Skilled Wrestlers Research Articles

Using velocity recordings to predict squat repetitions to failure in high‐level wrestlers

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess whether lifting velocity (MV) can provide accurate estimations of the maximum number of repetitions that can be performed to failure (RTF) during the parallel back‐squat exercise performed in a Smith machine. Thirty male wrestlers from the Turkey Olympic preparation center (age = 22.6 ± 2.2 years) completed four testing sessions: a session to determine the back‐squat one‐repetition maximum [1RM], two sessions consisting of single sets to failure against three loads (90%‐80%‐70%1RM), and one session consisting of four sets to failure against the 75%1RM. The goodness‐of‐fit of the generalized RTF‐MV relationship was strong (r2 = 0.838), but the individualized RTF‐MV relationships were stronger (r2 = 0.957 ± 0.058). Only 3 out of 60 individualized RTF‐MV relationships revealed a r2 lower than the r2 of the generalized RTF‐MV relationship (r2 = 0.685, 0.779 and 0.810). The reliability of the fastest MV associated with each RTF ranged from acceptable (4 out of 15 RTFs) to high (11 out of 15 RTFs). The raw and absolute errors in the prediction of RTF did not increase under fatigue and were comparable for both generalized (raw errors: −1.0–0.3 repetitions; absolute errors: 1.1–1.7 repetitions) and individualized (raw errors: −0.8 to 0.1 repetitions; absolute errors: 1.2–1.8 repetitions) RTF‐MV relationships. These results indicate that RTF can be predicted with acceptable precision from MV recordings in resistance‐trained skilled wrestlers during the parallel back‐squat exercise performed in a Smith machine.

Особливості психічного стану у кваліфікованих борців

Purpose: research of psychical state in qualified wrestlers in stage of special basic fitness. Material and methods. The study involved 31 skilled Greco-Roman wrestlers aged 14-16 years, pupils of the wrestling club in Kremenchuk. To assess the mental state of skilled wrestlers, the Luscher color test was used. According to the results of the study, the following indicators were obtained: performance, fatigue, anxiety, deviation from the autogenous norm, eccentricity, concentricity, vegetative coefficient, heteronomy and autonomy. Heart rate variability was studied as an indicator of mental stress. The cardiac monitor «Fazagraf» was used. Based on the results of the study, we obtained statistical processing indicators and spectral characteristics of cardiac intervals. Non-parametric statistics with the determination of the median, lower and upper quartiles were used to assess the differences between the studied parameters. Results: in wrestlers with high tension of the autonomic regulation system, a deterministic functional system aimed at ensuring the mental state is revealed. At the same time, an increase in the tension of autonomic regulation is accompanied by mental fatigue, anxiety, passivity and the presence of mental stress. Prevention of mental stress in skilled wrestlers may be associated with the activation of the athlete to external environmental stimuli, optimism and a mood for positive behavior. The relationship between the indicators of mental state and the parameters of mental functions in skilled wrestlers was revealed. The moderate tension of the heart rate regulation system in skilled wrestlers is accompanied by an increase in mental performance and a decrease in anxiety. In turn, the increase in the tension of autonomous regulation is reflected in the presence of internal psychological discomfort and independence in the formation of decision-making. However, there is an increase in anxiety and a decrease in mental performance. Conclusions. The relationship between indicators of mental state and parameters of psychical functions in qualified wrestlers was revealed. Moderate tension of the heart rhythm regulation system in qualified wrestlers is accompanied by an increase in mental capacity and a decrease in anxiety. The increase in the tension of autonomous regulation in qualified wrestlers is reflected in the presence of internal psychological discomfort and independence in decision-making. Keywords: mental state, qualified wrestlers, heart rate regulation, indicators, analysis.

