Bacteria In Small Intestine Research Articles

Effects of intergenerational transmission of small intestinal bacteria cultured from stunted Bangladeshi children with enteropathy.

Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a small intestinal disorder found at a high prevalence in stunted children, is associated with gut mucosal barrier disruption and decreased absorptive capacity due to reduced intact small intestinal villi. To test the hypothesis that intergenerational transmission of a perturbed small intestinal microbiota contributes to undernutrition by inducing EED, we characterized two consortia of bacterial strains cultured from duodenal aspirates from stunted Bangladeshi children with EED, one of which induced local and systemic inflammation in gnotobiotic female mice. Offspring of dams that received this inflammatory consortium exhibited immunologic changes along their gut that phenocopied features of EED in children. Single nucleus plus bulk RNA-sequencing revealed alterations in inter-cellular signaling pathways related to intestinal epithelial cell renewal, barrier integrity and immune function while analyses of cerebral cortex disclosed alterations in glial- and endothelial-neuronal signaling pathways that regulate neural growth/axonal guidance, angiogenesis and inflammation. Analysis of ultrasonic vocalization calls in gnotobiotic P5-P9 pups indicated increased arousal and perturbed neurodevelopment in the offspring of dams harboring the inflammation-inducing consortium. Cohousing experiments and follow-up screening of candidate disease-promoting bacterial isolates identified a strain typically found in the oral microbiota (Campylobacter concisus) as a contributor to enteropathy. Given that fetal growth was also impaired in the dams with the consortium that induced enteropathy, this preclinical model allows the effects of the human small intestinal microbiota on both pre- and postnatal development to be ascertained, setting the stage for identification of small intestinal microbiota-targeted therapeutics for (intergenerational) undernutrition.

The Lactulose Breath Test Can Predict Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease by Measuring Bacterial Overgrowth in the Small Intestine.

The diagnosis of RGERD in patients typically involves 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring, but due to its invasiveness and low patient compliance, new screening methods are needed. In this study, a lactulose breath test (LBT) was conducted to detect the growth of small intestine bacteria (SIBO) and explore the potential relationship between LBT and RGERD to identify a new treatment method for RGERD. A total of 178 patients with gastroesophageal reflux were enrolled from June 2020 to December 2022 in the Gastroenterology Department, Building 3, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; these patients included 96 patients with nonrefractory GERD (NRGERD) and 82 patients with RGERD. The Gerd Q score, reflux symptom index (RSI) score, gastroscopy results, clinical symptoms, and other related indicators were collected. Statistical methods were used to analyze the gathered data. The incidence of acid reflux and heartburn in patients with RGERD was significantly greater than that in patients with NRGERD (67.10% vs. 42.70%, P<0.01 and 65.00% vs. 34.40%, P<0.01). The CH4 values of patients with RGERD were significantly greater than those of patients with NRGERD at each time point, and there was a correlation between the CH4 values at 60 min and RGERD (P<0.05). For patients with RGERD, the incidence of abdominal pain, acid regurgitation, and heartburn was greater in the CH4-positive group than in the CH4-negative group (61.90% vs. 57.50%, 69.05% vs. 65.00%, 69.05% vs. 57.50%, P>0.05). The incidence of nausea was also greater in the CH4-positive group than in the CH4-negative group (61.90% vs. 35.00%, P<0.05). Increased CH4 levels are correlated with RGERD. In addition, patients with RGERD may develop SIBO after long-term use of PPIs, and interventions involving SIBO could provide new ideas for the treatment of RGERD.

Critical appraisal of the SIBO hypothesis and breath testing: A clinical practice update endorsed by the European society of neurogastroenterology and motility (ESNM) and the American neurogastroenterology and motility society (ANMS).

