Slight Decrease In Temperature Research Articles

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ АРЕАЛОВ ПРОИЗРАСТАНИЯ ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНО ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ

The article considers climatic features of habitats of potentially medicinal plants are according to the data from 33 meteorological stations for the period from 1991 to 2023. Statistical analysis and visualization of the data using boxplot diagrams were carried out. Seasonal and annual trends in air temperature and precipitation amounts in the habitats of medicinal plants were analyzed. In all areas, in all seasons of the year, there is an increase in air temperature. Only in the areas of Southern Kazakhstan and Piedmont zone of Ile-Alatau there is a slight decrease in temperature in autumn. In general, there is a widespread increase in temperature by 0.29-0.62 °C/10 years per year, with significant trends for spring and summer. The analysis of the time course of monthly precipitation sums showed that there is a diverse change in precipitation, all trends are insignificant, with the exception of autumn for the Central Kazakhstan area. The study of seasonal and annual variations in the main meteorological variables in the habitats of potentially medicinal plants is an important aspect both for understanding the peculiarities of plant growth and for optimizing the processes of their cultivation, collection and use for medicinal purposes. Meteorological conditions, such as air temperature and precipitation, are playing a key role in shaping the biological characteristics of medicinal plants, their active constituents and therapeutic properties.

Analyzing vegetation health dynamics across seasons and regions through NDVI and climatic variables

This study assesses the relationships between vegetation dynamics and climatic variations in Pakistan from 2000 to 2023. Employing high-resolution Landsat data for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) assessments, integrated with climate variables from CHIRPS and ERA5 datasets, our approach leverages Google Earth Engine (GEE) for efficient processing. It combines statistical methodologies, including linear regression, Mann–Kendall trend tests, Sen's slope estimator, partial correlation, and cross wavelet transform analyses. The findings highlight significant spatial and temporal variations in NDVI, with an annual increase averaging 0.00197 per year (p < 0.0001). This positive trend is coupled with an increase in precipitation by 0.4801 mm/year (p = 0.0016). In contrast, our analysis recorded a slight decrease in temperature (− 0.01011 °C/year, p < 0.05) and a reduction in solar radiation (− 0.27526 W/m2/year, p < 0.05). Notably, cross-wavelet transform analysis underscored significant coherence between NDVI and climatic factors, revealing periods of synchronized fluctuations and distinct lagged relationships. This analysis particularly highlighted precipitation as a primary driver of vegetation growth, illustrating its crucial impact across various Pakistani regions. Moreover, the analysis revealed distinct seasonal patterns, indicating that vegetation health is most responsive during the monsoon season, correlating strongly with peaks in seasonal precipitation. Our investigation has revealed Pakistan's complex association between vegetation health and climatic factors, which varies across different regions. Through cross-wavelet analysis, we have identified distinct coherence and phase relationships that highlight the critical influence of climatic drivers on vegetation patterns. These insights are crucial for developing regional climate adaptation strategies and informing sustainable agricultural and environmental management practices in the face of ongoing climatic changes.

Development of a GSM-RC Automated Device for Measuring Mobile Communication Signal Strength and Meteorological Parameters

The automated Global System for Mobile Communication Signal Strength and Radio Climatological (GSM-RC) measuring device is an integration of different electronic sensors in a box for an in-situ measuring system. The sensor, data logging, and communication subsystems are integrated for transmitting information on meteorological parameters (MPs) and GSM signal strength level (SSL). The goal is to develop a device that could simultaneously measure MP and SSL of GSM communication systems in any location of interest. This is to reduce significant errors due to a lack of synchronization among multiple devices. To accomplish this objective, we designed an atmospheric sensing system with GSM SSL, temperature, relative humidity, and pressure sensors integrated as a GSM-RC unit. An Arduino microcontroller unit was used to wirelessly transmit the data collected by various sensors in each subsystem and stored on a micro-SD card. A statistical analysis of the SSL between the GSM-RC and the Samsung Galaxy A10s mobile reveals a correlation of roughly 0.99. The ANOVA analysis of variance demonstrates no noticeable distinction between the SSL from developed and conventional devices. The P-value is about 0.93, with α-value of 0.05. The MPs were validated with a standard Vintage Pro weather station, and the data were statistically correlated with accuracies close to unity. A field test was carried out with the device to measure the SSL through the GSM and the selected MP in Akure from January to December 2022. The findings indicate a weak and poor correlation between temperature and signal strength, while relative humidity and pressure have a positive and weak correlations with the signal strength. This implies that an increase in SSL leads to a slight decrease in temperature while the relative humidity and pressure increase slightly. Other than being affordable in terms of production and deployment, the device has also solved the problem of labour-intensiveness arising from bulkiness.

