Guinea Pig Skin Research Articles

The Effectiveness of Kersen Leaf Extracts (Muntingia calabura L.) on Cutting Wounds Infected with Sthapylococcus Aureus Bacteria

One of the plants that has been used by the community is cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) which is a lush plant, easy to breed, often on the side of the road, allowed to grow as a shade tree. Traditionally used to treat bleeding wounds, festering and burns, inflammation of the walls of blood vessels accompanied by blood clots in their channels. Fresh or dried cherry leaves are used as a medicine for wounds by finely grinding them and placing them on the wound. The use of cherry leaves directly in the treatment of wounds is not liked by the community, so they tried to formulate it in the form of cream preparations. Based on this, the researchers conducted a phytochemical screening and formulation of cherry leaf extract in cream preparations as well as tested its effectiveness for treating wounds. Extraction was carried out by percolation using 80% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was carried out on fresh leaves, simplicia, and ethanol extract of cherry leaves. And formulated into cream preparations with concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%. The effectiveness for wound healing was carried out on artificial incisions on the back skin of male guinea pigs infected with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Measured decrease in wound diameter and observation of the width of the pus and the amount of edema. The results of the phytochemical screening test showed that there were the same groups of chemical compounds in fresh leaves, simplicia, and ethanol extract of cherry leaves, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids/steroids. The greater the concentration of EEDK in the cream, the faster the wound will heal. On the 16th day, 5% EEDK; 7.5%; and gentamicin provide 100% perfect wound healing. Means that the ethanol extract of cherry leaves at a concentration of 5% has a very good ability to heal incisions infected with Staphylococcs aureus.

Pharmacodynamics of frigid zone plant Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. against skin melanin deposition, oxidation, inflammation and allergy

Abstract Background Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. is a precious species of frigid zone plant belonging to the Taxaceae family, which possesses anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and antibacterial pharmacological properties. While taxane extracted from Taxus chinensis has been reported to elicit antioxidant activities, whether Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. has skin-protective actions against injuries remained unknown. This study aims to explore the pharmacological effects of three Taxus extracts on skin melanin deposition, oxidation, inflammation, and allergy so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of various diseases related to skin damage. Methods Skin melanin deposition was evaluated by measuring melanin content in the skin of guinea pigs by alkali lysis method. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration and glutathione (GSH) content in skin tissue homogenates of Kunming mice by SOD assay kit and micro reduced GSH assay kit. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to examine the levels of both SOD and recombinant glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Skin inflammation was evaluated by xylene-induced ear swelling test and egg-white-induced paw swelling test in mice. In a mouse model of skin allergy induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), allergy was determined by licking body counts and histamine concentrations in tissue homogenates using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Two proinflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β were measured by qRT-PCR. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was conducted to assess the degree of skin lesion. Results All three Taxus extracts including Taxus chinensis essential oil, Taxus chinensis extract and Taxus chinensis extract compound reduced the melanin deposits in the back skin relative to the non-treated control animals, of which Taxus chinensis essential oil produced the greatest effect. In contrast, the three Taxus extracts elevated SOD and GSH levels in the skin tissues, and the highest increase was seen with Taxus chinensis essential oil. Three Taxus extracts, especially Taxus chinensis essential oil, effectively reduce the rate of ear and paw swelling. All three Taxus extracts reduced the number of body licks, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and the histamine content in tissue homogenates of mice and alleviated skin damage. Consistently, Taxus chinensis essential oil yielded the greatest magnitude of decreases. Conclusion While all three Taxus extracts possessed the anti-skin melanin deposition, oxidation, and allergy properties, Taxus chinensis essential oil produced the superior effects.

THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE AND PEROXYNITRITE IN THE ERYTHEMAL PERIOD OF ULTRAVIOLET-INDUCED SKIN DAMAGE.

