Ski Training Research Articles

Relation Of Changing Levels Of Aerobic Performance To Human Cold Air Exposure

OBJECTIVE: Cold environment is detrimental to exercise performance due to the lowered muscle temperatures. However, the impact of cold on human aerobic performance has been rarely researched. Some studies reported no differences in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) between various ambient temperatures, others reported a higher VO2max in the heat or higher peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) at low temperatures due to a wide range of ambient temperatures. During cross-country skiing training, temperatures at -4 ~ -6 °C can be usually experienced. Given this situation, this study could assess the effects of exposure to cold (-6.8 ± 1.6 °C) and warm (22 ± 1.2 °C) environments on aerobic performance. METHODS: 30 healthy, trained men (17) and women (13) participated in this randomized study. The mean (±SD) physical characteristics of the subjects were age 19.2 ± 0.7 years (male)/19.4 ± 1.5 years (female), body height 179.9 ± 5.6 cm (male)/166.9 ± 5.5 cm (female), body mass 70.01 ± 6.7 kg (male)/ 54.2 ± 6.6 kg (female), BMI 21.6 ± 2.1 kg/m2 (male)/ 19.4 ± 1.6 kg/m2 (female), body fat 12.1 ± 3.5% (male)/ 20.8 ± 5.9% (female). All subjects wearing cross-country ski racing suit performed a maximal oxygen uptake test protocol in a climatic chamber with a wind speed of 5 m/s. The exercise protocol consisted of a warm-up period followed by graded exercise test in -6.8 ± 1.6 °C (humidity 66 ± 5.7%) and 22 ± 1.2 °C (humidity 52 ± 5.2%). Aerobic performance-related variable was measured. RESULTS: During the time course, mean forehead temperature decreased significantly at -6.8 °C than those at 22 °C, whereas core temperature (CT) increased during all conditions. CT was lower at -6.8 °C than those at 22 °C. During the maximal running test, VO2max and VO2peak were respectively increased by 19.6% and 21.8% in male at -6.8 °C than those measured at the pretest wearing only shorts and T-shirt at 22 °C. Similarly, VO2max and VO2peak were increased by 28.2% and 28.5% in female at -6.8 °C than those at 22 °C. Running time to exhaustion was significantly longer at -6.8 °C than at 22 °C (p < 0.05). Blood lactate concentration were significantly increased by 54.1% (male) and 39.3% (female) respectively at -6.8 °C than those at 22 °C at the end of test. CONCLUSION: Compared with 22 °C, -6.8 °C was found to be a more optimal ambient condition to aerobic performance in both trained men and women.

Repeated practice runs during on-snow training do not generate any measurable neuromuscular alterations in elite alpine skiers.

BackgroundAlpine skiers typically train using repeated practice runs requiring high bursts of muscle activity but there is little field-based evidence characterizing neuromuscular function across successive runs.PurposeTo examine the impact of repeated ski runs on electromyographic activity (EMG) of the knee extensors and flexors in elite alpine skiers.MethodsNineteen national team alpine skiers were tested during regular ski training [Slalom (SL), Giant Slalom (GS), Super Giant Slalom and Downhill (Speed)] for a total of 39 training sessions. The surface EMG of the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF) and semimembranosus/semitendinosus (SMST) muscles was continuously recorded along with right knee and hip angles. The EMG root mean square signal was normalized to a maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC). The first and fourth runs of the training session were compared.ResultsThere was no meaningful main effect of run on EMG relative activation time or mean power frequency beyond the skier's intrinsic variability. However, EMG activity of the vastii increased from the first to the fourth run in SL [VM, ~+3%MVC for IL and outside leg (OL), p = 0.035)], speed (VL, IL:+6%/OL:+11%, p = 0.015), and GS (VM, IL:0/OL:+7%, p < 0.001); the later with an interaction with leg (p < 0.001) due to a localized increase on the OL. The run time and turn time did not change from the first to the fourth run. There were no meaningful changes in angular velocities, amplitude of movement, or maximal and minimal angles.ConclusionNeuromuscular activity remains highly stable in elite skiers with low variability across four runs.