There is compelling evidence that microbe-host interactions in the intestinal tract underlie many human disorders, including disorders of gut-brain interactions (previously termed functional bowel disorders), such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been recognized for over a century in patients with predisposing conditions causing intestinal stasis, such as surgical alteration of the small bowel or chronic diseases, including scleroderma and is associated with diarrhea and signs of malabsorption. Over 20 years ago, it was hypothesized that increased numbers of small intestine bacteria might also account for symptoms in the absence of malabsorption in IBS and related disorders. This SIBO-IBS hypothesis stimulated significant research and helped focus the profession's attention on the importance of microbe-host interactions as a potential pathophysiological mechanism in IBS. However, after two decades, this hypothesis remains unproven. Moreover, it has led to serious unintended consequences, namely the widespread use of unreliable and unvalidated breath tests as a diagnostic test for SIBO and a resultant injudicious use of antibiotics. In this review, we examine why the SIBO hypothesis remains unproven and, given the unintended consequences, discuss why it is time to reject this hypothesis and its reliance on breath testing. We also examine recent IBS studies of bacterial communities in the GI tract, their composition and functions, and their interactions with the host. While these studies provide important insights to guide future research, they highlight the need for further mechanistic studies of microbe-host interactions in IBS patients before we can understand their possible role in diagnosis and treatment of patient with IBS and related disorders.

Characteristics of bacterial community and volatile fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract of Tarim wapiti

Tarim wapiti (Cervus elaphus yarkandensis) may have a complex gut microbiota that contributes to its unique qualities due to its biological characteristics of tolerance to coarse feed and salt-alkali. The contents of the forestomach (rumen, reticulum, and omasum), abomasum, and small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were taken in this investigation from six Tarim wapiti. The objective was to assess the content of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbiological diversity through 16S rDNA. The results showed that acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate concentrations were much higher in the forestomach compared to the small intestine. The communities of bacteria were abundant and diversified in the forestomach and abomasum compared to the small intestine. Bacteroidetes were significantly more abundant in the forestomach and abomasum than in the small intestine, but Firmicutes were the reverse. The predominant bacterial genera identified in the forestomach and abomasum were Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Prevotella and F082; Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Acetitomaculum, Paeniclostridium, and Romboutsia were the main bacterial genera in the small intestine. The relative abundance of genes for microbial energy metabolism functions was substantially reduced across the rumen to the reticulum, across the abomasum to the duodenum for carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism functions, and across the jejunum to the ileum for lipid metabolism and energy metabolism functions. In addition, VFAs were found to be positively correlated with dominant bacteria in forestomach and abomasum, and negatively correlated with dominant bacteria in small intestine. According to the study, Tarim wapiti have developed a unique and distinct dominant bacterial community in its forestomach, abomasum, and intestines.

Gut Microbiota and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Pathogenic Paradigm and Therapeutic Aspect

Changes in the gut microbiota are essential factors that cause non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, and diabetes. Small intestine bacteria overgrowth is discovered in NAFLD patients. Disruptions in the gut-liver axis include environmental factors that induce microbiota dysbiosis and/or increased intestinal permeability that causes liver inflammation. The most recommended therapy for NAFLD patients is still limited to lifestyle changes. This review will describe the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention of NAFLD. Recent evidence reveals that the gut microbiota is one of the main factors in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD through several mechanisms, particularly dysbiosis. This significant role makes the gut microbiota a non-invasive biomarker for NAFLD examination and a more effective therapeutic target.

Health impacts of poor water quality on an endangered shorebird breeding programme in Aotearoa New Zealand

