Small Field Of View Research Articles

Toward omnidirectional and automated imaging system for measuring oceanic whitecap coverage.

Accurate measurements of oceanic whitecap coverage from whitecap images are required for better understanding air-gas transfer and aerosol production processes. However, this is a challenging task because whitecap patches are formed immediately after a wave breaks and are spread over a wide area. The main challenges in designing whitecaps imaging instrument are the small field of view of the camera lens, processing huge numbers of images, recording data over long time periods, and deployment difficulties in stormy conditions. This paper describes the hardware design of a novel high-resolution optical instrument for imaging oceanic whitecaps and the automated algorithm processing the collected images. The instrument was successfully deployed in 2013 as part of the HiWINGS campaign in the North Atlantic Ocean. The instrument uses a fish-eye camera lens to image the whitecaps in a wide angle of view (180°).

3D image based modelling for inspection of objects with micro-features, using inaccurate calibration patterns: an experimental contribution

In this report, the authors give a contribution to the study of the influence of inaccuracy of the shape and the position of calibration targets, on the accuracy of Photogrammetry in digitizing micro-features. In a machine vision, camera calibration is performed with planar patterns printed on common papers. When the pattern is small, inaccuracies are experienced. This limitation is overcome by using a coordinate measuring machine to measure the pattern and improve the calibration data. After the calibration improvement, the photogrammetric results are comparable with the existing and more expensive accurate techniques. The use of photogrammetry or computer vision for measuring objects with micro features is a promising research field, yet unexplored. When calibrating cameras for small fields of view is gained, the inaccuracies of the pattern affect the calibration accuracy. A few research papers are available about camera calibration with inaccurate patterns, but no industrial approaches are presented to solve the problem with consequent industrial applications. In the present report, these issues are overcome with a practical method applied to two case studies.

Super-oscillatory focusing of circularly polarized light by ultra-long focal length planar lens based on binary amplitude-phase modulation.

In traditional optics, the focal spot size of a conventional lens is restricted to the diffraction limit 0.5λ/NA, where λ is the wavelength in vacuum and NA is the numerical aperture of the lens. Recently, various sub-diffraction focusing optical devices have been demonstrated, but they usually have short focal length and high numerical aperture. Moreover, they always suffer the problem of huge sidelobes near the focal spot and small field of view, especially when the focal spot size is less than the super-oscillation criteria 0.38λ/NA. To address the problem, here, we reported a far-field sub-diffraction point-focusing lens based on binary phase and amplitude modulation with ultra-long focal length 252.8 μm (399.5λ) and small numerical aperture 0.78, and experimentally demonstrated a super-oscillatory focusing of circularly polarized light with spot size 287 nm (0.454λ), smaller than the diffraction limit 0.64λ and the super-oscillation criterion 0.487λ. What’s more, on the focal plane, in the measured area within the radius of 142λ, the largest sidelobe intensity is less than 26% of the central lobe intensity. Such ultra-long distance super-oscillatory focusing with small sidelobes and large field of view has great potential applications in far-field super-resolution microscopy, ultra-high-density optical storage and nano-fabrication.

Dosimetry of Three Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Scanners at Different Fields of View in Terms of Various Head and Neck Organs.

BackgroundMarketing new radiography devices necessitates documenting their absorbed X-ray doses. Since the current literature lacks studies on new devices, we assessed the doses of two new devices that had not previously been assessed.ObjectivesThe new devices were compared to the Promax three dimensional (3D) scanner at two fields of view (FOV) in nine critical head and neck tissues and organs.Materials and MethodsSeventeen thermoluminescence dosimeters positioned in an average-sized male RANDO phantom were used to determine the dosimetry of the three cone beam computerized tomography devices (NewTom VGi, NewTom 5G, and Promax 3D) at two field of views (FOVs), one small and one large. The exposure by each device per FOV was performed five times (30 exposures). The absorbed and effective doses were calculated for the thyroid, parotid, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, calvarium, cervical vertebra, trunk of the mandible, and mandibular ramus. The doses pertaining to the different devices, the FOVs, and the tissues were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests.ResultsThe average absorbed doses, respectively, for the large and small FOVs were 17.19 and 28.89 mGy in the Promax 3D, 19.25 and 35.46 mGy in the NewTom VGi, and 18.85 and 30.63 mGy in the NewTom 5G. The absorbed doses related to the FOVs were not significantly different (P value = 0.1930). However, the effective doses were significantly greater at the smaller FOVs / higher resolutions (P = 0.0039). The doses of the three devices were not significantly different (P = 0.8944). The difference among the nine organs/tissues was significant (Kruskal-Wallis P=0.0000).ConclusionThe absorbed doses pertaining to the devices and the FOVs were not significantly different, although the organs/tissues absorbed considerably different doses.

