Skin Ailments Research Articles

In vitro and in silico studies of the antifungal properties of the bulb and leaves extracts of Drimia delagoensis Baker (Jessop)

Drimia delagoensis (D. delagoensis), a member of the Hyacinthaceae family, is commonly used for the treatment of heartwater and skin ailments by the Zulus in South Africa. In this research study, the bulb and leaves of D. delagoensis were tested for their antifungal efficacy against Aspergillus fumigatus. Eight crude extracts were further analysed to determine the volatile chemical components of the plant using one-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with the time of fight mass spectrometry. The compounds detected from GC-MS were further subjected to molecular docking study to determine prospective relationship between the analysed compounds (1–9) and the active site of the glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase. All the crude extracts were effective against A. fumigatus. However, it was observed that dichloromethane: methanol (1:1) mixture for the bulb extracts had a high minimum fungal concentration values of (7.8 µg/mL) followed by hexane (7.8 µg/mL) and ethyl acetate (7.8 µg/mL). Compounds (9Z,12Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(R)-2,3-bis[[(E)-2-methyl-2-butenoyl]oxy]propyl ester and 9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-,1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl ester had higher binding affinities of − 47.69 and − 62.36 kcal/mol, respectively when compared to amphotericin B standard drug (− 44.19 kcal/mol). Furthermore, lipophilicity values for ligands, which ranged from − 11.46 to − 27.07, were more significant than those for amphotericin B (− 19.66), and this greater significance could also be ascribed to the potency of the crude extracts against A. fumigatus.

Phytochemicals and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity from Piper caninum and Piper magnibaccum

Background: Piper species are aromatic plants used as spices in the kitchen, but their secondary metabolites have also shown biological effects on human health. In traditional medicine, Piper species have been used worldwide to treat several diseases such as urological problems, skin, liver and stomach ailments, for wound healing, and as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. In the present study, we attempted to isolate the phytochemicals from Piper caninum and Piper magnibaccum and evaluate their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Methods: Phytochemical constituents of the extracts were investigated using various chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The structures of the isolated phytochemicals were established by analysis of their spectroscopic data, as compared to that of reported data. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was also tested on the extracts and selected compounds using mushroom tyrosinase as the enzyme. Results: Fractionation and purification of the extracts of Piper caninum and Piper magni­baccum afforded nine known compounds which were cepharanone A (1), cepharadione A (2), aristolactam AII (3), 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (4), 24-methylenecycloartan-3-one (5), β-sitosterol (6), piperumbellactam A (7), 24S-ethylcholesta-5,22,25-trien-3β-ol (8) and stigmast-3,6-dione (9). Ethyl acetate extracts from leaves of P. magnibaccum gave the highest inhibition value at 48.35%, while the tested compounds displayed weak tyrosinase activity compared to the positive control, kojic acid. Conclusion: These phytochemical results suggested that the extracts could assist as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Further research is needed in which the extract could possibly be exploited for pharmaceutical use.

Chemical and Biocatalytic Routes to Arbutin †.

Arbutin (also called β-arbutin) is a natural product occurring in the leaves of a variety of different plants, the bearberries of the Ericaceae and Saxifragaceae families being prominent examples. It is a β-glucoside derived from hydroquinone (HQ; 1,4-dihydroxybenzene). Arbutin has been identified in traditional Chinese folk medicines as having, inter alia, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties that useful in the treatment of different ailments including urinary diseases. Today, it is also used worldwide for the treatment of skin ailments by way of depigmenting, which means that arbutin is a component of many products in the cosmetics and healthcare industries. It is also relevant in the food industry. Hundreds of publications have appeared describing the isolation, structure determination, toxicology, synthesis, and biological properties of arbutin as well as the molecular mechanism of melanogenesis (tyrosinase inhibition). This review covers the most important aspects with special emphasis on the chemical and biocatalytic methods for the production of arbutin.

