Abstract
Arbutin (also called β-arbutin) is a natural product occurring in the leaves of a variety of different plants, the bearberries of the Ericaceae and Saxifragaceae families being prominent examples. It is a β-glucoside derived from hydroquinone (HQ; 1,4-dihydroxybenzene). Arbutin has been identified in traditional Chinese folk medicines as having, inter alia, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties that useful in the treatment of different ailments including urinary diseases. Today, it is also used worldwide for the treatment of skin ailments by way of depigmenting, which means that arbutin is a component of many products in the cosmetics and healthcare industries. It is also relevant in the food industry. Hundreds of publications have appeared describing the isolation, structure determination, toxicology, synthesis, and biological properties of arbutin as well as the molecular mechanism of melanogenesis (tyrosinase inhibition). This review covers the most important aspects with special emphasis on the chemical and biocatalytic methods for the production of arbutin.
Highlights
This review summarized the latest metabolic engineering strategies and tools applied to the biosynthesis of aromatic chemicals, many derived from shikimate and aromatic amino acids to the biosynthesis of aromatic chemicals, many derived from shikimate and aromatic amino acids including arbutin
Bacillus megaterium (P450-BM3), an enzyme that considered the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium (P450-BM3), an enzyme mediates the hydroxylation of fatty acids acids as natural substrates, and that been many that mediates the hydroxylation of fatty as natural substrates, andhas that hasengineered been engineered times rational design design or directed evolution
The natural product arbutin, a glucoside derived from hydroquinone (HQ, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene) occurring in the leaves of certain plants, has a long history dating back to a report by A
Summary
(HQ; 1,41,4dihydroxybenzene) (Figure 1A), which occurs in the leaves of a number of medicinal plants, for Saxifragaceae families families [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Isolated from thebearberry bearberryplant plantininthe thegenus genus The leaves of these plants have been used traditionally for hundreds/thousands of years as. A possible mechanism of tyrosinase-inhibition by arbutin has been preventing and eliminating the growth of dark spots [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Leading to the identification of crucial inhibition been proposed the computations, basis of molecular dynamics (MD) computations, protein-arbutin interactions 2), protein-arbutin which are different from those exhibited by other inhibitors [11] Relevant to this issue is another study concerning the discrimination between alternative substrates those exhibited by other inhibitors [11].
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