Construction of Extended 3D Field of Views of the Internal Bladder Wall Surface: A Proof of Concept

3D extended field of views (FOVs) of the internal bladder wall facilitate lesion diagnosis, patient follow-up and treatment traceability. In this paper, we propose a 3D image mosaicing algorithm guided by 2D cystoscopic video-image registration for obtaining textured FOV mosaics. In this feasibility study, the registration makes use of data from a 3D cystoscope prototype providing, in addition to each small FOV image, some 3D points located on the surface. This proof of concept shows that textured surfaces can be constructed with minimally modified cystoscopes. The potential of the method is demonstrated on numerical and real phantoms reproducing various surface shapes. Pig and human bladder textures are superimposed on phantoms with known shape and dimensions. These data allow for quantitative assessment of the 3D mosaicing algorithm based on the registration of images simulating bladder textures.

A prototype piecewise-linear dynamic attenuator

The piecewise-linear dynamic attenuator has been proposed as a mechanism in CT scanning for personalizing the x-ray illumination on a patient- and application-specific basis. Previous simulations have shown benefits in image quality, scatter, and dose objectives. We report on the first prototype implementation. This prototype is reduced in scale and speed and is integrated into a tabletop CT system with a smaller field of view (25 cm) and longer scan time (42 s) compared to a clinical system. Stainless steel wedges were machined and affixed to linear actuators, which were in turn held secure by a frame built using rapid prototyping technologies. The actuators were computer-controlled, with characteristic noise of about 100 microns. Simulations suggest that in a clinical setting, the impact of actuator noise could lead to artifacts of only 1 HU. Ring artifacts were minimized by careful design of the wedges. A water beam hardening correction was applied and the scan was collimated to reduce scatter. We scanned a 16 cm water cylinder phantom as well as an anthropomorphic pediatric phantom. The artifacts present in reconstructed images are comparable to artifacts normally seen with this tabletop system. Compared to a flat-field reference scan, increased detectability at reduced dose is shown and streaking is reduced. Artifacts are modest in our images and further refinement is possible. Issues of mechanical speed and stability in the challenging clinical CT environment will be addressed in a future design.

SU‐G‐IeP4‐09: Method of Human Eye Aberration Measurement Using Plenoptic Camera Over Large Field of View

Purpose:The measurement based on Shack‐Hartmann wave‐front sensor(WFS), obtaining both the high and low order wave‐front aberrations simultaneously and accurately, has been applied in the detection of human eyes aberration in recent years. However, Its application is limited by the small field of view (FOV), slight eye movement leads the optical bacon image exceeds the lenslet array which result in uncertain detection error. To overcome difficulties of precise eye location, the capacity of detecting eye wave‐front aberration over FOV much larger than simply a single conjugate Hartmann WFS accurately and simultaneously is demanded.Methods:Plenoptic camera's lenslet array subdivides the aperture light‐field in spatial frequency domain, capture the 4‐D light‐field information. Data recorded by plenoptic cameras can be used to extract the wave‐front phases associated to the eyes aberration. The corresponding theoretical model and simulation system is built up in this article to discuss wave‐front measurement performance when utilizing plenoptic camera as wave‐front sensor.Results:The simulation results indicate that the plenoptic wave‐front method can obtain both the high and low order eyes wave‐front aberration with the same accuracy as conventional system in single visual angle detectionand over FOV much larger than simply a single conjugate Hartmann systems. Meanwhile, simulation results show that detection of eye aberrations wave‐front in different visual angle can be achieved effectively and simultaneously by plenoptic method, by both point and extended optical beacon from the eye.Conclusion:Plenoptic wave‐front method possesses the feasibility in eye aberrations wave‐front detection. With larger FOV, the method can effectively reduce the detection error brought by imprecise eye location and simplify the eye aberrations wave‐front detection system comparing with which based on Shack‐Hartmann WFS. Unique advantage of the plenoptic method lies in obtaining wave‐front in different visual angle simultaneously, which provides an approach in building up 3‐D model of eye refractor tomographically.Funded by the key Laboratory of High Power Laser and Physics, CAS Research Project of National University of Defense Technology No. JC13‐07‐01; National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 61205144