The aim: To study the activity of inducible NO synthase in the blood, the content of NO metabolites and peroxynitrite in the skin and blood of guinea pigs during erythema periods after local ultraviolet skin irradiation. Materials and methods: The studies were carried out on 24 guinea pigs, subjected to local ultraviolet irradiation. The control group consisted of intact guinea pigs (n=6). After 2, 4 hours, on the 3rd, 8th day, the activity of inducible NO synthase (in blood), the content of total NO metabolites, nitrite anion, nitrates, peroxynitrite (in blood and skin) were determined. Results: An increase in the level of peroxynitrite in the blood and of all NO metabolites in the skin was noted 2 hours after irradiation. After 4 hours activation of inducible NO synthase in the blood was observed, accompanied by an increase in the content of all NO metabolites and peroxynitrite both in the blood and in the skin. On the 3rd day high levels of excessive synthesis of NO and peroxynitrite in the blood and skin were also revealed due to the induced expression of this enzyme in the blood. On the 8th day the activity of inducible NO synthase remained high in the blood, which led to the accumulation of all NO metabolites and peroxynitrite in the blood and skin. Conclusions: Thus, local ultraviolet irradiation of the skin of guinea pigs leads to the activation of inducible NO synthase in the blood and an increase in NO synthesis and peroxynitrite in the blood and skin.

The Administration of 15% Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica) Leaf Extract Cream Inhibited the Increasing of Tyrosinase Enzyme and the Amount of Melanin in Male Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) Skin Exposed to Ultraviolet B

Background: The leaf of sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica Linn) has a fairly high content of flavonoids, which work in inhibiting the tyrosinase enzyme. Changes in the formation of this enzyme will cause the melanin pigment to be disrupted, resulting in the appearance of skin pigmentation disorders (hyperpigmentation). The purpose of this study was to prove the effectiveness of 15% sensitive plant leaf extract cream on guinea pig skin exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB). Methods: This is true experimental research using randomized post-test only control group design. The subjects were 30 male guinea pigs randomly divided into 3 groups, namely the control group (K), treatment group 1 (P1), and treatment group 2 (P2). Control group was not given any treatment, P1 was smeared with basic cream and exposed to UVB and P2 was smeared with 15% sensitive plant leaf extract cream and exposed to UVB for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, the tyrosinase enzyme level were examined using ELISA and melanin amount were examined using Masson Fontana staining. The result was analyzed using comparative test between groups. Results: The tyrosinase enzyme in P2 group was 5,44±0,63 ng/ml, which is lower than K group (8,60±0,16 ng/ml (p<0,001)) and P1 (12,96±2,21 ng/ml (p<0,001)). The mean melanin amount in P2 was 0,09±0,07 %, which was also lower than K (0,31±0,24 % (p=0,049)) and P1 (0,53±0,47 % (p=0,043)). Conclusion: Administration of sensitive plant leaf extract cream inhibited the increase in tyrosinase enzyme and melanin amount in guinea pig exposed to UVB and normal subjects.

A Randomized, Prospective, Split-Face Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of 532-nm and 1,064-nm Picosecond-Domain Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Lasers Using a Diffractive Optical Element for Non-Ablative Skin Rejuvenation: Clinical and Histological Evaluation.

The advent of fractionated picosecond (ps) lasers has provided an opportunity to explore new ways of creating microinjuries in the skin to induce skin rejuvenation. To compare the efficacy and safety of diffractive optical element (DOE)-assisted ps neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers with 532-nm and 1,064-nm wavelengths (532-nm and 1,064-nm Nd:YAG P-DOE) using a novel fractional handpiece for the treatment of photoaged skin. An ex vivo guinea pig skin experiment was performed by evaluating the histology of the skin after 532-nm Nd:YAG P-DOE irradiation. A randomized, prospective, split-face study was performed on eight subjects with 532-nm and 1,064-nm Nd:YAG P-DOE. Based on the histological evaluation using ex vivo guinea pig skin, a reasonable safety profile and the potential to generate effective skin rejuvenation was observed using the 532-nm Nd:YAG P-DOE. Results demonstrated that both 532- and 1,064-nm Nd:YAG P-DOE were similarly effective in improving skin texture and skin pores; however, 532-nm Nd:YAG P-DOE was more effective in treating dyspigmentation. At a preliminary level, this study revealed that 532-nm and 1,064-nm ps Nd:YAG lasers using DOE fractional technology may improve photoaged skin. In conclusion, 532-nm Nd:YAG P-DOE may be especially beneficial for skin with epidermal pigmentary lesions.