ABSTRACT Case history Two clusters of mortality among endangered tūturuatu/tchūriwat’/shore plover (Thinornis novaeseelandiae) have occurred at captive breeding facilities around New Zealand in recent years. In the first, four chicks died at Pūkaha National Wildlife Centre (Mount Bruce, NZ) in February 2016, and in the second five adult birds at the Cape Sanctuary (Cape Kidnappers, NZ) died in 2022. Clinical findings In 2016, four chicks were noted to become weak, have increased vocalisations and closed eyes prior to death. The remaining chicks were treated for 5 days with amoxycillin/clavulanate orally twice daily. Water containers and brooders were cleaned and disinfected with chlorhexidine. No further mortality was seen. In the 2022 cluster, three adult breeding birds died acutely and five others showed inappetence, weight loss and diarrhoea approximately 10 days after heavy rains flooded the local river. The five birds were treated with amoxycillin/clavulanate orally twice daily and oral fluids for 5 days. Two birds died and three survived. No breeding occurred in the aviaries in the following season. Pathological findings In 2016, the chicks showed pulmonary changes ranging from congestion and oedema to heterophilic inflammation consistent with septicaemia. In 2022, the adult birds showed proliferation of bacteria in the distal small intestine associated with mucosal ulceration and heterophilic infiltration. Acid-fast staining of the caecal contents in one bird showed organisms consistent with Cryptosporidium spp. Laboratory findings Aerobic bacterial cultures of the lung and liver of two affected chicks carried out in 2016 showed heavy growth of Plesiomonas shigelloides. The same organism was cultured from water trays and holding tanks containing water boatmen (Sigara arguta) on which the chicks were fed. In 2022, cultures from the livers of three dead birds each showed a mixed bacterial growth with differing dominant organisms (Aeromonas sobria, Hafnia alvei, Citrobacter freundii and an Enterococcus sp.). PCR and sequencing confirmed Cryptosporidium parvum in the caecum of one bird. Fresh faeces from 24 breeding birds from the captive breeding facilities were negative by PCR for Cryptosporidium spp. The captive breeding facilities obtain water for the aviaries and aquatic invertebrates to feed to the chicks from local freshwater sources. Water quality testing at the Cape Sanctuary revealed concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria in excess of safe drinking water guidelines, with peaks following heavy rainfall. Clinical relevance Fluctuations in water quality associated with mammalian faecal bacteria can adversely affect bird health and impact on captive rearing of endangered wildlife.

Effects of butyrylated lotus seed starch on small intestinal bacteria and short-chain fatty acid production in mice

With the highest utilization rates of all short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), butyric acid (BA) is essential for human health. In this study, we investigated butyrylated lotus seed starch (LSB) effects on small intestinal bacteria and SCFA levels in mice. Mouse body weights, after lotus seed resistant starch (RS) and LSB of different degrees of substitution (DS) treatment for 4 weeks, showed no significant difference. LSB of low DS improved small intestine morphology. Relative Lactobacillaceae and Lachnospiraceae abundance was promoted, and several harmful genera e.g., Desulfovibrio were suppressed in LSB groups. From correlation analyses, BA production was negatively related to Bacteroides and Corynebacterium. In this study, we identified butyrylated starch effects on small intestinal bacteria and provided a foundation for designing functional dietary fibers, which induced high BA levels.

Migrating Type 2 Dendritic Cells Prime Mucosal Th17 Cells Specific to Small Intestinal Commensal Bacteria.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs equipped with MHC-restricted Ags, costimulations, and cytokines that effectively prime and differentiate naive T cells into distinct functional subsets. The immune signals that DCs carry reflect the route of Ag uptake and the innate stimuli they received. In the mucosal tissues, owing to the great variety of foreign Ags and inflammatory cues, DCs are predominantly activated and migratory. In the small intestine, CD4 Th17 cells are abundant and have been shown to be regulated by DCs and macrophages. Using a mouse commensal bacteria experimental model, we identified that the early priming step of commensal-driven Th17 cells is controlled by bona fide Zbtb46-expressing DCs. CCR7-dependent migration of type 2 DCs (DC2s) from the small intestine to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) is essential for the activation of naive CD4 T cells. The migratory DC2 population in the MLNs is almost exclusively Esam+ cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing highlighted the abundance of costimulatory markers (CD40 and OX40) and chemokines (Ccl22 and Cxcl16) on MLN migratory DCs. Further resolution of MLN migratory DC2s revealed that the Th17-polarizing cytokine IL-6 colocalizes with DC2s expressing CD40, Ccl17, and Ccl22. Thus, early Th17 cell differentiation is initiated by a small subset of migratory DC2s in the gut-draining lymph nodes.