TU‐H‐BRA‐05: A System Design for Integration of An Interior MRI and a Linear Accelerator

Purpose:MRI is a highly desirable modality to guide radiation therapy but it is difficult to combine a conventional MRI scanner directly with a linear accelerator (linac). An interior MRI (iMRI) concept has been proposed to acquire MRI images within a small field of view only covering targets and immediate surrounding tissues. The objective of this project is to design an interior MRI system to work with a linac using a magnet to provide a field around 0.2T in a cube of 20cm per side, and perform image reconstruction with a slightly inhomogeneous static magnetic fields.Methods:All the results are simulated using a commercially available software package, FARADY. In our design, a ring structure holds the iMRI system and also imbeds a linac treatment head. The ring is synchronized to the linac gantry rotation. Half of the ring is made of steel and becomes a magnetic flux return path (yoke) so that a strong magnetic field will be limited inside the iron circuit and fringe fields will be very weak. In order to increase the static magnetic field homogeneity, special steel magnet boots or tips were simulated. Three curved boots were designed based on two‐dimensional curves: arc, parabola and hyperbola.Results:Different boot surfaces modify magnetic field distributions differently. With the same pair of neodymium‐iron‐boron (NdFeB) magnets, the magnetic induction at the centers are 0.217T, 0.201T, 0.204T, and 0.212T for flat, arc, parabola and hyperbola boots, respectively. The hyperbola boots lead to the most homogeneous results, the static magnetic field deviations are within 0.5% in a cube of 20cm, and can be further improved using shimming techniques.Conclusion:This study supports the concept of an iMRI design. Successful development of iMRI will provide crucial information for tumor delineation in radiation therapy.

SU‐G‐IeP3‐03: Dual‐Filament, Multi‐Facet Anode Design to Overcome Small Focal Spot Output Limitations

Purpose:Demonstrate the advantages of two novel x‐ray tube‐insert designs to overcome tube output limitations for high‐resolution, small field‐of‐view (FOV) angiographic imaging.Methods:High‐spatial resolution with a small focal spot (sfs) is achievable with the microangiographic (MA) detector that we have developed. The two designs explored are a non‐offset design, and an offset design. Both tube‐insert designs include two filaments, L1 and L2, and two focal target tracks. L1 corresponds to an 8° anode region to produce a medium effective focal spot (mfs) to be used with the standard FOV flat‐panel detector (FPD). L2 corresponds to a 2° anode region to produce a small effective focal spot (sfs) to be used with the smaller FOV MA detector, while providing comparable x‐ray output. The non‐offset design has the sfs region closer to the anode rotation axis, and mfs region farther from the axis. The offset design has the mfs region closer to the rotation axis, and sfs region farther from the rotation axis. The sfs region of the offset design has a greater anode track diameter which may further increase output capability. However, in order to avoid limitations on the mfs FOV in this design, the sfs target region of the anode is offset in the anode cathode direction. The geometries of both designs are illustrated and compared.Results:It is shown that the new designs enable increased tube output for the sfs when used with a small FOV detector, while also allowing for increased FOV with the standard FPD and the mfs.Conclusion:A dual track, dual filament x‐ray tube‐insert design provides increased output capability over a small FOV, while enabling an mfs to be used with the lower resolution standard FPD.Toshiba Medical Systems Corp

Numerical simulation of closest vane thermal performance in large aperture Space Solar Telescope

Since large aperture & small field of view (FOV) solar telescopes operate in special environment, thermal design is a key to achieve excellent optical performance. A thermal-scattering integrated design on vanes in large aperture & small FOV solar telescopes is proposed to obtain high signal to noise ratio and high spatial resolution. The present study is aimed to investigate the importance of additional thermal effect on the primary mirror caused by closest vane with various geometrical parameters. Three series of thermal models of Space Solar Telescope (SST) are developed to investigate the effects on the primary mirror temperature for its original thermal design after adding closest vane. Thermal variation based on three different geometrical parameters for these models are analyzed and the importance of the additional thermal effects of closest vane are identified and discussed. Suggestion is proposed to optimize three geometrical parameters of closest vane in thermal-scattering integrated design of SST.