Temperature Field Modelas a Factor to Improve a Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger of a Heat Pump System: Review of Scientific Approaches and the Content of the Analytical Model

The article is devoted to the research of issues related to the organization of control systems for heat pump installations (HPS). HPS is used to use low-potential energy of the environment in the heat supply of buildings. HPS with horizontal ground heat exchangers (HGHE) are of great importance for improving energy efficiency. The efficiency and reliability of HPS with HGHE strongly depends on the state of the soil temperature field. A large number of scientific publications are devoted to modeling soil temperature fields forHGHEparameterdetermination; a significant part of them is devoted to the study of vertical ground heat exchangers. Scientific developments presented in foreign publications on modeling the temperature field of the HGHE location environment are focused on the use of HPS in the cold supply mode and/or in the heat supply mode under conditions of a slight decrease in temperature, which excludes soil freezing. The aim of the study was to apply the existing methods of the analytical theory of thermal conductivity to develop a soil-environment TP model for the placement of a HGHE HPS; the developed model is intended for engineering calculations of the main design HGHEparameters; the model is also applicable to determine the annual specific heat flow as an important parameter in the optimal control system of the HPI. The development of the model is based on the condition of a two-element structure of the soil massif: under the HGHE and above the HGHE; the target parameter is the temperature of the soil mass, depending on the coordinate and time, disclosed through the indicator 'relative temperature rise'; in accordance with the provisions of the thermal conductivitytheory, the relative excess temperature is given for the cases of a semi-infinite body (soil mass under the HGHE) and a slab (soil mass above the HGHE). The proposed model is implemented on the example of two constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The results obtained made it possible to determine the minimum guaranteed possibility of using HPS for heat supply in these climatic conditions. The model presented in the article can be used as a context for further studies of the main parameters of HGHE HPS operation and optimization of HPS operation modes.

Exploration of Campus Environmental Health Issues and Individual Disparities in Environmental Perceptions Based on Daily Activity Path

Individual surveillance methods help identify subtle health risks that may be overlooked in room surveillance. This study aims to investigate campus environmental health issues by tracking university students’ daily exposure processes in their living environment. A field survey was conducted among 58 students at a university in northern China. They were equipped with a “companion data collection device” to record exposure experiences and activity pathways related to light, heat, and air environments. A questionnaire was also administered. Morning exposure to adequate light (Circadian Stimulus ≥ 0.3) increased alertness, but only 57% of undergraduates met this standard, and 67% of those waking up after 8 AM experienced this. People with different preferences chose diverse dining spots, and those favoring “roasted,” “stir-fried,” and “deep-fried” foods encountered higher PM2.5 pollution concentrations during meals. During periods of central heating, there is a trade-off between ventilation and heating efficiency. “Slightly open window” for bedroom ventilation at night resulted in a slight temperature decrease of about 1.2 °C but effectively controlled the increase in CO2 concentrations (about 180 ppm). Companion-type data collection shifts focus from buildings to individuals, providing the means and basis for identifying potential health risks in daily campus life.