In Vitro Examination of the Effect of Honey in the Gastrointestinal Tract

ObjectivesHoney has shown beneficial antibacterial properties in wound healing, but little is known about the effects of honey consumption on human gut health. Herein, we investigate the effects of honey gastric digest on the growth of the common food-borne pathogen Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and beneficial lactic acid bacteria within the gastric environment and a small intestine microbial community, respectively.Methods In Vitro Gastric Digestion: An in vitro digestion of both honey and a simple sugar control (42% fructose, 35% glucose, 23% water) was performed in a simulated gastric electrolyte solution containing pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl). Each solution was adjusted to a pH of 2.5, and placed in an incubating shaker at 37°C, 200rpm for 120 minutes. For ETEC survival experiments, 800,000 CFU/mL of ETEC in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth was added to each solution before pH adjustment. Samples were collected every 20 minutes, plated on BHI, and colonies counted the following morning. In Vitro Fermentation: Digested honey or control was added at 1% w/v to a small intestine microbial mock community, containing 100,000 cells each of 8 common small intestinal commensal bacteria, and fermented anaerobically for 40 hours at 37°C and an initial pH of 5.5. Samples were collected for 16S rRNA analysis; optical density and pH were measured to determine bacterial growth and estimate the relative production of acids in the culture media, respectively. 16S Analysis: For individual CFU, full length amplicons were analyzed by Sanger sequencing and NCBI BLAST. For fermentations, the V4 region was amplified and sequenced on Illumina MiSeq at UC Davis Tech Core. Sequences were analyzed in Qiime 2. Statistical analyses were performed via DESeq2 in R.ResultsOur preliminary data shows that under in vitro gastric digestion conditions, ETEC survival decreased more quickly in honey than a simple sugar control. Total CFU were similar between the two conditions at 120 minutes, but Sanger sequencing identified a majority of colonies plated from the honey condition as genus Bacillus. During in vitro fermentation, differences in the relative abundance of specific taxa between honey and control did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsOur pilot experiments suggest honey may affect the survival of gastric pathogens within the stomach. Research is ongoing to confirm these results.Funding SourcesThe National Honey Board, USDA, and the Dean's Distinguished Graduate Fellowship, UC Davis.

High prevalence of small intestine bacteria overgrowth and asymptomatic carriage of enteric pathogens in stunted children in Antananarivo, Madagascar.

Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) refers to an incompletely defined syndrome of inflammation, reduced absorptive capacity, and reduced barrier function in the small intestine. It is widespread among children and adults in low- and middle-income countries and is also associated with poor sanitation and certain gut infections possibly resulting in an abnormal gut microbiota, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and stunting. We investigated bacterial pathogen exposure in stunted and non-stunted children in Antananarivo, Madagascar by collecting fecal samples from 464 children (96 severely stunted, 104 moderately stunted and 264 non-stunted) and the prevalence of SIBO in 109 duodenal aspirates from stunted children (61 from severely stunted and 48 from moderately stunted children). SIBO assessed by both aerobic and anaerobic plating techniques was very high: 85.3% when selecting a threshold of ≥105 CFU/ml of bacteria in the upper intestinal aspirates. Moreover, 58.7% of the children showed more than 106 bacteria/ml in these aspirates. The most prevalent cultivated genera recovered were Streptococcus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Rothia, Haemophilus, Pantoea and Branhamella. Feces screening by qPCR showed a high prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens, especially those categorized as being enteroinvasive or causing mucosal disruption, such as Shigella spp., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and enteroaggregative E. coli. These pathogens were detected at a similar rate in stunted children and controls, all showing no sign of severe diarrhea the day of inclusion but both living in a highly contaminated environment (slum-dwelling). Interestingly Shigella spp. was the most prevalent enteropathogen found in this study (83.3%) without overrepresentation in stunted children.