The Mangosteen Peel Ethyl Acetate Extract-based Cream Inhibits Ultraviolet-B Radiation-induced Hyperpigmentation in Guinea Pig Skin

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the main factor causing the aberrant melanin pigments leading to skin hyperpigmentation. Retinoic acid and hydroquinone are the primary preference for the skin whitening agents in preventing hyperpigmentation. However, these treatments could induce slight-to-severe irritation leading to skin cancer. Mangosteen peel possesses α-mangostin, the primary constituent of xanthones in mangosteen peel that has potency as an anti-tyrosinase for treating issues of skin hyperpigmentation. AIM: This study aims to demonstrate the capacity of mangosteen peel ethyl acetate extract-based cream in inhibiting the UVB radiation-induced skin hyperpigmentation in guinea pig. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 25 female guinea pigs were used to produce UVB-irradiated skin hyperpigmentation model. Guinea pig skins were treated with 12% mangosteen ethyl acetate extract-based cream. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor activity was used to evaluate the capacity of mangosteen extract in inhibiting tyrosinase activity in vitro. The melanin index in guinea pig skin after treatments was analyzed using a mexameter. The percentage of epidermal melanin-contained keratinocytes of skin tissues were analyzed using masson fontana. Pmel17 expression in cell surface was determined using immunohistochemistry. The level of tyrosinase in tissue homogenates was analyzed using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Mangosteen peel ethyl acetate extract showed potent inhibitory activity against the mushroom tyrosinase. Its-based cream decreased melanin index, epidermal melanin, Pmel17 expression, and tyrosinase level in hyperpigmentation skin tissues. CONCLUSION: Overall, our study demonstrates the capacity of mangosteen peel ethyl acetate extract-based cream in inhibiting the UVB radiation-induced skin hyperpigmentation in guinea pig.

Preclinical studies on melanogenesis proteins using a resveratrol-nanoformula as a skin whitener

A naturally occurring polyphenol called trans-resveratrol has received a lot of attention due to its possible health advantages for humans. The low solubility of trans-resveratrol and its isomerization upon UV exposure strongly limit its application as a skin-whitening agent. In the present study, to increase trans-resveratrol solubility, a new nanoformula was created by combining hydrophilic surfactants and oils. Trans-Resveratrol nanoformula has been prepared, characterized, and applied as a skin-whitening agent on the dorsal skin of Guinea pigs. The optimized trans-resveratrol nanoformula with a particle size of 63.49 nm displayed a single peak and a polydispersity index [0.36 ± 0.02]. In addition, the zeta potential of the optimized formula was −30.4 mV, confirming the high stability of this nanoformula. The melanin contents in the trans-resveratrol nanoformula-treated group were substantially lower than those of the control and the blank nanoformula-treated groups after staining of the dorsal skins [black areas] of guinea pigs with Fontana Mountain dye. The pigmentation index in the control, blank nanoformula, and optimized trans-resveratrol nanoformula were 329.4 ± 36.9, 335.8 ± 71.4, and 124.8 ± 19.6 respectively. Confirming this finding, immunohistochemistry analysis of skin tissues revealed that the expressions of melanogenesis-regulating proteins such as tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor were down-regulated. The safety of topical application of trans-resveratrol nanoformula was validated by no changes in free radical levels and oxidative stress markers proteins in the livers and kidneys of guinea pigs at the end of the experiment. Conclusions: A novel trans-resveratrol nanoformula as well as the mechanism whereby it promotes skin whitening effects were presented. Furthermore, the study illustrated that trans-resveratrol nanoformula is safe, non-toxic, and can be applied for skin whitening, although more research on human skin is needed.