Effects of temperature on the structure of mesoporous silica materials templated with cationic surfactants in a nonhydrothermal short-term synthesis route

This paper reports the influence of synthesis temperature on the structure of mesoporous silica materials templated with ionic surfactant. The results obtained allow for the prediction of optimal temperature value to be used in nonhydrothermal short-term synthesis. The model materials were mesoporous silicates of MCM-41 type. The samples were prepared under alkaline conditions using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a silica source and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as templates. An increase in synthesis temperature led to a rougher surface and decrease in the long-range ordering of the materials obtained, while a slight temperature decrease produced additional porosity. The reasons for these structural disturbances were briefly explained. The best material structure was obtained by synthesis at a temperature slightly higher than the Krafft temperature of surfactant of the porosity template.

Extents of Predictors for Land Surface Temperature Using Multiple Regression Model.

Land surface temperature (LST) is a key factor in numerous areas such as climate change, land use/land cover in the urban areas, and heat balance and is also a significant participant in the creation of climate models. Landsat data has given numerous possibilities to understand the land processes by means of remote sensing. The present study has been performed to identify the LST of the study region using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite images for two time periods in order to compare the data. The study also attempted to identify and predict the role and importance of NDVI, NDBI, and the slope of the region on LST. The study concludes that the maximum and minimum temperatures of 40.44 C and 20.78 C were recorded during the November month whereas the maximum and minimum LST for month March has increased to 42.44 C and 24.57 C respectively. The result indicates that LST is inversely proportional to NDVI (−6.369) and slope (−0.077) whereas LST is directly proportional to NDBI (+14.74). Multiple linear regression model has been applied to calculate the extents of NDVI, NDBI, and slope on the LST. It concludes that the increase in vegetation and slope would result in slight decrease in temperature whereas the increase in built-up will result in a huge increase in temperature.

Energy Imbalance Between the Earth and Space Controls the Climate

The climate system depends at an extremely complex set of long-term (about 30 years or more) physical processes in the ocean-land-atmosphere systems, which, in turn, are influenced mainly quasi-bicentennial variations of the total solar irradiance (TSI). The TSI decline phase started around 1990. The onset of the Grand minimum phase of the TSI quasi-bicentennial cycle of the Maunder type is predicted in the 27th ±1 cycle in 2043±11. Long period of deficiency of absorbed solar energy since about 1990 was not compensated by a decrease in the Earth’s thermal energy emitted into space, since it does not have time to cool down due to thermal inertia, and it continues to radiate heat in the same high volumes. Solar cooling has started. As a result, the Earth has, and will continue to have, a long negative energy balance, which will ensure a slight decrease in temperature. However, this slight decrease in temperature is extremely important as a trigger mechanism for the subsequent chain effects of secondary causal effects of feedback that will greatly enhance the cooling. This will certainly lead to the onset of a phase of deep cooling of the climate approximately in the year 2070±11. The temperature is always cooler (with some time delay) in the during long-term periods of TSI decline phase of the TSI quasi-bicentennial cycle and warmer in the during periods of its growth phase. The climate sensitivity to the atmospheric carbon dioxide abundance, due to the significant overlap of the spectral absorption bands of the water vapor and carbon dioxide, decreases as a result of a significant increase in the concentration of water vapor directly in the near-surface layer of the troposphere during warming. The impact of a long-term cloud coverage growth on climate change is also virtually nonexistent.

Effect of temperature on biogas yield increase and formation of refractory COD during thermal hydrolysis of waste activated sludge

Thermal hydrolysis (TH) increases the anaerobic biodegradability of waste activated sludge (WAS), but also refractory organic and nutrient return load to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This could lead to an increase in effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the WWTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the trade-off between increase in biogas production through TH and anaerobic digestion and increase in refractory COD in dewatered sludge liquors at different temperatures of TH in lab-scale. WAS was thermally hydrolyzed in temperature range of 130–170 °C for 30 min to determine its biomethane potential (BMP). After BMP test, sludge was dewatered and sludge liquor was aerated in Zahn-Wellens test to determine its non-biodegradable soluble COD known as refractory soluble COD (sCODref). With increasing temperature in the range of 130–170 °C, BMP of WAS increased by 17–27%, while sCODref increased by 3.9–8.4%. Dewaterability was also enhanced through relative increase in cake solids by 12–30%. A conversion factor was defined through mass balance to relate sCODref to volatile solids of raw WAS. Based on the conversion factor, expected increase in effluent CODs of six WWTPs in Berlin were predicted to be in the range of 2–15 mg/L after implementation of TH at different temperatures. It was concluded that with a slight decrease in temperature, formation of sCODref could be significantly reduced, while still benefiting from a substantial increase in biogas production and dewaterability improvement.