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat skin diseases in northern Pakistan

BackgroundSkin diseases are a major health concern especially in association with human immune deficiency syndrome and acquired an immune deficiency. The aim of this study was to document the ethnomedicinal information of plants used to treat skin diseases in Northern Pakistan. This is the first quantitative ethnobotanical study of therapeutic herbs utilized by the indigenous people of Northern Pakistan for skin diseases.MethodsInterviews were taken to obtain information from 180 participants. Quantitative methods including fidelity level (FL), Frequency of citation (FC), Use-value (UV), Jaccard indices (JI), Family importance value (FIV), Relative frequency of citation (RFC) and Chi-square test were applied. Medicinal plants uses are also compared with 50 national and international publications.ResultsIn this study, we recorded 106 plant species belonged to 56 floral families for treatment of skin ailments. The dominant life form reported was herb while the preferred method of utilization was powder, along with leaf as the most used plant part. RFC ranges from 0.07 to 0.25% whereas the highest FIV was recorded for family Pteridaceae. FL values range from 36.8 to 100%. The study reported 88% of new plant reports for the treatment of skin diseases.ConclusionThe present study revealed the importance of several plants used to treat skin diseases by the local communities of Northern Pakistan. The available literature supported the evidence of plant dermatological properties. Plants having high UV and RFC can be considered for further scientific analysis. There is dire need to create awareness among local, government and scientific communities for the preservation of medicinal species and ethnomedicinal knowledge in Northern Pakistan.

HERBAL ACTIVE INGREDIENTS USED IN SKIN COSMETICS

Human beings are obsessed with looking beautiful. Hence, various beauty products have been in use to look charming and young. Herbal ingredients are popular worldwide for use in cosmetics. The demand for herbal cosmetic is growing in the world market and is an invaluable gift of nature. Herbal skin cosmetics are formulated using different herbal active ingredients, which are further incorporated in cosmetic base to nourish and cure various skin ailments. Herbal cosmetics are natural and are found to be safe to use as compared to chemical-based cosmetics. Herbal formulations have always attracted considerable attention because they are free from all the harmful synthetic chemicals which otherwise may prove to be toxic to the skin. The bioactive ingredients from plants include antioxidants, vitamins, essential oils, tannins, alkaloids, dyes, carbohydrates, and terpenoids, which are used as cosmetics for care of skin, body, and its other parts. The herbal cosmetics which are used on a daily basis, include herbal cream, face wash, lip balm, herbal conditioners, herbal soap, and herbal shampoo. Cosmetics based on herbal ingredients possess desirable physiological activity such as smoothing appearance, healing, enhancing, and conditioning properties. The cosmetic industry is now focusing on this growing segment with an enormous scope of manifold expansion in coming years. Various herbal active ingredients which are particularly used for skincare are being discussed thoroughly in the current review.

Functional Skin Grafts: Where Biomaterials Meet Stem Cells.

Skin tissue engineering has attained several clinical milestones making remarkable progress over the past decades. Skin is inhabited by a plethora of cells spatiotemporally arranged in a 3-dimensional (3D) matrix, creating a complex microenvironment of cell-matrix interactions. This complexity makes it difficult to mimic the native skin structure using conventional tissue engineering approaches. With the advent of newer fabrication strategies, the field is evolving rapidly. However, there is still a long way before an artificial skin substitute can fully mimic the functions and anatomical hierarchy of native human skin. The current focus of skin tissue engineers is primarily to develop a 3D construct that maintains the functionality of cultured cells in a guided manner over a period of time. While several natural and synthetic biopolymers have been translated, only partial clinical success is attained so far. Key challenges include the hierarchical complexity of skin anatomy; compositional mismatch in terms of material properties (stiffness, roughness, wettability) and degradation rate; biological complications like varied cell numbers, cell types, matrix gradients in each layer, varied immune responses, and varied methods of fabrication. In addition, with newer biomaterials being adopted for fabricating patient-specific skin substitutes, issues related to escalating processing costs, scalability, and stability of the constructs under in vivo conditions have raised some concerns. This review provides an overview of the field of skin regenerative medicine, existing clinical therapies, and limitations of the current techniques. We have further elaborated on the upcoming tissue engineering strategies that may serve as promising alternatives for generating functional skin substitutes, the pros and cons associated with each technique, and scope of their translational potential in the treatment of chronic skin ailments.

Drimia indica: A Plant Used in Traditional Medicine and Its Potential for Clinical Uses.

Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop (Asparagaceae) is a reputed Ayurvedic medicine for a number of therapeutic benefits, including for cardiac diseases, indigestion, asthma, dropsy, rheumatism, leprosy, and skin ailments. The present work aimed to critically and extensively review its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and taxonomy together with the mechanisms of action of selected extracts of D. indica. A systematic literature survey from scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science as well as from some textbooks and classical texts was conducted. The plant, mainly its bulb, contains various bioactive constituents, such as alkylresorcinols, bufadienolides, phytosterols, and flavonoids. Various scientific studies have proven that the plant has anthelmintic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound healing activities. The present work concludes that D. indica has the potential to treat various diseases, mainly microbial infections. This review also suggests that bufadienolides, flavonoids, and steroids might be responsible for its bioactive potential.

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in central Abyan governorate, Yemen

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditional medicinal plant knowledge in Yemen is still only passed on orally from one generation to another. A few studies, mostly very limited in scope, have been dedicated to this indigenous knowledge so far. This paper presents the results of the first extensive field study in southern mainland Yemen, undertaken in three communities in the central region of Abyan governorate. The study is aimed to preserve the heritage of this indigenous knowledge and to explore and select local medicinal plants that promise high pharmacological efficacy for further pharmacological and phytochemical investigations. Methods356 indigenous informants (273 males, 83 females) were interviewed about the modes of application and uses of the medicinal plants in the region. The ethnobotanical data were recorded by semi-structured face-to-face interviews, substantiated by specimen collections and taxonomic identifications and quantitative data analysis including informant consensus factor (ICF) and number of use-reports. ResultsIn total, 195 medicinal plant species (170 wild and 25 cultivated) belonging to 138 genera and 55 flowering plant families, were recorded for the treatment of 155 different ailments classified into 16 categories. Apocynaceae (25 species), Fabaceae (18 species), Euphorbiaceae (16 species) and Asteraceae (14 species) were the most frequently used plant families. Paste (86) followed by unprepared plant exudates (77) and decoction (55) were the most common herbal preparation modes. Dermal application (51.8%) was the most common administration route. The highest number of use reports and the maximum number of used medicinal plants were recorded for treatment of skin and gastrointestinal ailments. Forty-five species have never been reported in the ethnomedicinal literature before. Plant species with the most citations were Aloe vacillans Forssk. (malaria), Solanum incanum L. (tooth decay), Caralluma awdeliana (Deflers) A. Berger (diabetes), Tribulus terrestris L. (kidney stones), Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. (snake poison), Hydnora abyssinica A.Br. (stomach ulcer), Indigofera oblongifolia Forssk. (urine retention) and Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) A. Juss ex Spreng (haemorrhoids). ConclusionsSignificant traditional knowledge of the uses of local medicinal plant species was recorded for the first time for central Abyan in particular and southern Yemen in general. The study shows that the medicinal plants still play an important role in the primary health care in the study area. The ethnobotanical results provide a basis for further pharmacological, biological, pharmacognostical, and phytochemical investigations.

Herbs for Low-Risk Skin Cancers and Precancers

Abstract Low-risk skin cancers and precancers are common skin ailments that primarily affect fair skinned individuals in areas of skin with high sun exposure. Currently the primary treatments avail...

Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications.

Piper species are aromatic plants used as spices in the kitchen, but their secondary metabolites have also shown biological effects on human health. These plants are rich in essential oils, which can be found in their fruits, seeds, leaves, branches, roots and stems. Some Piper species have simple chemical profiles, while others, such as Piper nigrum, Piper betle, and Piper auritum, contain very diverse suites of secondary metabolites. In traditional medicine, Piper species have been used worldwide to treat several diseases such as urological problems, skin, liver and stomach ailments, for wound healing, and as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, Piper species could be used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in food preservation. The phytochemicals and essential oils of Piper species have shown strong antioxidant activity, in comparison with synthetic antioxidants, and demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities against human pathogens. Moreover, Piper species possess therapeutic and preventive potential against several chronic disorders. Among the functional properties of Piper plants/extracts/active components the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological activities of the extracts and extract-derived bioactive constituents are thought to be key effects for the protection against chronic conditions, based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, besides clinical studies. Habitats and cultivation of Piper species are also covered in this review. In this current work, available literature of chemical constituents of the essential oils Piper plants, their use in traditional medicine, their applications as a food preservative, their antiparasitic activities and other important biological activities are reviewed.