Особливості спортивної кар’єри олімпійських чемпіонок у боротьбі жіночій

Purpose: to identify the features of the sports career of Olympic champions in women's wrestling. Material and Methods. The main materials for the study were personal indicators of the sports career of 18 Olympic champions in wrestling (data were taken from the official website of UWW (https://unitedworldwrestling.org)). Research methods: analysis and synthesis, documentary method, comparison, methods of mathematical statistics. The study analyzed the careers of 18 freestyle wrestlers from 5 Olympic Games who won the title of champion in these competitions. The study took into account all the performances at official competitions (continental championships and world championships in all age groups and the Youth Olympic Games) of wrestlers. Results: it was found that in 5 Olympic Games, which included women's wrestling in the program (since 2004), 18 athletes won 18 out of 24 possible Olympic gold titles. The youngest age of the first performance at official international competitions before the Olympic triumph among the studied athletes was 15 years old. The latest first performance in the international arena among the study participants was recorded at the age of 25. It was found that the period from the first performance at official competitions to the gold medal at the Olympic Games was 5-9 years. It was also found that the shortest period from the first performance in the international arena to winning the Olympic Games was 2 years, and the longest was 15 years. To win Olympic gold, athletes had to participate in 9 official international competitions on average. The average age at which female athletes won at the Olympics is 22. Conclusions. To win gold at the Olympics, highly skilled wrestlers usually need to participate in a fairly large number of international competitions. However, there are exceptions in history among female athletes who have managed to reach the highest podium much faster and with fewer international competitions. This largely depends on individual characteristics and the specifics of the wrestlers' training system. Keywords: free wrestling, women, highly qualified sportswomen, competition, Olympic Games.

Особливості прояву психоемоційного стану висококваліфікованих борців із урахуванням статевого диморфізму

Purpose: the manifestation of psycho-emotional state in elite wrestlers with taking into account of sexually dimorphism. Material and methods. 24 elite females athletes and 33 elite males athletes specializing in freestyle wrestling were examined. All athletes were members of the Ukrainian National Team. Mental states were studied using the Luscher test. Stress resistance was studied using the «Stress test» method. All tests used, including the hardware-software complex «Multipsychometr-05». Results: based on the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, it was determined that modern sports wrestling is characterized by a high level of physical and psycho-emotional stress of the athlete in the conditions of competitive activity, and the study of the psycho-emotional state is an important issue for building a training system. The presence of sexual dimorphism with the manifestation of a psycho-emotional state in elite wrestlers has been established. It has been found that due to mental anxiety, male wrestlers have higher values of mental fatigue and internal discomfort compared to female wrestlers. This fact indicates a connection between anxiety as a pre-stress condition that causes fatigue and mental discomfort. At the same time, a higher level of stress resistance was found in men compared to women. The results indicate that a higher level of stress resistance in men is due to a slower impulsivity. In women, a decrease in stress resistance is compensated by an increase in impulsivity. The presence of lower absolute values of the vegetative coefficient in women compared to men was revealed, which indicates a reduced level of tension of vegetative regulation, and, above all, activation of the sympathetic link of the autonomic nervous system. Conclusions. The presence of sexual dimorphism in the manifestation of the psychoemotional state among highly skilled wrestlers has been established. It was found that the presence of mental fatigue and anxiety in male wrestlers leads to emotional discomfort. A higher level of stress resistance was found in male wrestlers compared to female wrestlers. Stress resistance is formed in women by adaptive behavior, tension of the autonomic nervous system regulation and the balance of emotions. In men, stress resistance is ensured by mental focus. Keywords: wrestling, highly skilled, sexual dimorphism, psycho-emotional state, stress resistance.

Аналіз змагальної діяльності висококваліфікованих борців на чемпіонаті Європи 2023 р