Plant population dynamics on oceanic islands during the Late Quaternary climate changes: genetic evidence from a tree species (Coffea mauritiana) in Reunion Island.

Past climatic fluctuations have played a major role in shaping the current plant biodiversity. Although harbouring an exceptional biota, oceanic islands have received little attention in studies on species demographic history and past vegetation patterns. We investigated the impact of past climatic changes on the effective population size of a tree (Coffea mauritiana) that is endemic to Reunion Island, located in the south-western Indian Ocean (SWIO). Demographic changes were inferred using summary statistics calculated from genomic data. Using ecological niche modelling and the current distribution of genetic diversity, the paleodistribution of the species was also assessed. A reduction in the effective population size of C.mauritiana during the last glaciation maximum was inferred. The distribution of the species was reduced on the western side of the island, due to low rainfall. It appeared that a major reduction in rainfall and a slight temperature decrease prevailed in the SWIO. Our findings indicated that analyses on the current patterns of intraspecific genetic variations can efficiently contribute to past climatic changes characterisation in remote islands. Identifying area with higher resilience in oceanic islands could provide guidance in forest management and conservation faced to the global climate change.

Computational study on the effect of collector cover inclination angle, absorber plate diameter and chimney height on flow and performance parameters of solar updraft tower (SUT) plant

A computational model is developed to investigate the influence of geometrical configurations such as chimney height (Hch), absorber plate diameter (Dap) and collector plate angle (θcr) on flow and performance characteristics of solar updraft tower (SUT) plant. The diameter of the chimney (Dch) and air entrance gap (e) selected for numerical simulations are 0.6 m and 0.1 m, respectively. Parametric study is carried out by varying Hch of 3–8 m, θcr of 20°-35° with an increment of 5° and Dap of 3.5–12 m. A turbulent model (RNG k-ɛ) is incorporated for considering turbulence effect and Discrete ordinates (DO) model incorporated for estimation of radiation heat transfer inside the setup. It is found that a slight decrease of temperature and increase of air velocity when θcr is increased. It is noticed that air velocity is enhanced (up to 44%) while the Hch is increased from 3 to 8 m. Power output, overall, chimney and exergy efficiencies are estimated. Correlations are developed to estimate the performance parameters in terms of geometrical configurations. From the parametric study, it is concluded that for the Dch and e of 0.6 m and 0.1 m, respectively, better performance can be achieved at a Hch of 7 m, θcr of 30° and Dap of 5 m.

Temperature changes in the pulp chamber induced by polymerization of resin-based dental restoratives following simulated direct pulp capping

The objective of this study was to measure temperature changes in the pulp chamber induced by polymerization of resin-based dental restoratives following a simulated procedure of direct pulp capping. Class I cavities with a microperforation at the pulp horn were prepared in extracted human molar teeth. The complete procedure of direct pulp capping and cavity restoration was performed with the root part of extracted teeth fixed in a water bath at 37 ?C. Mineral trioxide aggregate, bioactive dentin substitute or calcium-hydroxide paste were used as pulp capping materials. Cavities were restored with a light-cured or chemically-cured resin-modified glass ionomer, universal adhesive and a bulk-fill composite, cured with a high-intensity LED unit. Pulp capping materials caused a slight temperature decrease. Lower temperature increase was recorded during light-curing of the glass ionomer liner after direct capping with mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium-hydroxide than that recorded for the bioactive dentin substitute. Adhesive light-curing increased temperature in all groups with higher mean temperatures in groups with chemically-cured as compared to those for the light-cured glass ionomer liner. Direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate or calcium-hydroxide followed by the light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer liner and a bonded bulk-fill composite restoration induced temperature changes below the potentially adverse threshold of 42.5?C.