Ancient Mesopotamian views on human skin and body: a cultural–historical analysis of dermatological data from cuneiform sources

Most recent advances in the study of ancient Mesopotamian medical texts have disclosed information pertaining to the fields of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy and are now available for a comparative study with other ancient medical systems. However, in the framework of Assyriological studies there are still methodological problems that need to be addressed. Disregarding a retrospective diagnostic approach, this paper aims at highlighting the cultural–historical relevance of the medical information reported in cuneiform texts, assuming data related to skin imperfections and ailments as a case study. After a brief overview of the sources from ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern cultures that may be referred to the modern medical specialty of dermatology, the specificities of Mesopotamian medicine and dermatology will be presented. Two examples, dedicated to the reconstruction of the ancient Mesopotamian view on the skin and the body, will demonstrate how relevant sources may be fruitfully analysed in a cultural–historical context.

The Influence of Clays on Human Health: A Medical Geology Perspective

AbstractClay is unique especially from the perspective of medical geology, that is, the impacts of geologic materials and geologic processes on animal and human health. Clay is the only natural material that can impact human health through all routes of exposure: ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Moreover, these impacts can be harmful as well as beneficial. Ingestion of clay, a form of geophagy, has been practiced for millennia and is still widely practiced today. Humanoids have been ingesting clay for at least two million years to ease indigestion and counteract poisons. Some additional benefits may accrue from eating clays such as providing some nutrients but these benefits are far outweighed by the likely negative consequences such as tissue abrasion, intestinal blockage, anemia, exposure to pathogens and toxic trace elements, and potassium overdose. Inhalation of airborne minerals including clays has impacted the heath of millions. In the 1930s thousands of people living in the Dust Bowl in the U.S. southwest inhaled copious amounts of clay contributing to deadly ‘dust pneumonia.’ Using clay as a poultice to stem bleeding and cure certain skin ailments is an age-old practice that still has many adherents. A classic recent example of the antibacterial properties of clay is the use of certain clays to cure Buruli ulcer, a flesh eating disease. However, walking barefoot on clays in certain volcanic soils can result in non-filarial podoconiosis or elephantiasis. The absence of clays in soils can have serious health consequences. In South Africa, clay-poor soils yield crops lacking in essential nutrients and may be the principal cause of Msileni joint disease. Clearly, a detailed knowledge of the clays in the environment can have significant benefits to human health and wellbeing.

Traditional remedial plants utilized in the Paliyar’s tribe handling of different skin diseases from Sadhuragiri hills, Tamil Nadu, india

An ethnobotanical exploration, an attempt has been made to survey the indigenous knowledge on herbal medicines used as a therapy for skin disorders by the Paliyar tribes of Sadhuragiri hills. The purpose of this study is to assess traditional knowledge on medicinal plants which forms a baseline data for future pharmacological and phytochemical studies, to identify the vital species used for skin medicine, finding out methods for various preparations, and calculate the % informants in relation to medicinal plant use. In this study frequent field trips were made for the collection of plant specimens and information on medicinal aspects from traditional healers and women folk through questionnaire and interviews. The information of herbal preparation, parts used, mode of administration and local name was also taken during the study period. The present study has resulted in the documentation of 50 medicinal plant species belonging to 26 families and 41 genera used by the Paliyar for treatment of different skin ailments, viz. Scabies, Skin allergy, eczema, Wound swelling, Ring worm, itches, Heal crack, Burn wounds, Poison bite infection. The findings of present study shows documentation of 20 plant species which are found little known or less reported in available published literature. The Paliyar tribe lives interiorly in the forest localities and Government is making policies to rehabilitate them outside of forest areas, it is necessary to tap their rich heritable traditional knowledge on medicinal plants within time before it become vanished due to modernization. A inclusive detailed search and report on the pattern of utilization of medicinal plants by this tribe has not evidenced in the earlier publications. Therefore, present attempt has been made to document traditional knowledge of Paliyar tribe used to treat different skin disorders by production various herbal preparations.
 Keywords: Paliyar tribe, Herbal medicines, Skin disorders, Indigenous knowledge, Sadhuragiri hills.

