R600a are flammable gases, so this study will be carried on in the future for safer replacements.

Creating Conversos: The Carvajal-Santa María Family in Early Modern Spain by Roger Louis Martínez-Dávila

Reviewed by: Creating Conversos: The Carvajal-Santa María Family in Early Modern Spain by Roger Louis Martínez-Dávila John F. Schwaller Creating Conversos: The Carvajal-Santa María Family in Early Modern Spain. By Roger Louis Martínez-Dávila. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 2018. Pp. xix, 351. $55.00. ISBN 978-0-268-10321-7.) With implications in the New World, the Carvajal-Santa María family of early modern Spain ranks as one of the most resilient and in many ways emblematic of the period. The book begins in the early sixteenth century as the family is on the verge of grasping the papacy, in spite of their deep converso roots, with partial origins in the person of Solomon ha-Levi, a leading rabbi in Burgos who became the bishop of that city as Pablo de Santa María in 1415. Martínez-Dávila traces the emergence of a converso family and its dispersal throughout Castille, notably to the western city of Plasencia. There the conversos began a series of marriages and alliances with the Old Christian family of the Carvajals to emerge as leaders in both the political and ecclesiastical hierarchies. From there the family would expand to prominence on the Iberian Peninsula and eventually to the colonial outposts of Mexico and Bolivia. This fascinating tale is written in nine chapters, tracing the family from its origins to his success and expansion to the empire. The first two chapters trace the beginnings of the clan in Burgos and its eventual spread to other communities but focusing especially on Plasencia. The turbulence of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries created the necessary precondition for the blurring of ethnic lines and the ability of some individuals to gain prominence in spite of their ethno-religious background, creating what Martínez-Dávila calls the New Noble houses. While the Old Christian knights (caballeros) had political power, and with it a degree of economic power as well, the Church through its collection of the tithe clearly had access to much of the economic sphere. In the third chapter, Martínez-Dávila explores the wake of the anti-Jewish riots at the end of the fourteenth century. Focused on larger cities, small places like Plascencia emerged largely unscathed. At the same time the Trastámara dynasty began to reward other important New Noble houses, which provided unexpected opportunities in Plascencia. In Plascencia, in Chapter Four, we read of the growing success of the Santa María-Carvajal alliance. On the Jewish side, the family had been royal treasurers, and rabbis; while on the Old Christian side they had been important local caballeros. Combined, they came to dominate the cathedral chapter of the city and create a different kind of local environment for conversos and moriscos. By the fifteenth century two patterns emerged. Some of the New Noble houses pursued virulently anti-Semitic policies, hiding their own origins and joining [End Page 197] in anti-Jewish campaigns. The Plascencia-based Carvajal house continued to encourage a more open society of multi-ethnic populations. Castille, as a whole, turned to a more exclusionary policy with the promulgation of limpieza de sangre requirements for an increasingly large number of offices. This, in turn, required these New Noble houses to emphasize their Old Christian roots and downplay, if not hide, their converso origins. In Chapter Six, Martínez-Dávila explores the methods whereby the Santa María-Carvajal house imbued themselves with all of the hallmarks of Christian piety creating ecclesiastical foundations and other good works to burnish their reputation, while reaching the highest level of Catholic hierarchy with the appointment of Juan de Carvajal as a cardinal. As Spain entered the sixteenth century, the house had come to control the very highest levels of politics, the Church, and the local economy. They had successfully blurred their converso origins, emphasized the Old Christian mantle of the Carvajal clan, and weathered the storm of additional anti-converso and morisco politics with the fall of Granada and the triumph of Castilian Christianity. As the overseas empire became an important feature of the Spanish political and economic world...

Challenge to the Local Community that Transmits from a Small Place

Challenge to the Local Community that Transmits from a Small Place

Increase Wine Tourism in Spain from Chinese Tourists

In recent years and especially after the world pandemic COVID-19, the tourism sector is undergoing great changes as a result of travelers looking for unique and outdoor products to enjoy different experiences, involving new trends in tourism, especially in non-traditional destinations, and changing the needs and attitudes of tourists. In this sense, the tourist is currently more and more motivated by sensations in the search for new experiences. In this context, in which the experience is a fundamental objective, some tourist modalities such as wine tourism, already emerge as practices aimed at satisfying the new demand after the 1990s world widely. Nevertheless, this paper is present the current Chinese tourist flows after the pandemic and their relevant motivations in the growing demand for slow tourism, breaking the traditional stereotype of what we think are their demands, and presenting the possibility of wine tourism in small and middle-scale places like Priorat of Catalunya and Ribeira Sacra of Galicia, both situated in Spain. The main objective of this study is to research the development of a friendly campestre and natural wine and food local supplies, their interesting up-downs historic paths, their impressive "heroic" geographic sceneries such as the big contrast of mountains against rivers in these two still developing their international names wine regions of Spain: Priorat and Ribeira Sacra, also analyzing the high acquisitive power and potential demands of wine tourism for Chinese outbound tourists for this two regions, to identify the adjustments that must be made in the plannings and applications in these two specific wine regions, and serving as examples for others still not well known international wine regions to be developed for Chinese tourists or even Asian tourists for Europe and the rest of the world.