Investigation of cone-beam CT image quality trade-off for image-guided radiation therapy

It is well-known that projections acquired over an angular range slightly over 180° (so-called short scan) are sufficient for fan-beam reconstruction. However, due to practical imaging conditions (projection data and reconstruction image discretization, physical factors, and data noise), the short-scan reconstructions may have different appearances and properties from the full-scan (scans over 360°) reconstructions. Nevertheless, short-scan configurations have been used in applications such as cone-beam CT (CBCT) for head-neck-cancer image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) that only requires a small field of view due to the potential reduced imaging time and dose. In this work, we studied the image quality trade-off for full, short, and full/short scan configurations with both conventional filtered-backprojection (FBP) reconstruction and iterative reconstruction algorithms based on total-variation (TV) minimization for head-neck-cancer IGRT. Anthropomorphic and Catphan phantoms were scanned at different exposure levels with a clinical scanner used in IGRT. Both visualization- and numerical-metric-based evaluation studies were performed. The results indicate that the optimal exposure level and number of views are in the middle range for both FBP and TV-based iterative algorithms and the optimization is object-dependent and task-dependent. The optimal view numbers decrease with the total exposure levels for both FBP and TV-based algorithms. The results also indicate there are slight differences between FBP and TV-based iterative algorithms for the image quality trade-off: FBP seems to be more in favor of larger number of views while the TV-based algorithm is more robust to different data conditions (number of views and exposure levels) than the FBP algorithm. The studies can provide a general guideline for image-quality optimization for CBCT used in IGRT and other applications.

Corrections for On-Orbit ATMS Lunar Contamination

The cold calibration count from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) space view increases when the lunar radiation intrudes its antenna field of view (FOV). This increase is referred to as lunar contamination since the cold count is not matched with the specified brightness temperature of 2.73 K. For ATMS, it is found that the elapse time of lunar intrusion (LI) and the magnitude of the cold count increase are channel dependent. If the lunar-affected calibration counts are rejected in the processing, a data gap can be shown in brightness temperature at all channels. At ATMS channels 1 and 2, which have a large FOV, the LI can result in an increase of 40 counts in cold calibration. At higher frequency channels which have a smaller FOV size, the LI intensity is much stronger and can be as large as a few hundred counts. The LI becomes significant when its radiation appears in the ATMS antenna main beam. In the current ATMS operational calibration algorithm, the cold count anomaly is detected when the intensity of LI exceeds a certain threshold. The lunar radiation can be also corrected in the ATMS calibration. In doing so, a lunar radiation term is derived as a function of antenna gain, the solid angle of the Moon, and the brightness temperature of the Moon disk. This algorithm is applied in an ATMS calibration system developed at NOAA and shows a successful removal of all the lunar contamination on the earth-scene brightness temperature.

MxCSM: A 100-slit, 6-Wavelength Wide-Field Coronal Spectropolarimeter for the Study of the Dynamics and the Magnetic Fields of the Solar Corona

remendous progress has been made in the field of observational coronal magnetometry in the first decade of the 21st century. With the successful construction of the Coronal Multichannel Magnetometer (CoMP) instrument, observations of the linear polarization of the coronal emission lines (CELs), which carry information about the azimuthal direction of the coronal magnetic fields, are now routinely available. However, reliable and regular measurements of the circular polarization signals of the CELs remain illusive. The CEL circular polarization signals allow us to infer the magnetic field strength in the corona, and is critically important {\bf of} our understanding of the solar corona. Current telescopes and instrument can only measure the coronal magnetic field strength over a small field of view. Furthermore, the observations require very long integration time that preclude the study of dynamic events even when only a small field of view is required. This paper describes a new instrument concept that employees large-scale multiplexing technology to enhance the efficiency of current coronal spectropolarimeter by more than two orders of magnitude. This will allow for the instrument to increase of the integration time at each spatial location by the same factor, while also achieving a large field of view coverage. We will present the conceptual design of a 100-slit coronal spectropolarimeter that can observe six coronal emission lines simultaneously. Instruments based on this concept will allow us to study the evolution of the coronal magnetic field even with coronagraphs with modest aperture.