Effects of carbon dioxide addition to fuel on soot evolution in ethylene and propane diffusion flames

The influence of carbon dioxide addition to the fuel on soot evolution in ethylene and propane diffusion flames was studied by optical diagnostics. The mole fraction of CO2 addition ranged from 0 to 0.5, while the flow rate of the fuel gas was kept constant for these two sets of flames. Spatial distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), temperature, as well as volume fraction, primary particle size and number density of soot were observed by the methods of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), ratio pyrometry and laser-induced incandescence (LII), respectively. It was found that the flame height decreased for ethylene flames while it was nearly constant for propane flames with increasing addition of CO2. The measurements showed a temperature reduction in the lower part but an increase in the upper part in the ethylene-based flames. By contrast, a slight temperature decrease was observed in overall propane-based flames with the addition of CO2. Similar suppression effects were observed in the total soot/PAHs loading, percentage of carbon conversion to soot, and the total number of primary soot particles regardless of the fuel type. Comparison between the total loading of soot and PAHs indicated that addition of CO2 inhibited the conversion of PAHs to soot. The results also showed that the addition of CO2 in the fuel had a small effect on the specific growth rate of soot regardless of the fuel type. Relative changes of particle surface area could reasonably well explain the shift in the peak volume fraction from the wings to the centerline with the addition of CO2 to the ethylene flames.

Development of screening technique for artificial creation of false smut in rice

False smut (Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takahashi) of rice is an emerging disease and a potential threat to rice growers in different countries due to reduction in yield, quality and production of mycotoxins. Development and cultivation of resistant varieties is desirable approach for its management. Different inoculation techniques viz. spray inoculation, syringe inoculation and dusting method were evaluated for creating artificial epiphytotic conditions in susceptible variety PR116 under natural as well as artificially provided humidity conditions. Spray inoculation method produced more number of smut balls per plant (3.21) and per cent infected panicles (33.44%) followed by syringe inoculation (2.00 and 26.57%, respectively) and dusting method (0.33 and 6.67%, respectively). However, syringe inoculation method produced more spikelet sterility (14.82%) in rice panicles. More disease occurrence was reported in plants provided with artificial humidity after inoculations (51.12% infected panicles) than the plants grown under natural conditions (13.33% infected panicles). Late transplanted crop developed higher disease severity (18.17% infected panicles and 3.34 smut balls/plant) which might be attributed by slight decrease in temperature and increase in relative humidity conditions (up to 88% RH) at time of infection from boot to early flowering stage of the rice crop.

Offset analgesia: The role of peripheral and central mechanisms.

Offset Analgesia (OA) can be evoked by a three-heat-stimulus train (T1-T2-T3), with T1 (5s) and T3 (20s) having the same temperature (e.g. 48°C) and T2 (5s) being slightly higher (1-3°C). OA is defined as a disproportional pain reduction caused by the slight temperature decrease from T2 to T3. As the pain modulatory mechanisms behind OA are still poorly understood, the current study aimed to investigate the role of peripheral and central mechanisms by applying heat stimuli to the same location and to different unilateral and bilateral locations. Young healthy volunteers participated in the study. A 'standard-OA' paradigm (48-49-48°C) was applied to the non-dominant volar forearm (T1-T2-T3 applied on the same location). 'Unilateral-OA' trials were applied on three different locations of the non-dominant volar forearm (the same dermatome). 'Bilateral-OA' trials were applied by shifting T1-T2-T3 between dominant and non-dominant volar forearms. A constant stimulus of 48°C was applied as control for the evoked pain. The pain intensities were continuously recorded using an electronic visual analogue scale. The largest pain intensity reduction was reported for the 'standard-OA' paradigm (p<0.001) compared with the control stimulus. Both 'Unilateral-OA' and 'Bilateral-OA' trials caused a significant pain reduction (p<0.05) compared with the control; however, the pain reduction was less than that evoked by 'standard-OA' (p<0.05). This study showed that OA could be elicited when the stimuli were applied both to the same and to different locations (ipsi- and contralateral) indicating that peripheral as well as central mechanisms are involved in mediating OA. This study investigated offset analgesia by applying thermal painful stimuli to the ipsi- and bilateral forearms in healthy subjects and found that both peripheral and central mechanisms seem to mediate offset analgesia.