The Stability of Location Quotients

Although location quotients are widely used to analyze local industry specialization and identify industry clusters in regions of all size, past studies have noted issues related to the accuracy of location quotients in small places. This paper examines the stability of location quotients in response to a marginal (i.e., one-unit) increase in the number of business establishments, with a focus on small regions. The analysis considers location quotients calculated for cities and towns in Maine, as well as all U.S. counties, and uses a range of industry classifications (e.g., 1-digit and 3-digit NAICS categories). Results show that the stability of location quotients increases with the population size of regions, but they do not uncover a single, universal population size cutoff for the reliable use of location quotients. Rather, the analysis shows that population size, the level of industry aggregation (e.g., 1-digit versus 3-digit NAICS) and even how the data are collected matter in determining the stability of location quotients.

Exploring Rural Shrink Smart Through Guided Discovery Dashboards

Many small and rural places are shrinking. Interactive dashboards are the most common use cases for data visualization and context for exploratory data tools. In our paper, we will use Iowa data to explore the specific scope of how dashboards are used in small and rural area to empower novice analysts to make data-driven decisions. Our framework will suggest a number of research directions to better support small and rural places from shrinking using an interactive dashboard design, implementation and use for the every day analyst.

PENGEMBANGAN KERAJINAN SAAB MOTE DI DESA NAGASEPAHA

Problems in this aspect, namely, experiencing problems with the use of production tools that are still manual and less labor which causes the production process to be very long so that the income to produce handicraft products is very little. In the marketing aspect in this Saab Mote craftsman, the way to promote is only by word of mouth. From the marketing aspect, the scope of marketing is still very narrow. Judging from the small market place for saab mote craftsmen and the marketing reach that is still not maximized by only marketing it at home by relying on how many customers at least buy saab mote craft products and have not marketed them to traditional markets or other marketing places, this saab mote craft is only watched on one motive namely floral motifs that cause customer boredom because they only have one motive. The results in the field for saab mote craftsmen in general are to improve human resources in terms of mindset regarding the ebb and flow of market waves through increasing production and marketing aspects. By studying entrepreneurship, which is the ability to create something new and different, while someone who has the ability to create something that has never existed before, or it could be by creating something different from what exists.

Safe as Lightning by Scudder H. Parker

Reviewed by: Safe as Lightning by Scudder H. Parker Patricia Carragon (bio) safe as lightning Scudder H. Parker Rootstock Publishing https://www.rootstockpublishing.com/rootstock-books/safe-as-lightning 134 pages; Print, $15.95 For someone who lived most of her life trapped in the hustle and bustle of filthy streets and subways, surrounded by noise and air pollution, and devalued by toxic work conditions that added to her generational karma, reading Scudder H. Parker's Safe as Lightning would have been daunting. However, it wasn't. In fact, it was spiritually enlightening. Having been through the COVID-19 lockdown for most of 2020, I shifted from political anger to being grounded—more open to oneness with nature and humanity, learning to forgive myself and others, putting the past on the shelf, and experiencing life in a haiku moment. Parker's approach is no-frills. His poetry has a forgotten wholesomeness seen in children's books or in movies like It's a Wonderful Life. His poems are honest, untainted by sentimentality. His simplicity and humility tell stories [End Page 145] of everyday life without urban drama: his boyhood to manhood, the family farm, living in Vermont, his marriage and family, and so forth. We get to laugh at the author's dilemma of feeding the cats. We learn how unruly broccoli can be and that he has an affection for toads. He introduces us to his grandson, his mother's art, and more. In his introductory poem, "The Poem of the World," Parker brings our senses to hear, see, and feel nature: a doe tapping its hoof to break the ice, purplish rust on forsythia leaves, red and blue potatoes drying in the sun, the lovemaking tickles of shared laughter, the singing of ocean pebbles, and a morning chorus of birds. The wanting to become part of the natural world. Each stanza is as exquisite as the first. The one that resonates the most is: The poem of the world wants me to wakein my own body; it is astonished I might letthese bones grow brittle. The author realizes that he is trapped in a body destined to age, but his environment leaves him in awe. He learns to live in the present, not to worry about the future. His call to serving the public and for Christ Conscientious humanizes Jesus Christ in "Early Memories of Jesus." He depicts Christ as his secret friend, rather than the iconic Savior on the Cross, in the Bible, or in a sermon: Though I never spoke his name,he was the friend who daydreamed with me … He could find wild gingerunder leaves bleached and frailed by winter;blue cohosh uncurling fingersthe color of evening in a maple woods.We found and ate wild onions, green flags,red bulbs flecked with loam,so spring would infect our breath. He goes on to say that Christ taught him how to enjoy the land and its riches, and share their echoes across the valley. The Crucifixion never entered their conversations. It was best left in the past. Parker believes that Christ wasn't [End Page 146] overcome by charity after leaving home, but finally reached God through sacrifice. Years pass, and their friendship endures. Christ has a small place on the edge of town, and they pick wild onions for soup, watch the night sky lighten: I asked if he had heard from God.He said he hadn'tand still missed him,but he understoodhow easy it is to get preoccupied. As we talked, the moon—the somewhat predictabletemporary moon—that tugstwice every day at our bodiesrose like a fragile eggin the denim sky. As an adult, Sutter retains his intimate friendship with the human Christ. Christ hasn't heard from God, possibly because God might be preoccupied. There is no malice or rancor, only a compassionate understanding as they watch the "fragile egg" moon rise in the "denim sky." The farm metaphors work, bring humility and acceptance to close the final stanza. In "Humility," Parker opens his wounds. It takes twenty-five years for him to learn from his land's rot within his...