GALAXY STRATEGY FOR LIGO-VIRGO GRAVITATIONAL WAVE COUNTERPART SEARCHES

ABSTRACT In this work we continue a line of inquiry begun in Kanner et al. which detailed a strategy for utilizing telescopes with narrow fields of view, such as the Swift X-ray Telescope (XRT), to localize gravitational wave (GW) triggers from LIGO/Virgo. If one considers the brightest galaxies that produce ∼50% of the light, then the number of galaxies inside typical GW error boxes will be several tens. We have found that this result applies both in the early years of Advanced LIGO when the range was small and the error boxes were large, and will apply in the later years when the error boxes will be small and the range will be large. This strategy has the beneficial property of reducing the number of telescope pointings by a factor of 10–100 compared with tiling the entire error box. Additional galaxy count reduction will come from a GW rapid distance estimate which will restrict the radial slice in search volume. Combining the bright galaxy strategy with a convolution based on anticipated GW localizations, we find that the searches can be restricted to about 18 ± 5 galaxies for 2015, about 23 ± 4 for 2017, and about 11 ± 2 for 2020. This assumes a distance localization at the putative neutron star–neutron star merger range μ for each target year, and these totals are integrated out to the range. Integrating out to the horizon would roughly double the totals. For localizations with r ≪ &mgr; ?> the totals would decrease. The galaxy strategy we present in this work will enable numerous sensitive optical and XRTs with small fields of view to participate meaningfully in searches wherein the prospects for rapidly fading afterglow place a premium on a fast response time.

Optimal strategies for observation of active galactic nuclei variability with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes

Variable emission is one of the defining characteristic of active galactic nuclei (AGN). While providing precious information on the nature and physics of the sources, variability is often challenging to observe with time- and field-of-view-limited astronomical observatories such as Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). In this work, we address two questions relevant for the observation of sources characterized by AGN-like variability: what is the most time-efficient way to detect such sources, and what is the observational bias that can be introduced by the choice of the observing strategy when conducting blind surveys of the sky. Different observing strategies are evaluated using simulated light curves and realistic instrument response functions of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), a future gamma-ray observatory. We show that strategies that makes use of very small observing windows, spread over large periods of time, allows for a faster detection of the source, and are less influenced by the variability properties of the sources, as compared to strategies that concentrate the observing time in a small number of large observing windows. Although derived using CTA as an example, our conclusions are conceptually valid for any IACTs facility, and in general, to all observatories with small field of view and limited duty cycle.

Retinal slit lamp video mosaicking.

PurposeTo this day, the slit lamp remains the first tool used by an ophthalmologist to examine patient eyes. Imaging of the retina poses, however, a variety of problems, namely a shallow depth of focus, reflections from the optical system, a small field of view and non-uniform illumination. For ophthalmologists, the use of slit lamp images for documentation and analysis purposes, however, remains extremely challenging due to large image artifacts. For this reason, we propose an automatic retinal slit lamp video mosaicking, which enlarges the field of view and reduces amount of noise and reflections, thus enhancing image quality.MethodsOur method is composed of three parts: (i) viable content segmentation, (ii) global registration and (iii) image blending. Frame content is segmented using gradient boosting with custom pixel-wise features. Speeded-up robust features are used for finding pair-wise translations between frames with robust random sample consensus estimation and graph-based simultaneous localization and mapping for global bundle adjustment. Foreground-aware blending based on feathering merges video frames into comprehensive mosaics.ResultsForeground is segmented successfully with an area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.9557. Mosaicking results and state-of-the-art methods were compared and rated by ophthalmologists showing a strong preference for a large field of view provided by our method.ConclusionsThe proposed method for global registration of retinal slit lamp images of the retina into comprehensive mosaics improves over state-of-the-art methods and is preferred qualitatively.

Performance of the second MEMS space telescope for observation of extreme lightning from space

A small space-telescope equipped with a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) micro-mirror is applied to space missions for observing random, rare and temporal events like transient luminous events (TLEs). The measurement of TLEs with fine time resolution will show the different temporal profiles predicted by the various models for sprites, blue jets, elves and halos. The proposed space-telescope consists of three components: two sub-telescopes with different focal lengths and a spectrometer. The trigger telescope with a short focal length surveys a wide field of view. The zoom-in telescope with a long focal length looks into a small field of view area that is part of the trigger telescope’s wide field of view. Upon identifying a candidate TLE, the trigger telescope determines the location of the event and provides the location to the MEMS micro-mirror. Then, the micro-mirror, which is placed as a pinhole in front of the zoom-in telescope, rotates its mirror plane by such an angle that the zoom-in telescope will watch the small field of view around the center of the event. In this manner, the zoom-in telescope achieves the zoom-in designed by its long focal length. The first such small-space telescope, the MEMS Telescope for Extreme Lightning (MTEL), was launched into space in 2009 and identified a few candidates sprites. However a power failure (over-charge of the solar battery) of the main satellite occurred, and the MTEL was not able to continue space operation to acquire sizable statistics for TLE events. We developed and constructed the second small-space telescope, called MTEL-II, to continue to observe TLE events in space. In this paper, we present the performance of MTEL-II based on ground tests.