Chemical Composition of Leaf Essential Oil of Psidium guajava L. from North East India

Psidium guajava L. (commonly known as guava) is a small tree belonging to the family Myrtaceae. It grows well in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It has been used in traditional medicine since a long time. The different parts of the plant like bark, leaves and fruit, is used to cure skin ailments, stomach ache, indigestion, anti-inflammatory, diabetes, hypertension, wounds, pain relief, cough, rheumatic pain and various other ailments. The chemical composition of the whole guava tree renders it the medicinal properties. The chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of P. guajava, from North East India, was identified in this study. The leaves yielded 0.51 % (v/w) essential oil. Although there are many reports on the chemical composition of its leaf essential oil; there is no report available in the public domain of the chemical composition of Psidium guajava from North East India. Therefore, the leaves of the P. guajava collected from North East India were hydro-distilled and chemical compounds were identified using GC/MS. A total of 27 compounds were identified in the leaf essential oil. The major compounds were α-terpinyl acetate (23.57 %), trans-caryophyllene (17.65 %), nerolidol (12.16 %), α-cadinol (6.71 %), α-copaene (6.5 %) and minor compounds identified were α-humulene (3.92 %) and (-)-caryphyllene oxide (3.66 %).

Evaluation of the anti-diabetic potential of aqueous extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. in vivo in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Diabetes Mellitus, the metabolic syndrome where the body either fails to produce or effectively utilize insulin, is associated with chronic morbidity. While a definitive cure for the disease is lacking, with the modern medicine offering mainly the means to control the extent of the disease, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAMs) offers additional/alternate means to tackle the disease. On the other hand, the lack of evidenced medical practices is a lacuna in most of the traditional medical applications. Clerodendrum infortunatum.L (Lamiaceae family), a perennial shrub found in the tropics, has been known for its numerous pharmacological properties and is found as a constituent in many Ayurvedic and Siddha drugs, especially for skin and respiratory ailments. The plant has a noted potential as anti-hyperglycemic and has been found to be used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes. However, evidence based evaluations have not been conducted on the anti-hyperglycemic effect of the plant, especially with respect to the general mode of intake, i.e, the aqueous form. In the current study, the aqueous extract of C. infortunatum (CI), was scientifically assessed for its effect on streptozotocin induced diabetes in Wistar albino rats. The diabetic rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each. For testing the efficacy of extracts, two groups were intra-orally provided with dosages of 200 mg/Kg and 400 mg/Kg of body weight of animals, respectively, of aqueous extracts of CI. Control groups were maintained for evaluation, which included vehicle control as well as with Glibenclamide, a standard anti-diabetic drug. The extracts at a dose of 400 mg/Kg body weight was found to be associated with significant amelioration of many of the diabetes induced conditions, suggesting that the plant extract could be a strong potential CAM candidate for therapeutic management of diabetes.

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the volatile compounds from the ethanol extracts of Bulbine asphodeloides and Helichrysum petiolare

Background: Bulbine asphodeloides and Helichrysum petiolare are important medicinal plants that commonly used in folklore medicine in South Africa for the management of skin ailments such as acne, burns, wounds, eczema, shingles, hives, psoriasis, sores, rosacea, and rashes. Despite their extensive use in traditional medicine, the chemical profiles of these medicinal plants have not been elucidated. Objective: The present study was carried out to identify and compare the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) profiles of the volatile components from the ethanol extracts of both plants. Materials and Methods: The fresh leaves of both plants were collected from Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa, and later oven dried and subjected for extraction and these extracts were further subjected to GC–MS analysis using standard procedures. Results: The GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive terpenes in the volatile components of the ethanol extracts of B. asphodeloides and H. petiolare. Conclusion: The findings reveal the presence of various bioactive compounds which therefore validates the therapeutic importance of these plants in the treatment of skin-related diseases.