A transmissible γδ intraepithelial lymphocyte hyperproliferative phenotype is associated with the intestinal microbiota and confers protection against acute infection.

Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the γδ T cell receptor (γδ IELs) serve as a first line of defense against luminal microbes. Although the presence of an intact microbiota is dispensable for γδ IEL development, several microbial factors contribute to the maintenance of this sentinel population. However, whether specific commensals influence population of the γδ IEL compartment under homeostatic conditions has yet to be determined. We identified a novel γδ IEL hyperproliferative phenotype that arises early in life and is characterized by expansion of multiple Vγ subsets. Horizontal transfer of this hyperproliferative phenotype to mice harboring a phenotypically normal γδ IEL compartment was prevented following antibiotic treatment, thus demonstrating that the microbiota is both necessary and sufficient for the observed increase in γδ IELs. Further, we identified two guilds of small intestinal or fecal bacteria represented by 12 amplicon sequence variants (ASV) that are strongly associated with γδ IEL expansion. Using intravital microscopy, we find that hyperproliferative γδ IELs also exhibit increased migratory behavior leading to enhanced protection against bacterial infection. These findings reveal that transfer of a specific group of commensals can regulate γδ IEL homeostasis and immune surveillance, which may provide a novel means to reinforce the epithelial barrier.

P076 Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease show IgG immune responses towards disease-associated small intestinal bacteria

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a disturbed gut microbiota composition. Patients with IBD have elevated levels of mucosal and serum levels of IgG-antibodies directed against bacterial antigens, including flagellins. In this study, we aimed to determine to which faecal bacteria the humoral immune response is directed to in patients with IBD. Methods Faecal and serum samples were collected from patients with IBD (n=55) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n=55). Faecal samples were incubated with autologous serum and IgG-coated fractions were isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and the coating efficiency was assessed by flow cytometry. Bacterial composition of both untreated and IgG-sorted fecal samples was determined by 16S rRNA-gene Illumina sequencing. Results Serum IgG responses were primarily directed to typical small intestinal bacterial genera, including Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Veillonella and Enterobacteriaceae, as well as against specific Lachnospiraceae bacteria, including Coprococcus and Dorea (all P&amp;lt;0.001) (Figures), and to the species Ruminococcus gnavus (P&amp;lt;0.05). In contrast, serological IgG responses against typical commensal, anaerobic and colonic microbial species were rather low, e.g. to the Lachnospiraceae members Roseburia and Blautia, to Faecalibacterium as well as to Bacteroides. IgG-sorted faecal samples were characterized by significantly lower microbial diversity. Patients with IBD showed more IgG-coating of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Lactococcus bacteria compared with healthy controls (all P&amp;lt;0.05). No differences in IgG-coated bacterial fractions were observed between CD and UC, between active or non-active disease, nor between different disease locations in CD. Conclusion The IgG immune response is specifically targeted at typical small intestinal bacterial genera, whereas responses against commensal, rather colonic-type microbiota are lower in patients with IBD. These findings may be indicative of a strong immunological exposure to small intestinal bacteria in concordance with relative immune tolerance against commensal bacteria.

Association of Differential Metabolites With Small Intestinal Microflora and Maternal Outcomes in Subclinical Hypothyroidism During Pregnancy.