Toward a Fusion of Optical Coherence Tomography and Hyperspectral Imaging for Poultry Meat Quality Assessment

An emerging poultry meat quality concern is associated with chicken breast fillets having an uncharacteristically hard or rigid feel (called the wooden breast condition). The cause of the wooden breast condition is still largely unknown, and there is no single objective evaluation method or system known for rapidly and non-invasively detecting this quality defect in boneless-skinless chicken breast fillets. Thus, there is an immediate need to develop a rapid and non-invasive sensing technique to detect the wooden breast condition. In this study, sub-surface microstructure and optical properties of poultry meat were measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) at 930 nm and hyperspectral imaging from 400 to 1,000 nm. The analysis of the measured OCT B scan images showed that the thickness and pattern of the epimysium (the fibrous connective tissue surrounding the muscle tissue) of the meat could be a good feature to differentiate between normal and wooden breast fillets. The OCT signals under the fats and whitish strong connective tissue were smeared with speckle noise so that the epimysium layer edge disappeared under these locations. Because OCT imaging had a small field of view (˜1 cm x 1 cm), it was implied that the scanning time of a large area such as a chicken fillet would be very long. On the other hand, hyperspectral imaging was effective to rapidly scan the entire surface of each fillet and detect excessive fats and strong connective tissue although a spectral analysis showed that there was no pronounced difference between mean spectra of normal and wooden breast fillets. The study results suggested that hyperspectral imaging would increase the throughput of OCT imaging while OCT would detect the wooden breast condition, when both modalities were fused. Thus, a fusion of OCT and hyperspectral imaging will provide a sensing tool to rapidly and accurately detect and sort chicken breast fillets with the wooden breast condition.

Flexible calibration method for telecentric fringe projection profilometry systems.

A newly developed flexible calibration algorithm for telecentric 3D measurement systems is presented in this paper. We theoretically analyzed the similarities and differences between the telecentric and entocentric system. The telecentric system can be calibrated with the aid of the traditional 2D planar calibration method. An additional two-step refining process is proposed to improve the calibration accuracy effectively. With the calibration and refining algorithm, an affine camera can be calibrated with a reprojection error of 0.07 pixel. A projector with small field of view (FOV) is applied to achieve a full 3D reconstruction in our profilometry system. Experiments with a prototype demonstrate the validation and accuracy of the proposed calibration algorithm and system configuration. The reconstruction accuracy can achieve 5 µm with a measurement FOV of 28.43 mm×21.33 mm and a working distance of 110 mm.

Image Montaging for Creating a Virtual Pathology Slide: An Innovative and Economical Tool to Obtain a Whole Slide Image.

Background. Microscopes are omnipresent throughout the field of biological research. With microscopes one can see in detail what is going on at the cellular level in tissues. Though it is a ubiquitous tool, the limitation is that with high magnification there is a small field of view. It is often advantageous to see an entire sample at high magnification. Over the years technological advancements in optics have helped to provide solutions to this limitation of microscopes by creating the so-called dedicated “slide scanners” which can provide a “whole slide digital image.” These scanners can provide seamless, large-field-of-view, high resolution image of entire tissue section. The only disadvantage of such complete slide imaging system is its outrageous cost, thereby hindering their practical use by most laboratories, especially in developing and low resource countries. Methods. In a quest for their substitute, we tried commonly used image editing software Adobe Photoshop along with a basic image capturing device attached to a trinocular microscope to create a digital pathology slide. Results. The seamless image created using Adobe Photoshop maintained its diagnostic quality. Conclusion. With time and effort photomicrographs obtained from a basic camera-microscope set up can be combined and merged in Adobe Photoshop to create a whole slide digital image of practically usable quality at a negligible cost.