The GC MS Study of one Ayurvedic Medicine, Khadirarishtam

The present study of GC MS analysis of one Ayurvedic formulation, Khadirarishtam, was undertaken to know the types of biomolecules present in it. This medicine is used to treat chronic skin ailments. The GC MS profile of Khadirarishtam indicated the presence of some important biomolecules such as Eucalyptol, Phnylethyl alcohol, Ethyl hydrogen succinate,.alpha.-Terpineol, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, Acetic acid, chloro-, 3-phenylpropyl ester, Eugenol, Benzeethanol, 4-hydroxy-, Propanoic acid, anhydride, Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, Disulphide, methyl (methylthio)phenylmethyl, Hexadecnoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, Octadecanoic acid and 2, 3-dihydropropyl ester etc. These biomolecules have been reported to have the medicinal properties which represent those of Khadirarishtam. Further study to establish the molecular mechanism of these compounds is warranted.

Pediatric Cutaneous Emergencies and their Outcome: Study from a Tertiary Care Center in South India.

Background:Skin problems are commonly encountered in the pediatric emergency department (PED). Although there are a few studies on the prevalence and spectrum of skin conditions in children attending the PED, only limited information is available on the outcome of the children with skin-related ailments requiring hospitalization.Aim:To study the clinical profile of skin manifestations in children presenting to the PED over a period of one year and assess the impact of skin lesions on the clinical outcome.Materials and Methods:All children <16 years of age attending the PED were screened and children with skin lesions were referred to the dermatologist for further evaluation, and those admitted were followed up until discharge. Children with skin lesions were categorized into seven subsets based on their diagnosis. Outcomes evaluated were duration of hospital stay, associated systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and mortality.Results:Of the 24,324 patients screened, 203 (0.83%) had skin lesions, of whom 158 (77.83%) were discharged from the PED. Forty five (22.16%) patients required admission of whom 2 (0.99%) died. Inflammatory disorders were the most common, 102 (50.24%), followed by infections in 91 (44.82%) patients. Among the hospitalized patients, 25 (55.6%) had SIRS, which included infections in 14 (56%), vasculitis in 5 (20%), and urticaria in 3 (12%) patients. Two patients with SIRS died and the causes were purpura fulminans and febrile exanthem of probable viral etiology.Conclusion:Our study highlights the spectrum of pediatric cutaneous emergencies and their outcome. A subset of patients can present with severe skin ailments and SIRS in whom early diagnosis and prompt treatment can impact the outcome.

Cosmeceutical role of Medicinal plants / Herbs: A Review on commercially available Cosmetic ingredients

Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products intended to improve physical appearance, health, beauty and skin ailments. Drugs used to control acne, anti-wrinkle effects, protect from sun burn, improves complexation, delayed effect of ageing and improve skin textures, etc. are comes under category of cosmeceuticals. Cosmeceuticals may be synthetic, natural or hybrid depending upon their compositions. Herbal cosmeceuticals are gaining great attention now a day’s due to their wide range of availability and fewer side effects. There are enormous plants and natural ingredients available commercially as cosmeceuticals. Herbal cosmetics originated naturally from plants, sea, rock salt and soil, etc. Generally herbal cosmetics are free from harmful synthetic chemicals and considered safe to use. Many medicinal plants and herbs offers effect like cosmeceuticals and used extensively for same purpose globally. Natural herbs such as; Neem, Kapoor, Henna, Hirda, Behada, Amalaki, Bringaraj, Rosary Pea and Mandor, etc. are used in cosmetic industry for various purpose. This article presented a descriptive review on Herbal cosmeceuticals.

The rash that presents as target lesions

We have explored the rash that appears as target lesions, with the central and dominant diseases belonging to the Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis group. After presenting the clinical patterns of an individual target lesion and classifying them into different types of lesions, the contribution has been organized with groups characterized by such specific findings according to the type of lesion: flat or raised, typical or atypical, presence or absence of fever, presence or absence of mucosal ulcerations, presence or absence of arthralgias, and/or internal organ involvement. Other specific features, such as histologic appearance, immunofluorescence findings, and laboratory changes, are considered. We provide clinicians with an algorithmic, systematic, and logical approach to diagnose the condition of the patients who present with targetoid lesions, and enable them to differentiate between those with serious systemic and life-threatening diseases from others with ordinary skin ailments.