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of differential metabolites with small intestinal microflora and maternal outcomes in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) during pregnancy.MethodsThe plasma of pregnant women in the SCH group and control group was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), obtaining differential metabolites. Then, methane and hydrogen breath tests were performed in both groups, and basic clinical data and maternal outcome information were collected. Finally, differential metabolites were analyzed for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and pregnancy outcomes using Spearman correlation analysis.Results(1) Multivariate statistics: There were 564 different metabolites in positive ion mode and 226 different metabolites in negative ion mode. (2) The positive rate of the methane hydrogen breath test in the SCH group was higher than that in the control group (p<0.05). (3) KEGG pathway analysis revealed that differential metabolites were mainly involved in bile secretion, cholesterol metabolism, and other pathways. (4) Serum cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels and hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP) were higher in the SCH group (p<0.05), and newborn birth weight (BW) was lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). (5) SIBO was negatively correlated with glycocholic acid and BW, and positively correlated with TC. Glycocholic acid was negatively correlated with TG but positively correlated with BW. TG was positively correlated with HDCP.ConclusionDifferential metabolites in the SCH group during pregnancy were disordered with small intestinal bacteria, which may affect pregnancy outcomes, and bile acids and cholesterol may be potential biomarkers for studying their mechanism of action.

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy increases duodenal Lactobacillus spp. richness associated with the activation of intestinal HIF2α signaling and metabolic benefits

ObjectiveVertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG) is one of the most efficacious treatments for obesity and its comorbidities. Although a range of evidence suggests that alterations of the microbiota in the distal gut following VSG are pivotal to these metabolic improvements, the effect of surgery to alter the microbiota of the proximal intestine and its effect on host physiology remain largely unknown. As the main bacteria in the upper small intestine, Lactobacillus subspecies have been appreciated as important regulators of gut function. These bacteria also regulate intestinal Hypoxia- Inducible Factor 2α (HIF2α) signaling that plays an integral role in gut physiology and iron absorption. In the present study, we sought to determine the impact of VSG on Lactobacillus spp. in the small intestine and potential downstream impacts of Lactobacillus spp. on HIF2α, specifically in the duodenum. MethodsTo determine the effects of VSG on the microbiota and HIF2α signaling in the duodenum, VSG surgeries were performed on diet-induced obese mice. To further probe the relationship between Lactobacillus spp. and HIF2α signaling in the duodenum, we applied a customized high-fat but iron-deficient diet on mice to increase duodenal HIF2α signaling and determined alterations of gut bacteria. To explore the causal role of Lactobacillus spp. in duodenal HIF2α signaling activation, we chronically administered probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. to high-fat-fed obese mice. Lastly, we studied the effect of lactate, the major metabolite of Lactobacilli, on HIF2α in ex vivo duodenal organoids. ResultsThere were pronounced increases in the abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in samples isolated from duodenal epithelium in VSG-operated mice as compared to sham-operated mice. This was accompanied by an increase in the expression of genes that are targets of HIF2α in the duodenum of VSG-treated mice. Activating HIF2α signaling with a high-fat but iron-deficient diet resulted in weight loss, improvements in glucose regulation, and increased Lactobacillus spp. richness in the duodenum as compared to mice on an iron-replete diet. Chronic administration of probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. not only increased HIF2α signaling in the duodenum such as occurs after VSG but also resulted in reduced weight gain and improved glucose tolerance in high-fat-fed mice. Furthermore, lactate was able to activate HIF2α in ex vivo duodenal organoids. ConclusionsThese results support a model whereby VSG increases duodenal Lactobacillus richness and potentially stimulates intestinal HIF2α signaling via increased lactate production.

Effect of Fermented Lime Waste Flour on the pH of the Small Intestine and Microbes of Broiler Chicken Ileum

The balancing of digestive tract microbe can improve the digestive health of broiler chickens. Fermented lime waste flour (FLWF) contains citric acid, which can decrease digestive tract pH value to suppress pathogenic bacteria development and improve lactic acid bacteria growth in the small intestine of the broiler. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of using FLWF on pH value and small intestine microbial of broiler chickens. This study used 200 female broiler chickens. The research used a completely randomized design with four treatment levels of FLWF by 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% in every ration, with each treatment replicated five times. The parameters observed are the pH value of the small intestine, lactic acid bacteria ileum, and Coliform ileum. Data were calculated using the analysis of variance and difference test with Duncan's Multiple Range Test using the SPSS 19.0 program. The result indicates that using FLWF decreased (p&lt;0.05) Coliform in the ileum, while pH value of small intestine and ileum lactic acid bacteria among treatments were not influenced (p&gt;0.05). It concludes that adding FLWF at a 1% level could decrease ileum Coliform. Still, it could not decrease the pH value of the small intestine and increase the total lactic bacteria ileum.