Liikuvus maal – läbi kriiside hübriidse võrgustunud ruumi poole

Silence and tranquillity form an integral part of rural life and contribute to our understanding of rurality. Thus, it is generally held that time passes slowly in the countryside, far from the nervous city life. Therefore, it is not surprising that mobility and movement (which are associated with speed and being busy) are associated with urbanity and stillness with rurality. Peace and quiet and the absence of hustle are highlighted even by those who live in the countryside and spend long hours in the car commuting between work and home. Such an image affects people’s daily life decisions, movement patterns, local development and infrastructure, as well as national policy of shaping rural life. What is often overlooked is that rural areas are connected to cities in hybrid and extensive ways that affect the development of society as a whole. This article analyses the networks between the country and the city in two recent crises – the COVID-19 pandemic and Ukrainian refugee crisis. It is argued that these relational connections surface vividly in situations of crisis and show that urban-rural networks constitute a kind of hybrid socio-spatial form. Although the boundaries between them are blurred, the image of both rurality and urbanity is powerfully created in discourses and in everyday debates, justifying daily decisions, thus ignoring the intertwined character of these urban-rural relations. Both crises referred to the importance of motility – in both cases, who could move, where and with what timing was of critical importance. In the case of the pandemic, inequalities in mobility manifested themselves in different spheres – which urban dwellers could move to the countryside (owning a country home is a privilege), who could work remotely (mostly in middle-class jobs) or who could go to a place with limited access (mostly islands or popular domestic tourism areas). In the case of Ukrainians, the ability to move was also critical – it consisted in the very possibility of leaving Ukraine. Even after arriving in Estonia, the fate of the refugees largely depended on the location where they found themselves – either in a big city where it was easy to move with the help of public transport or on foot, or in rural areas where it was more difficult to get around due to the lack of public transportation. During the Ukrainian refugee crisis, the rural cosmopolitanism emerged in Estonia more clearly than before. On the one hand, the ethnic and cultural composition of small places changed almost overnight, and thus rural areas became more diverse. On the other hand, this unexpected challenge showed that the rural cosmopolitan community is in many ways vulnerable and precarious. It is noteworthy that strong cultural constructions of rural people (peaceful, safe) and urban people (dangerous invaders) surfaced in conflict situations. On the other hand, the tensions showed how closely the country and the city are connected through mobility. At the same time, mobilities also affected the daily life of people who did not move. One person’s movement could affect another’s staying put, as well as interpersonal relationships, political decisions, and life arrangements. It can be concluded that rural areas are becoming more hybrid for various reasons, and they are connected to the city through various forms of movement in ways that may go unnoticed at first glance, but which emerge precisely in crisis situations. Crises also highlight the weaknesses and vulnerabilities of these bonds, as well as their strengths. Rural populations and their modes of movement shape everyday practices and infrastructures, just as the image and discursive power of rural areas shapes people’s decisions – both big and small.