Purpose: to analyse the competitive activity of highly skilled wrestlers at the European Championships 2023. Material and Methods. The following methods were used to solve the research tasks: analysis of scientific and methodological information and the Internet, generalization of best practices, analysis of protocols and videos, method of mathematical statistics. In total, 49 winning bouts (the fight for first and third places and meetings between finalists and third-place athletes) at the 2023 European Greco-Roman Wrestling Championships in Zagreb (Croatia) were analysed. Results: on the basis of the analysis of competitive activity, 10 main technical and tactical actions were allocated, which are most often used by highly skilled Greco-Roman wrestlers: rolling coups - 39 times (36,1 % of all technical and tactical actions); coups by grabbing the arm and head - 4 times (3,7 %); throws with the back belt - 15 times (13,9 %); countermeasures - 3 times (2,8 %); transfer to the floor - 5 times (4,6 %); throws with a turn - 2 times (1,9 %); throws with a deflection - 2 times (1,9 %); dumping - 9 times (8,3 %); pushing out of the mat - 22 times (20,3 %); countermeasures - 7 times (6,5 %). 23,7 % of the analysed fights ended with an early victory for one of the fighters. The largest number of early wins was observed in the 55 kg weight category - 4 (80 % of all fights). There were no early victories in the 67 kg and 87 kg weight categories. The analysis of the effectiveness of the technique showed that high-class wrestlers most often use 2-point technical and tactical actions, then 1-point and 4-point technical and tactical actions. In a large number of fights the result was decided by an assessment for passivity of one of the wrestlers. Conclusions. It is defined that wrestlers of high qualification carry out a greater number of technical and tactical actions in a partner (56,5 %), than in a rack (43,5 %). The most applied technical and tactical action in the floor was a rolling coup, and in a stand - pushing out of the carpet. The least: in the ground - counter-reception, and in the stand - throws with a turn and a deflection. It is noted that the largest number of technical and tactical actions is carried out by wrestlers of light weight categories 55 kg (23 techniques) and 60 kg (15 techniques), and the smallest - by wrestlers of middle weight categories 77 kg (5 techniques) and 87 kg (6 techniques).

Вдосконалення методики розвитку витривалості кваліфікованих борців

Purpose: to improve the method of developing the endurance of skilled wrestlers of the Greco-Roman style. Material and methods. The following methods were used in the study: analysis of scientific and methodological information, Internet sources and generalization of leading practical experience, pedagogical testing; timing; pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. The pedagogical experiment was conducted in the groups of specialized training of 3 years of study at CYSS №7 and CYSS №9 in Kharkiv. In total, 20 qualified wrestlers, aged 16-17, took part in the pedagogical experiment. Athletes were divided into two groups: control and experimental 10 wrestlers each. The pedagogical experiment lasted six months (May – October 2021). Results: Based on the analysis of scientific and methodological information, Internet sources and generalization of best practices, it was found that one of the main components of functional training of the athlete, which determines the ability to achieve high results in responsible competitions, endurance, therefore the development of endurance importance for the growth of sportsmanship of a skilled wrestler. The control group was involved in the training program for CYSS. The wrestlers of the experimental group used the proposed method of endurance development in the training process, which consisted in the fact that at each stage and period of the macrocycle developed training tasks were used to develop general and special endurance. At the beginning of the experiment, the control indicators of the level of endurance development between the control and experimental groups did not reveal significant differences (p>0,05, the value of t ranges from 0,13 to 0,87). Conclusions. During the experiment it was found that the proposed technique has a positive effect on the endurance of wrestlers. This is evidenced by the results obtained at the end of the experiment, so the wrestlers of the experimental group significantly higher levels of endurance development in the tests: running 800 m (t=-2,78; p<0,05); running 2 800 m (t=-3,01; p<0,01); time of execution of 3 series of throws by turning the grip of the hand and head (t=-3,12; p<0,01); the total time of execution of three series of throws by turning the grip of the hand and head (t=-2,52; p<0,05). In the tests «Time of execution of 1 series of throws with hand and head grip» and «Time of 2 series of throws with hand and head grip» also the results are better in the wrestlers of the experimental group, but they are statistically inaccurate (p>0,05), that when performing 1 and 2 series of throws, athletes did not show much endurance. Keywords: Greco-Roman wrestling, training process, skilled athletes, general endurance, special endurance.

Технологии подготовки спортсменов высокой квалификации к международным соревнованиям в технологическом аспекте

The article deals with the technology of training highly qualified athletes for international competitions in the technological aspect. The purpose of the study is to reveal the peculiarities of heart rate variability in highly skilled wrestlers with different dominance of the cerebral hemispheres using the system of information diagnostics of the cardiovascular system. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the connection between functional brain asymmetry and autonomic regulation in highly qualified athletes was confirmed. It was also found that highly skilled wrestlers with dominance of the right hemisphere of the brain exhibit a higher level of tension in the autonomous regulation of heart rhythm, compared to wrestlers with dominance of the left hemisphere of the brain. As a result, it was revealed that the presence of high values of the Stress index in highly qualified wrestlers with right-hemispheric brain dominance indicates the nature of stress caused by emotional and physical stress.