The Activity of Strawberry Extract as Sunscreen on Guinea Pigs Exposed to Sunlight

Sunscreen that is often used contains synthetic compounds causing undesirable effects such as irritation, allergy, and anaphylactic reactions. One of the natural ingredients with this potential is strawberry. Therefore, this experimental study aims to determine the activity of strawberry extract as a sunscreen on guinea pig skin exposed to sunlight. The 24 guinea pigs used were divided into 4 groups and terminated on day 14, while the changes in the amount of melanin pigment were examined after the treatment. The results showed that the melanin in the skin tissue was reduced after the application of the extract. This indicated that there is a significant effect on the amount of melanin pigment of guinea pig skin tissue exposed to sunlight with F count (741.787) < F-table (4.27) and sig-p = 0.000 < 0.05. Moreover, the decrease in the amount of melanin pigment was higher in group C compared to group D.

Cation-Exchangeable Pralidoxime Chloride@bio-MOF-1 as a Treatment for Nerve Agent Poisoning and Sulfur Mustard Skin Poisoning in Animals.

A 2-PAM@bio-MOF-1 composite was prepared by cationic exchange of counter N,N-dimethylammonium cations in the pores of the anionic, biocompatible metal–organic framework (bio-MOF-1) with pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM-Cl) by impregnation. In vitro drug release measurements revealed that the release rate of 2-PAM from 2-PAM@bio-MOF-1 in simulated body fluid (SBF) was more than four-fold higher than that in deionized water, indicating that the presence of endogenous cations in SBF triggered the release of 2-PAM through cation exchange. The release of 2-PAM was rapid within the first 10 h but was much slower over the period of 10–50 h. At room temperature, the maximum release rate of 2-PAM was 88.5% (15 mg of 2-PAM@bio-MOF-1 in 1 mL of SBF), indicating that the drug was efficiently released from the composite MOF in SBF. In simulated gastric fluid, 64.3% of 2-PAM was released from bio-MOF-1 into the simulated gastric fluid after 50h. This suggested that 2-PAM@bio-MOF-1 might be effective for enabling the slow release of 2-PAM in the human body. Indeed, the maximum reactivation rate of acetylcholinesterase in sarin-poisoned mice reached 82.5%. In addition, 2-PAM@bio-MOF-1 demonstrated the ability to adsorb and remove sulfur mustard (HD) in solution and from the skin of guinea pigs.

Effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on skin barrier function in guinea pigs with eczema of skin damp-heat accumulation

To observe the effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on the water content of stratum corneum (WCSC), expression of serum inflammatory factors and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) in skin, lung and rectum in guinea pigs with eczema of skin damp-heat accumulation, and to explore the possible mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion for regulating skin barrier function. A total of 24 male albino guinea pigs were randomly divided into a blank group (n=6) and a modeling group (n=18). The guinea pigs in the modeling group were induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to establish the eczema model of skin damp-heat accumulation. The guinea pigs with successful modeling were further randomly divided into a model group, a medication group and an acupuncture-moxibustion group, 6 guinea pigs in each group. The guinea pigs in the medication group were treated with loratadine tablets (0.8 mg/kg) by gavage, once a day for 7 days; the guinea pigs in the acupuncture-moxibustion group were treated with acupuncture at "Feishu" (BL 13), "Pishu" (BL 20), "Quchi" (LI 11), "Zusanli" (ST 36) and "Xuehai" (SP 10); at the same time, moxibustion was applied at "Feishu" (BL 13) and "Zusanli" (ST 36), moxibustion intervention for 10 min and needle retaining for 15 min at each acupoint, once a day for 7 days. The eczema area and severity index (EASI) score was evaluated before and After intervention, and WCSC and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured by skin tester. After intervention, The HE staining was used to observe the changes of skin histomorphology in each group; ELISA was used to measure the contents of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17; Western blot was used to measure the protein expression of AQP3 in skin, lung and rectum. Before the intervention, compared with the blank group, the EASI scores and TEWL were increased in the remaining groups (P<0.01), and the WCSC was decreased (P<0.01). After the intervention, compared with the model group, the EASI scores and TEWL were decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), and WCSC was increased (P<0.01) in the medication group and the acupuncture-moxibustion group. The epidermal structure in the blank group was complete and the fibers in the dermis were arranged orderly; in the model group, epidermal hyperkeratosis, proliferation of granular layer, spinous cell layer and basal layer, and disordered arrangement of dermal fibers and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed. The morphological performance in the medication group and the acupuncture-moxibustion group was better than that in the model group. Compared with the blank group, the contents of serum IgE and IL-17 were increased (P<0.01), and the content of serum IL-4 and the protein expression of AQP3 in skin, lung and rectum were decreased in the model group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the contents of serum IgE and IL-17 were decreased and the contents of serum IL-4 were increased in the medication group and the acupuncture-moxibustion group (P<0.01), and the protein expression of AQP3 in skin, lung and rectum in the acupuncture- moxibustion group were increased (P<0.05). Compared with the medication group, the contents of serum IgE and IL-17 were increased (P<0.01), and the content of serum IL-4 was decreased (P<0.01) in the acupuncture-moxibustion group. Acupuncture and moxibustion could improve the epidermal water metabolism and skin tissue morphology in guinea pigs with eczema of skin damp-heat accumulation. Its mechanism may be related to regulating inflammatory factors, up-regulating the expression of AQP3, and then repairing the skin barrier function.