Fate of Listeria innocua during production and ripening of smeared hard cheese made from raw milk

The fate of 2 different Listeria innocua strains was analyzed during the production and ripening of smeared raw milk Greyerzer cheese (Gruyère). These strains were used as surrogates for the pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes, as they are physiologically very similar. Bacterial cells were added to the cheese milk at levels of 105 cfu/mL. During the first 24 h of cheese making, the number of the test strains decreased to a level of below 102 cfu/g. Obviously, the cooking temperature of 56°C and the subsequent slight temperature decrease to 50°C within 70 min contributed to a distinct reduction of Listeria counts. The counts in the cheese cores did not exceed 103 cfu/g within 12 wk of cheese ripening and Listeria was not detectable after 24 wk. In contrast to the cores of the cheeses of the 4 batches in this study, their rinds always contained a high listerial load of approximately 106 to 108 cfu/g throughout the entire ripening period. The smeared surface showed an increase of pH to alkaline values, corresponding to smear microbiota development. Coryneforms and Staphylococcus counts were stable at >107 cfu/cm2 over 175 d, whereas yeast counts decreased to about 105 cfu/cm2 at the end of ripening. The study shows that the smear culture had no noticeable anti-listerial potential. When removing the rind or portioning such smeared cheese loaves with a cutting device, a postprocess contamination of the core might occur, thus presenting a major hygienic risk.

Seasonal variability of hydrographic structure in Sharm Obhur and water exchange with the Red Sea

Sharm Obhur is a narrow coastal inlet about 10 km long. The maximum depth at the entrance is about 35 m, which decreases gradually towards the head. Nine field trips were conducted for hydrographic survey in the Sharm during April 2015–January 2016 covering pre-summer transition, summer, pre-winter transition and winter seasons. In each trip, eight stations along the central axis of the Sharm were occupied for the measurement of temperature and salinity. In addition, an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) mooring was deployed near the entrance (at station 2) during 18 February–26April 2015. The vertical structures of temperature and salinity show two distinct layers—a relatively low saline surface layer and a high saline bottom layer. The thermohaline properties increase from the entrance towards the head in all the seasons except for a slight decrease in temperature during December. Near the head, the observed maximum temperature and salinity are 33.22 °C (August) and 40.36 psu (April), respectively, while the observed minimum temperature and salinity are 25.05 °C and 38.97 psu, respectively, during January. The water exchange between the Sharm and the Red Sea shows two-layer structure, with a surface inflow and a deep outflow which is typical of basins where evaporation exceeds precipitation. The pressure gradient generated by the increasing density towards the head pushes the relatively low saline surface water from the Red Sea to the Sharm with a gradient in surface salinity influenced by the evapouration and heat exchange. Near the head, it sinks and returns as a deep water flow. The estimated flushing time of the Sharm varies between 7 and 12 days with an average of 9.5 days.

Rodents and insectivores from the late Miocene of Romerales (Fortuna Basin, Southern Spain)

The Neogene Fortuna Basin (Murcia Region, SE Spain) is rich in microvertebrate sites. Its continental sections include localities extended from the middle Turolian (MN12) to the early Ruscinian (MN14). However, there are few works dealing with the taxonomy of these fossil assemblages. In this paper we provide a complete taxonomic study of the rodents and insectivores from three levels (ROM-2B, ROM-2C and ROM-3A) within the Romerales section. We infer a late Turolian age (late Messinian) for these levels, among which the richest and most diverse level is ROM-C, including at least 11 different taxa. In addition, the paleoecological analysis of these fossil assemblages suggests the dominance of open herbaceous meadows under temperate climate during the formation of these sites, with a slight decrease in temperature and humidity from ROM-2B to ROM-2C.