Ratio and interconnections of functional fitness structure key components of elite combat athletes at the stage of maximum realization of individual capabilities

Background and Study Aim. The objective of the work consisted in studying the ratio and interconnections of functional fitness structure key components of elite combat athletes in the process of adaptation to physical loads at the stage of individual capacity maximum realization.
 Material and Methods. 55 highly skilled wrestlers aged 19-27 years old, members of the national teams of Ukraine in different styles of wrestling - freestyle, Greco-Roman, judo were examined. The assessment of wrestlers’ functional fitness structure was made according to a complex of indices of physiological systems activity at rest and during performance of a block of testing physical loads on a bicycle ergometer.
 Results. The components of functional fitness structure of male combat athletes of three wrestling styles (Greco-Roman, freestyle and judo) were studied according to the manifestations of the respiratory and circulatory functions during testing loads performance, and achieved indices of work capacity. It has been revealed that the key integrative components of the general structure of wrestlers' fitness include: the level of special work capacity, general level of functional fitness, mobility of physiological processes, economy, anaerobic power. Greco-Roman wrestlers are superior to freestyle wrestlers and judokas in anaerobic power, mobility and economy. The greatest differences are manifested in the values of anaerobic power, mobility and general level of functional fitness, whereas the least - in indices of economy. The key criteria for the functional fitness of wrestlers in the manifestation of a high level of physical work capacity include: economy of functioning at rest and during muscular activity of anaerobic-aerobic nature, high reactivity of the cardiovascular system to physical load, power of the anaerobic energy supply system, the rate of recovery processes, the state of cardiac activity regulatory mechanisms, the level of metabolic processes and excitability of the heart muscle. The level of development and the ratio of the components of functional fitness structure of elite combat athletes may be used as the reference models for development of differentiated scales for estimation of the key constituents of physical state of wrestlers specialized in freestyle, Greco-Roman wrestling and judo. Complex application of different methods of testing athletes provides more efficient approach to the problem of monitoring and managing functional fitness and special work capacity of wrestlers at the stage of maximum realization of individual capacities.
 Conclusions. An increase in the proportion of key integrative functional indices in special work capacity of athletes specialized in various wrestling styles - Greco-Roman, freestyle and judo represents the most significant criterion for improving their functional fitness structure.

Physiological criteria of functional fitness and determinants of physical work capacity of highly skilled wrestlers

Background and Study Aim. The objective of the work is to study the key factors of highly skilled wrestler fitness structure determining the level of their functional state and physical work capacity at the stage of maximum realization of individual capacities. Material and methods. 45 highly skilled wrestlers aged 19-27 years, members of the national teams of Ukraine in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling were examined. 27 athletes of student age (19-24 years-old), among them were 23 students and postgraduate. Instrumental research methods were used to record indices of functional fitness (FF) and physical work capacity of wrestlers while performing a specialized test with throws of a partner and a block of testing physical loads on a bicycle ergometer. Results. It was revealed that among factors determining the structure of wrestlers' fitness, the integral factor of FF general level (31.13% of the total variance) has the greatest impact on the variability of physical work capacity indices of athletes. Increase in skill level of wrestlers is associated with decreased time of performing throws in a specialized test, increased relative values of lactate power, O2-debt, general level of FF, O2 consumption per 1 kg of body mass. Improvement of wrestler FF structure along with an increase in their skill level is characterized by higher contribution of FF integral parameters (anaerobic power, mobility of physiological reactions, FF general level) to the manifestation of physical work capacity. It was revealed that the general level of FF of wrestlers is characterized by the following ratio of key factors (relative to model values of elite athletes): anaerobic power - 52.6 ± 4.9%, aerobic power - 52.8 ± 4,1%, mobility - 80.4 ± 5.3%, economy - 43.3 ± 3.0%. In the course of studies, mathematical models of the key factors of wrestler FF structure associations with the level of special work capacity, skill level and weight category have been developed. Modeling allowed to specify the criteria and develop scales for assessing special physical work capacity level, differentiated according to skill level and weight category groups of highly skilled wrestlers. Conclusions. The findings reflect the crucial role of anaerobic energy supply mechanisms in the manifestation of high special work capacity in wrestling. Improvement of wrestler FF structure along with the increase of their skills is characterized by a decrease in the number of key functional parameters determining the level of physical work capacity during testing with loads that model specific activity of highly skilled wrestlers. This, along with body functions economization, is one of the important criteria for improving FF structure of the combat athletes.