Stability of Methylphenidate under Various pH Conditions in the Presence or Absence of Gut Microbiota.

Methylphenidate is one of the most widely used oral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The drug is mainly absorbed in the small intestine and has low bioavailability. Accordingly, a high interindividual variability in terms of response to the treatment is known among ADHD patients treated with methylphenidate. Nonetheless, very little is known about the factors that influence the drug’s absorption and bioavailability. Gut microbiota has been shown to reduce the bioavailability of a wide variety of orally administered drugs. Here, we tested the ability of small intestinal bacteria to metabolize methylphenidate. In silico analysis identified several small intestinal bacteria to harbor homologues of the human carboxylesterase 1 enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of methylphenidate in the liver into the inactive form, ritalinic acid. Despite our initial results hinting towards possible bacterial hydrolysis of the drug, up to 60% of methylphenidate is spontaneously hydrolyzed in the absence of bacteria and this hydrolysis is pH-dependent. Overall, our results indicate that the stability of methylphenidate is compromised under certain pH conditions in the presence or absence of gut microbiota.

The Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ketorolac Alters the Small Intestinal Microbiota and Bile Acids Without Inducing Intestinal Damage or Delaying Peristalsis in the Rat.

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce significant damage to the small intestine, which is accompanied by changes in intestinal bacteria (dysbiosis) and bile acids. However, it is still a question of debate whether besides mucosal inflammation also other factors, such as direct antibacterial effects or delayed peristalsis, contribute to NSAID-induced dysbiosis. Here we aimed to assess whether ketorolac, an NSAID lacking direct effects on gut bacteria, has any significant impact on intestinal microbiota and bile acids in the absence of mucosal inflammation. We also addressed the possibility that ketorolac-induced bacterial and bile acid alterations are due to a delay in gastrointestinal (GI) transit. Methods: Vehicle or ketorolac (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) were given to rats by oral gavage once daily for four weeks, and the severity of mucosal inflammation was evaluated macroscopically, histologically, and by measuring the levels of inflammatory proteins and claudin-1 in the distal jejunal tissue. The luminal amount of bile acids was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, whereas the composition of microbiota by sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA. GI transit was assessed by the charcoal meal method. Results: Ketorolac up to 3 mg/kg did not cause any signs of mucosal damage to the small intestine. However, 3 mg/kg of ketorolac induced dysbiosis, which was characterized by a loss of families belonging to Firmicutes (Paenibacillaceae, Clostridiales Family XIII, Christensenellaceae) and bloom of Enterobacteriaceae. Ketorolac also changed the composition of small intestinal bile by decreasing the concentration of conjugated bile acids and by increasing the amount of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA). The level of conjugated bile acids correlated negatively with the abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae 1, Muribaculaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Burkholderiaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae. Ketorolac, under the present experimental conditions, did not change the GI transit. Conclusion: This is the first demonstration that low-dose ketorolac disturbed the delicate balance between small intestinal bacteria and bile acids, despite having no significant effect on intestinal mucosal integrity and peristalsis. Other, yet unidentified, factors may contribute to ketorolac-induced dysbiosis and bile dysmetabolism.