Black Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) 30% Ethanol Extract Cream Inhibited The Increase of Tyrosinase Enzyme Expression and The Amount of Melanin Same Effective as 4% Hydroquinone Cream on Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) Skin

Background: Hyperpigmentation is one of the signs of skin aging which is mostly caused by Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays exposure. The gold standard for hyperpigmentation therapy is hydroquinone (HQ) but its long-term use can cause side effects such as irritation, rebound phenomenon, and even ochronosis. Black soybeans contain active ingredients that can prevent the increase of tyrosinase enzyme and the amount of melanin so that it can be used as an alternative therapy for hyperpigmentation. This study aims to prove that the administration of 30% black soybean extract cream was as effective as 4% HQ cream in inhibiting the increase of tyrosinase enzyme expression and the amount of melanin in guinea pig skin exposed to UVB rays.&#x0D; Methods: This study used a post-test only control group design method with 30 guinea pigs as samples. The sample was divided into three groups of 10 each. The P1 group was given the base cream, the P2 group was given the 4% HQ cream, while the P3 group was given the 30% black soybean extract cream. Each group was exposed to UVB rays with a total dose of 390mJ/cm2 for 2 weeks, after that the guinea pig skin tissue was taken and histopathological preparations were made for examination of tyrosinase enzyme expression and the amount of melanin. The data obtained were analyzed using one way ANOVA, then the differences between groups were analyzed using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the mean of the tyrosinase enzyme expression and the amount of melanin in the black soybean extract group P3 (12.880±3.327% and 3.16±1.486) were not significantly different from the HQ4% group P2 (9.690±2.176% and 2.18±1.117), while the mean of the base cream group P1 (25.78±5.392% and 12.080±3.150) was the highest among the three groups. The LSD test showed a significant difference between the base cream group (P1) and the other groups (p&lt;0.01), but there was no significant difference between the 4% hydroquinone group (P2) and the 30% black soybean extract treatment group (P3) (p &gt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: The conclusion of this study was that 30% black soybean ethanol extract cream inhibited the increase of tyrosinase enzyme expression and the amount of melanin as effective as 4% HQ cream on guinea pig skin exposed to UVB light.

The Ethyl Acetate Extract of Mangosteen Peel Cream Attenuates Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death Via Antioxidant Effect By Regulation TNF-Α and Caspase 3 in Guinea Pig Skin