Features of the relationship between cardiointervalographic indices and constitutional characteristics in highly skilled mesomorphic somatotype wrestlers

Mechanisms of regulation of cardiac rhythm have many individual features, which are conditioned by age, sex, training of the organism, strength and nature of external influence, constitutional features of the organism. The purpose of the work is to determine the relationship between cardiointervalographic indices and parameters of the external structure of the body in highly skilled wrestlers of the mesomorphic somatotype. The study involved 24 wrestlers between the ages of 17 and 21 with a high level of sportsmanship and more than 3 years of experience. All of the wrestlers were of medium weight and engaged in free and Greco-Roman wrestling. We conducted a study of heart rate variability on the cardiac computer diagnostic complex “OPTW” following the recommendations of the European and North American Cardiac Association (1996). The indices of vegetative homeostasis according to Bayevsky, variational heart rate, statistical and spectral cardiointervalographic indicators were determined. Anthropometry was performed according to the method of V.V. Bunak (1941), somatotypological study – by the calculated modification of the Heath-Carter method (1990), determination of the component composition of body weight by the method of Matejko (1992). In the package “STATISTICA 5.5” correlation analysis was performed using the nonparametric Spearman statistical method. It was found that in the wrestlers of the mesomorphic somatotype, the variations of the pulsometry had the highest number and strength of reliable correlations with constitutional parameters, most of which were inverse of the mean force. All statistical indicators of heart rate variability with indicators of the external structure of the body had only inverse significant correlations. The least significant correlations were found for spectral indices and parameters of vegetative homeostasis. According to the results of the correlation analysis in the wrestlers of the mesomorphic somatotype, we can assume that with the increase of total, longitudinal, circumferential, transverse body sizes and muscle and bone mass, the variability of the heart rhythm of the sympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system will be more pronounced.

Влияние изменений правил на показатели соревновательной деятельности в греко-римской борьбе

Objective – to reveal the impact of competition rule changes on the indices of athletes’ competitive activity. Methods. A total of 117 final fights of highly qualified athletes were analyzed. The following indices were recorded: the duration of bouts; number of technical actions; real attempts (the number of attempts made); estimated attempts (number of attacks implemented); the effectiveness of technique used in a stance and in “referee’s” position (determined by dividing the number of successful attacks by the number of real attempts to perform reception and multiplied by 100 %); the effectiveness of defence in a stance and in “referee’s” position (this is the division of the number of reflected attacks by the number of real attempts to execute a hold and multiplied by 100 %); the effectiveness of executed holds (scored: 1 point, 2 points, 3 points, 4 points, 5 points). Results. The results obtained allowed to establish that the most performed TAs on the ground are rolling sideways, but they were most successful at OG-2016 (47 % of all TAs) and OG-1996 (41 %). This percentage is explained by the fact that rolling sideways are the most common, and all wrestlers pay great attention to their improvement. At present, attacking actions prevail in the competitive techniques, the bout is conducted constantly at a high pace; techniques are performed after previous preparation when the athlete is confident that the action will be performed; high-class wrestlers tend to execute more technical and tactical actions on the ground than in the stance, and all this significantly reduces the entertainment of the modern Greco-Roman wrestling. Modern studies have shown that the key characteristics of highly skilled wrestlers fitness with an equal amount of tactical and technical actions are their speed-strength capabilities and special endurance. Conclusion. It is established that today there remain significant problems for the specialists of Greco-Roman wrestling in the need to modernize the competition rules in order to improve the performance and entertainment of wrestling bouts. Keywords: technical fitness, Olympic Games, highly skilled wrestlers, competition rules.