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Subclinical Hypothyroidism of Pregnant Women.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) of subclinical hypothyroidism of pregnant women, and explore their possible relevance.MethodsIn total, 224 pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy (study group) and 196 pregnant women whose thyroid function was normal (control group) were enrolled in this study. Lactulose-based hydrogen and methane breath test was performed to evaluate the growth of intestinal bacteria. The serum-free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), body mass index (BMI) and gastrointestinal symptoms were detected and recorded.ResultsThe positive rates of SIBO were 56.7% and 31.6% in study group and control group, respectively. The levels of C response protein (CRP), abdominal distension and constipation in study group were higher than those in the control group. The risk of abdominal distension and constipation in SIBO-positive pregnant women were higher than that in SIBO-negative pregnant women, and the BMI of SIBO-positive patients in the two groups was lower than that of SIBO-negative patients in each group. In addition, the TPOAb-positive rate and TSH levels were higher but the FT4 level was lower in SIBO-positive patients compared to SIBO-negative patients in study group.ConclusionThe occurrence of subclinical hypothyroidism is related to SIBO, and the excessive growth of small intestinal bacteria may affect gastrointestinal symptoms.Clinical Trial http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx, identifier ChiCTR1900026326.

Effect of added different levels of Graviola Leavs meal ( Annona muricata L) on biochemical blood traits and bacteriological account in broilers chicken

The study was carried out at the Animal Production Department Faculty of agriculture university of kufa to investigate the effect of replacing(GLM) Graviola leavs meal ( Annona muricata) fruit with antibiotcs and antioxidant in the broiler diets. The experiment was conducted at the poultry farm of the Animal Production Department, College of Agriculture, university of Kufa. Starter diets ( 23.82% C.P and 3029.7 kcal ME/kg) feed were gave to the birds from week 1 to week 3 of age, and finisher diets which contained 20.94% C.P. and 3204.5 kcal ME/kg were gave from week 4 to week 5 of age. Three hundred sixty one day old Ross 308 chicks were randomly divided into six groups with three replicate (20 bird / replicate)per group, Each group was subjected to the one of the following treatments (T1) positive control contained antibiotics and antioxidant, (T2) negative control without antibiotics and antioxidant, (T3) T2 + 0.1% Graviola leavs powder, (T4) T2 + 0.2% GLP, (T5) T2 + 0.3% GLP, (T6) T2 + 0.4% GLP. Using Randomized completely Block Design(RCBD). Biochemical blood traits, benefits and harmful bacteria in small intestine. Result showed that there were significant decreasing (P < 0.05) in all treatments contained (GLM) in cholesterol, triglycerids, uric acid, albumen, globulin, and LDL, VLDL, ALPase, glucose, phosphorus and calicium in blood serum compromised with control treatment.

Feeding Of Calcium and Protein Macroparticle Or Microparticle With Bitter Mustard Root On Intestinal Bacteria Population And Nutrient Intake In Quail

This study aims to feeding of protein source feed ingredients in macroparticle or microparticles with the addition of bitter mustard root to the small intestinal bacteria population and nutrient intake in quails. The experimental livestock used by the layer phase quail were 200 birds with an average weight of 149 ± 10.88 g, protein feed ingredients in the form of soybean meal and fish meal, calcium comes from eggshells and mustard root powder as a prebiotic. The research design was a completely randomized design with 4 treatment and 5 replaice (each 10 bird). The treatment were P1= Feed with protein and calcium macroparticles; P2= Feed with protein and calcium microparticles; P3= Feed with protein and calcium macroparticles + bitter mustard root powder 1,2% dan P4= Feed with protein and calcium microparticles + bitter mustard root powder 1,2%. The parameters measured were population of lactic acid bacteria, coliform, pH, protein and calcium intake. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (Anova) and different test (Duncan) on 5% level. The results showed that the use of rations with protein and calcium feed ingredients in macroparticles or microparticles with the addition of bitter mustard root powder had a significant effect (p&lt;0,05) on population of small intestine bacteria and nutrient intake. The use of protein and calcium microparticles with the addition of 1.2% bitter mustard root powder (P4) was able to increase the population of lactic acid bacteria and nutrient intake (protein and calcium) and decreased coliform population and small intestine pH compared to other treatments (P1-P3). The conclusion is feeding of protein and calcium microparticles and addition of 1.2% bitter mustard root powder could increase the population of lactic acid bacteria, protein and calcium intake and reduce the coliform population and the pH of the small intestine.