Background:UV radiation induced ROS cause DNA damage mainly due to photoaging. Lipid peroxidation due to UV exposure also produces non-toxic metabolite compounds namely malonyldialdehyde (MDA). Upregulation of TNF-α is key to the initial response to ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure by keratinocytes. The basal cell layer is the most affected undergoes to apoptosis and can be detected through caspase 3 which is the main executor of apoptosis. Mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana Linn.)contains xanthon known as alpha mangosteen, the most attention today is as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study is to determine the antioxidant effects of ethyl acetate extract in mangosteen peel cream on MDA levels, anti-inflammatory effects on TNF-α levels and anti-apoptosis effects on caspase 3 levels, testedin guinea pig skin exposed to UVB rays. Methods :This study uses a post test only control group design using female guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) who obtained, cared, and treated at the Wates Veterinary Center, Yogyakarta. Consisting of 20 animals divided randomly into 4 treatment groups.P1: normal group, without any treatment. P2: exposed to UVB light. P3: exposed to UVB light and given base cream. P4: exposed to UVB light and given 12% extract mangosteen peel cream. MDA were analyzed by the TBARS method (nmol/ml). Levels of TNF-α epidermis were obtained by the TNF alpha Elisa antibodies Kit (pg/ml). Levels of caspase 3 epidermis were obtained by the caspase antibody 3 Elisa Kit (pmol / L). Results:Post Hoc statistical analysis showed that MDA serum levels of P4 group was significantly lower compared to P2 group(p&lt;0.01), TNF-αepidermis levels of P4 groupwas significant lower compared to P2 group(p&lt;0,001) and caspase 3 epidermis levels of P4 groupwas significant lower compared to P2 group (p&lt;0.01). Conclusion:Administration of 12% dose ethyl acetate extract of mangosteen peel cream is proven to significantly lower MDA levels, TNF-α levels and Caspase-3 levels in the epidermal tissues of guinea pig skin exposed to ultraviolet B light. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 512-520

Penentuan Efek Serbuk Kunyit (Curcuma Domestica Val.) Dalam Sediaan Salep Sederhana Untuk Mengobati Luka Bakar Pada Kulit Marmut Betina

Research has been carried out to test and determine the effects of turmeric (Curcuma Domestica Val.) powder in simple ointment preparations to treat burns on the skin of female guinea pigs, based on the literature, turmeric contains curcumin compounds, and the benefits of turmeric as an antiseptic in healing burns, from Statistical tests that have been carried out show that the data are normally distributed using the Liliford test, the data has a homogeneous variance using the Barlet test. Meanwhile, in the anava test, Fcount was 0.537 £ Ftable 4.60 with a= 0.01 indicating that there was no significant difference between the test substance groups at 5% concentration, 10% concentration and 20% concentration

EFFECTS OF COMMONLY AVAILABLE WHITENING CREAMS ON THE HAIR FOLLICLES OF GUINEA PIG SKIN

BACKGROUND: The trend of lightening the skin is becoming a serious problem. Depigmentation creams are widely available as nonprescription cosmetic preparations in many local markets and shops.&#x0D; OBJCETIVES: To determine the effects of over the counter available skin whitening creams on the hair follicles of guinea pig skin. To highlight the significance of awareness in general population about the use of non-prescription skin lightening creams.&#x0D; METHODS: Sample size of 48 adult, guinea pigs were used in this experiment. The animals were randomly divided into four groups. Group I (control group) this group was applied with no cream and group II, III and IV (experimental groups) all were applied with skin whitening creams A, B and C respectively once every day, six days a week for four and eight weeks duration. The skin specimens were examined at histological level.&#x0D; RESULTS: Microscopic examination after 4 weeks duration showed variable degree of increased size of hair follicles from 104.8µm in group l to the maximum of 130.5µm in group lll. The effects were exaggerated after eight weeks duration.&#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION: The use of skin lightening creams caused varying degrees of side effects so damage the skin.

Hot spring bathing accelerates wound healing and enhances heat retention effect in guinea pigs.

This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of hot springs on wound healing and heat retention by performing comparative experiments with tap water. The hot spring water used in this study was from an alkaline hot spring that was rich in sodium and chloride ions and exhibited high reducibility. Guinea pigs were divided into a hot spring bathing group and a tap water bathing group, and a bathing test was conducted for eight consecutive days. A comparison of the plasma amino acid composition between the two groups after the bathing test revealed differences in the concentrations of several amino acids associated with wound healing. Image analysis demonstrated that wounds made on the abdominal skin of guinea pigs were significantly contracted by hot spring bathing compared to that by tap water bathing, and histopathological findings showed that wound healing was accelerated. In the thermography test, changes in body surface temperature after bathing were investigated in both groups. The heat retention effect was not observed in the tap water bathing group after bathing, whereas it was enhanced in the hot spring bathing group until 30 min after bathing. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that hot spring bathing accelerates wound healing and has a more significant heat retention effect than tap water bathing.