Модельные характеристики технико-тактической подготовленности в спортивной борьбе

Yuriy Tropin & Anton Chuev Purpose: to develop model characteristics of technical and tactical preparedness of highly qualified wrestlers. Material & Methods: analysis of scientific and methodological information, generalization of best practical experience, pedagogical observation, analysis of video materials of competitive activities of wrestlers, modeling, methods of mathematical statistics . The results of 75 collisions of highly skilled Greco-Roman wrestlers were analyzed and summarized . Results : identified the 10 main technical actions that are most often used by wrestlers. Based on the analysis of competitive activity developed model characteristics of technical and tactical training of highly skilled wrestlers . Conclusion: analysis and models presented were the basis for the development of evaluation criteria and predicting the level of technical and tactical preparedness .

Manifestation peculiarities of neurodynamic functions of highly skilled wrestlers in the dynamics of training process

Manifestation peculiarities of neurodynamic functions of highly skilled wrestlers in the dynamics of training process

Динамика изменений интегрального показателя «индекс бикарбонаты/соляная кислота» у высококвалифицированных единоборцев в условиях восстановления после действия мышечной нагрузки

Динамика изменений интегрального показателя «индекс бикарбонаты/соляная кислота» у высококвалифицированных единоборцев в условиях восстановления после действия мышечной нагрузки

Associations between Major Indices of Physical Development and Fitness and the Level of Elite Wrestler Special Work Capacity

Objective: The objective of the given work consisted in studying associations between the major indices of physical development (PD) and physical fitness, on the one hand, and the level of special work capacity of elite wrestlers of different weight categories, on the other hand. Material: 147 Ukrainian athletes engaged in Greco-Roman, free-style wrestling and judo served as the subjects. The following methods of studies were used: anthropometry, caliperometry, dynamometry, methods of testing speed-strength fitness and special work capacity of wrestlers, statistical processing and computer modelling. Results: It has been demonstrated that skill level determines ratio and associations of morphometric and speed-strength indices, level of athletes’ special work capacity. Enhancement of skill level results in augmentation of speed-strength fitness, increase of body circumferences, decrease of fat component content, gain of muscular component and muscular development index. Along with the increase of weight category the level of speed-strength fitness and special work capacity decreases. Respective mathematical models were developed. Conclusions. It is recommended to use the developed regression models for modelling, predicting and evaluating special work capacity of highly skilled wrestlers of light, middle and heavy weight categories.

Modeling the optimal structure of physiological fitness in skilled wrestlers

Modeling the optimal structure of physiological fitness in skilled wrestlers

Competitive activity of highly skilled freestyle wrestlers at the present stage

Purpose: to compare competitive activity of highly skilled freestyle wrestlers after making adjustments to the wrestling rules. Material: the analysis involved 80 bouts performed by high skilled wrestlers at 2011 World Wrestling Championships (Ankara, Turkey) and 2012 Olympic Games in London (weight categories 84 and 96 kg). Results: the resultant technical actions have been analyzed in the standing position performed by highly skilled freestyle wrestlers in major events of the annual cycle for the last three years. The characteristic changes in a competitive activity of highly skilled freestyle wrestlers in the weight categories 84 and 96 kg have been determined. We identified the techniques which were used most frequently in different periods of bout by elite athletes: spurt moving, throwing by knock, pressing, pushing the mat, etc. Conclusions: the competitions in the training of athletes are not only a means of controlling the level of preparedness, the process for deciding the winner, but also an important means of improving fitness and sports mastership. In the future, specialists can use these features of competitive activity in determining the overall training strategy of freestyle wrestlers to competitions at various levels.

The effectiveness of a course of the drug " Alakton " in the preparation of skilled wrestlers

Purpose . The influence of the new domestic preparation on the performance of functional readiness and psychophysiological performance athletes. Material and methods . The study involved 12 qualified wrestlers (age 17-19 years ) with the written consent. The drug contains chelated magnesium glycinate cocarboxylase and betaine. Course reception - within seven days of shock microcycle. Results . Found that course reception has a positive impact on health and the special recovery processes athletes. Also found a positive effect on physiological indicators. The authentic reduction in travel time distance shuttle run 4 x 9 m, increase in the coefficient of special endurance, increase the number of repetitions in the test. Showed a reduction in the coefficient of restitution and increasing the number of shots (mill) in this test. Conclusions . The data obtained suggest appropriate use of the drug in the practice of preparing skilled fighters.