Ore‐forming Fluid Characteristics of the Saishitang Cu‐polymetallic Deposit in Qinghai Province, China

AbstractSaishitang Cu‐polymetallic deposit is located in the southeast section of Late Paleozoic arcfold in the southeastern margin of Qaidam platform. Accoring to the geological process of the deposit, four mineralization episodes were identified: melt/fluid coexisting period (O), skarn period (A), first sulfide period (B) and second sulfide period (C), and 10 stages were finally subdivided. Three types of inclusions were classified in seven stages, namely crystal bearing inclusions (type I), aqueous inclusions (type II) and pure liquid inclusions (type III). Type I and II inclusions were observed in stage Ol, having homogenization temperature from 252 to 431°C, and salinities ranging from 24.3% to 48.0%. Type I inclusion was present in stage A1, having homogenization temperature from 506 to 548° C., and salinities ranging from 39.4% to 44.6%. In stage B1, type II and III inclusions were observed, with homogenization temperature concentrating between 300–400°C, and salinities from 0.4% to 4.3%. Type II inclusions were present in stage B2, with homogenization temperature varying from 403 to 550° C. In stage C1, type I and II inclusion commonly coexisted, and constituted a boiling inclusion group, having homogenization temperatures at 187–463°C, and salinities in a range of 29.4%–46.8% and 2.2%‐11.0%. Type II and III inclusions were developed in stage C2, having homogenization temperature at 124–350°C, and salinities ranging between 1.6% and 15.4%. In stage C3, type II and III inclusions were presented, with a homogenization temperature range of 164–360°C, and salinities varying from 4.0% to 11.0%. The results of micro‐thermal analysis show that fluids are characterized by high temperature and high salinity in stage O1 and A1, and experienced slight decrease in temperature and dramatic decrease in salinity in stage B1 and B2. In stage C1, the salinity of fluid increased greatly and a further decrease of temperature and salinity occurred in stage C2 and C3. Fluids boiled in stage C1. With calculated pressure of 22 MPa from the trapping temperature of 284–289°C, a mineralization depth of 2.2 km was inferred. Results of Laser Raman Spectroscopy show high density of H2O, CH4 and CO2 were found as gas composition. H‐O isotope study indicates the ore‐forming fluids were the mixture of magmatic water and meteoric water. Physicochemical parameters of fluids show oxygen and sulfur fugacity experienced a decrease, and redox state is weakly reducing. Along with fluid evolution, oxidation has increased slightly. Comprehensive analysis shows that melt exsolution occurred during the formation of quartz diorite and that metal elements existed and migrated in the form of chlorine complex. Immiscible fluid separation and boiling widely occurred after addition of new fluids, bringing about dissociation of chlorine‐complex, resulting in a great deal of copper precipitation. In conclusion, Saishitang deposit, controlled by regional tectonics, is formed by metasomatism between highly fractionated mineralization rock body and wall rock, and belongs to banded skarn Cu‐polymetallic deposit.

A Preliminary Study of Holocene Climate Change and Human Adaptation in the Horqin Region

Human activity during the Holocene in the Horqin region, northeastern China, has been widely documented. As an important proxy record of human activity, black carbon (BC) in sediments has been linked to climate change and human adaptation. A loess-paleosol section located in south Horqin was chosen for this study. Holocene climate change and human adaptation to the environment were discussed by analyzing BC, organic carbon (OC) and other proxies. The conclusions included: (1) before 3900 cal BP, human activity was closely related to the natural environment and cultural development was dominated by climate change. For example, the rapid decline of the agrarian Hongshan culture was caused by a slight decrease in temperature at ∼5000 cal BP; (2) during 3900–3200 cal BP, the heavy dependence of human societies on nature gradually lessened and the ability of those human societies to adapt to the environment was enhanced. However, the farming-dominated Lower Xiajiadian culture was nonetheless replaced by the pastoralist Upper Xiajiadian culture due to an extremely cooling event at ∼3200 cal BP; (3) during the late Holocene period, the marked influence of climate change on human activity might have lessened as a result of a clear improvement in human labor skills. After this, human living styles were influenced by cultural developments rather than climate change because humans had mastered more powerful means of productivity.