Исследование раздражающего и аллергизирующего действия кормовой добавки на основе солей гуминовых кислот

The article presents the results of studies on the assessment of the locally irritating and allergenic effect of a feed additive based on humic acid salts obtained by extraction of brown coal, enriched with macro- and microelements. The study of the local irritant effect was carried out on guinea pigs by skin application and rabbits by the conjunctival test method. It was found that the feed additive does not cause irritation when instilled in its native form on the conjunctiva of the eye of rabbits and when applied once to the skin of guinea pigs. Studying the allergenic properties of the feed additive in mice, a delayed-type hypersensitivity test was used. When taking into account the reaction index when comparing the indicators of the experimental and control groups of mice, the reaction index of the mice of the experimental group was slightly higher than that of the control group, but the differences are unreliable, which allows us to conclude that there are no pronounced sensitizing properties of the feed additive.

Transcriptome profiling of guinea pig skin exposed to a high-power terahertz source.

Terahertz (THz) radiation has a wide range of applications including use in medicine. However, effects of high‐power THz radiation have not been clearly elucidated. We used a 2.52 THz self‐made optically pumped gas THz laser, the low‐ and high‐energy group, to irradiate the backs of Hartley guinea pigs. RNA‐sequencing was done to explore global transcriptional responses in the irradiated skin. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the unexposed and low‐energy exposed groups were associated with skin development, skin barrier establishment, and multicellular organismal water homeostasis or water loss regulation via the skin. On the other hand, comparison between the unexposed and high‐energy exposed groups showed that the DEGs mediated monocarboxylic acid metabolism, blood vessel morphogenesis, establishment of skin barrier, blood vessel development, or angiogenesis. Our analyses demonstrate the potential effects of high‐power THz source on the skin and sets the basis for further studies on the safety and application of the high‐power THz in dermatology.

Comprehensive Assessment of the Virulence Factors sub 3, sub 6 and mcpA in the Zoonotic Dermatophyte Trichophyton benhamiae Using FISH and qPCR.

Skin infections by keratinophilic fungi are commonly referred to as dermatophytosis and represent a major health burden worldwide. Although patient numbers are on the rise, data on virulence factors, their function and kinetics are scarce. We employed an ex vivo infection model based on guinea pig skin explants (GPSE) for the zoonotic dermatophyte Trichophyton (T.) benhamiae to investigate kinetics of the virulence factors subtilisin (sub) 3, sub 6, metallocarboxypeptidase A (mcpA) and isocitrate lyase (isol) at gene level for ten days. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to detect and quantify the transcripts, respectively. Kingdom-spanning, species-specific and virulence factor-specific probes were successfully applied to isolated fungal elements showing inhomogeneous fluorescence signals along hyphae. Staining results for inoculated GPSE remained inconsistent despite thorough optimization. qPCR revealed a significant increase of sub 3- and mcpA-transcripts toward the end of culture, sub 6 and isol remained at a low level throughout the entire culture period. Sub 3 is tightly connected to the de novo formation of conidia during culture. Since sub 6 is considered an in vivo disease marker. However, the presented findings urgently call for further research on the role of certain virulence factors during infection and disease.

Comparative characteristics of different methods of treatment of microsporia

Microsporia is the most common disease of fungal etiology, most often caused by the pathogen Microsporum canis. Treatment of this disease requires a comprehensive approach, because the disease is dangerous to humans. Therefore, in the treatment of microspores, it is important not only to carry out therapeutic measures, but also to prevent the spread of the pathogen of the fungus in the environment and increase the immune status of the organism in the fight against infection. The main source of infection is cats. In order to determine the effectiveness of treatment of microsporia by various methods, studied of the blood and skin of guinea pigs infected with the pathogen M. canis. Sick animals were divided into three groups. The first group was treated with the systemic antifungal itraconazole and topical treatment with a solution of clotrimazole. Treatment of the second group was performed with a topical antifungal agent (1% solution of clotrimazole) with vaccination with the antifungal vaccine “Vakderm”. For the third group, the developed drugs were used – antifungal agent “Micromar” and immunostimulant “Biogluk”. During treatment, hematological and immunological blood researches and histological skin examinations were performed. During treatment with antifungal drugs (itraconazole and clotrimazole) the number of leukocytes decreases from 11.13 ± 0.72 to 7.13 ± 0.22, rod-shaped neutrophils from 15.76 ± 1.29 to 5.50 ± 0.76, and segmental increases from 12.17 ± 1.47 to 24.17 ± 2.27, decreases ESR from 5.67 ± 0.67 to 2.33 ± 0.42, which occurs when inhibiting the inflammatory response of the organism to infection. Thrombocytopenia (from 231.17 ± 7.60 to 184.33 ± 7.65) and eosinophilia (from 2.70 ± 0.73 to 7.33 ± 1.33) are also noted. There is a slight increase in T-helpers and a decrease in T-suppressors. Histologically, the infiltration of the dermis by histiocytes and eosinophils under skin persists. In the treatment of microsporia by treatment with 1 % solution of clotrimazole and vaccination with the vaccine “Vakderm” the results of studies showed that the number of leukocytes decreases from 11.13 ± 0.72 to 5.35 ± 0.31 (P &lt; 0.01), rod-shaped neutrophils from 15.76 ± 1.29 to 7.67 ± 0.56, and segmental increases from 12.17 ± 1.47 to 22.17 ± 0.91 (P &lt; 0.001), decreases). The number of T-helpers is increasing. The histological picture on day 7 is characterized by hyperkeratosis, and on day 14 the hyperemia of the basal layer of the epidermis persists. When using the antifungal drug “Micromar” and immunostimulant “Biogluk” the results of studies showed that the number of leukocytes decreases from 11.13 ± 0.72 to 6.95 ± 0.10, rod-shaped neutrophils from 15.76 ± 1.29 to 6.17 ± 0.65, and segmental increases from 12.17 ± 1.47 to 22.00 ± 0.86, decreases ESR from 5.67 ± 0.67 to 2.17 ± 0.31. Increases the number of T-helpers and the number of natural killers and T-suppressors is gradually decreasing. Histological changes are presented in the form of dilation of blood vessels and visualization of single erythrocytes in the dermis on day 14 of treatment.

The Effect of Corncob (Zea mays) Extract Cream on the Number of Melanin Pigments of Guinea Pig Exposed to Ultraviolet

Background: Exposure to Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays on the skin causesmany problems, including pigmentation and aging effect. Hence, protection against it is needed. Purpose: The study aimedto determine the effect of corncob extract cream on the number of melanin pigments in guinea pig skins exposed to UVB rays. Methods: Anexperimental post-test-only control group study was conducted on the 25 guinea pigs. The guinea pigs were divided randomly into five groups: group I without cream, group II cream base, group III hydroquinone cream, group IV 30% corncob extract cream, and group V 40% corncob extract cream. The cream was given daily for 20 minutes before UVB exposure and 4 hours after UVB exposure. The total dose of UVB exposure was 780 mJ / cm2 for 28 days. The amount of melanin pigment was calculated using the CX21 image J. Result: The number of melanin pigment in groups I, II, III, IV, and V were 22.8±0.4 cells, 18±0.3 cells, 6.3±3.1 cells, 13.8±0.2 cells, and 9.4±0.5 cells, respectively. Asignificantlydifferent value of One way ANOVA test was &lt;0.05. Thus, there was a difference in the number of melanin pigments between the five groups. LSD post-hoc test showed differences in each group (p &lt;0.05). Conclusion: 40% corn cobs extract cream effectively decreased the number of melanin pigment in guinea pigs exposed to UVB rays.