Wind Tunnel Experiment for the Hydrodynamics of Wind Resistance Energy Consumption of Human Body

Aerodynamic resistance, also called the aerodynamic drag, can greatly affect the movements of athletes during high-speed sports. In terms of skiing, the wind environment of the venue creates pushing force or dragging force on the body of skiers during their skiing process in the ski resort. The sliding velocity and the work against resistance are greatly affected by wind, so how to reduce the work against wind resistance is a research focus of sports science. This study conducted wind tunnel experiment on physical skier models. At first, non-contact 3D measurement was carried out to measure the body of a certain skier and several skier models were scanned and printed; then, for the typical movement postures made by the skier in the Yabuli Ski Training Base which is located in the Heilongjiang province of China, wind tunnel experiment was conducted to study the relationship between the air drag coefficient and the wind speed during the skiing process. The results show that the drag coefficient does not change with wind speed during the skiing process. Parameters such as the skier’s height, posture, and frontal area on the windward side have a certain impact on the drag coefficient. The greater the height of the skier, the larger the drag coefficient. The laws summarized in this paper could be used by athletes to adopt rational tactics and optimize their postures during training, thereby improving their competition performance.

A method of attitude measurement and level assessment for skiers based on wearable inertial measurement

&lt;p&gt;Quantitative analysis of sports is an important development direction of scientific skiing training, and the digital expression of human movement patterns during skiing is the basis for scientific quantitative analysis. A human motion capture and attitude reconstruction system based on a wearable BSBD inertial measurement unit was designed and built, combined with the human multi-rigid body motion model to realize the human body reconstruction during the skiing, and applied to the auxiliary training of slewing movements in alpine skiing. At the same time, for the indoor training scene based on the multi-degree-of-freedom simulated ski training platform, a digital evaluation method suitable for ski slalom is proposed. The method uses motion capture system and posture reconstruction system to extract five kinds of sliding characteristic data of skiers, and realizes the evaluation of skiers’ technical parameters through similarity measurement and linear fitting with high-level athletes’ motion parameters, so as to assist scientific training. Finally, experiments are carried out on the indoor Olymp simulated ski training bench to verify the effectiveness of the method.&lt;/p&gt;

ПРАВИЛЬНОЕ ДЫХАНИЕ НА ЗАНЯТИЯХ ПО ЛЫЖНОЙ ПОДГОТОВКЕ СТУДЕНТОВ В ВУЗЕ

The question of proper breathing in ski training classes for students is considered, the healing value of breathing during physical exertion and the process of activating the activity of all body systems are described

College Cross-Country Skiing Teaching and Sports Training Based on VR

As a kind of simulation equipment that can correctly simulate skiing actions, ski simulators are widely used in ski teaching and training in colleges. With the rapid development of VR, it has been widely used in the development of ski simulator systems. This article mainly talks about the research of college cross-country skiing teaching and sports training based on VR and intends to provide ideas and directions for combining VR with college cross-country skiing teaching and sports training. This article puts forward the research methods of cross-country skiing teaching and sports training in colleges based on VR, including the literature retrieval method, expert interview method, survey method, mathematical statistics method, logical analysis summary method, ski simulator algorithm, etc. At the same time, this paper also conducts experiments on cross-country skiing teaching and sports training in colleges and universities. The experimental results in this paper show that 96.67% of students believe that the college cross-country skiing teaching and sports training system based on VR can stimulate the enthusiasm of ski training.

Safety Training Monitoring System of Ski Resort Based on Wireless Sensor Network

With the gradual rise in China’s ski industry, skiing is now the most common sport among winter outdoor sports, which is closely related to the origin of safety issues. Based on the ski resort, training is the key to safety detection, only to ensure the safety of training personnel and to maintain the momentum of high-speed development of skiing sports for a long time. The monitoring system plays an important role in the wireless sensor network monitoring system. Common monitoring systems are used for agriculture, smart home, and outdoor environment monitoring systems, most of which are professional fields. Based on the safety of ski resorts, this paper puts forward the research of ski training safety system based on the wireless sensor. In the research of ski training detection system based on the wireless sensor network, first, the safety system of domestic ski resort is analyzed and detailed suggestions are given. Then, this paper studies the routing protocol of wireless communication technology in detail and compares the service life and energy consumption of nodes under the use of two different routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. According to the data experiment in this paper, LEACH-MH protocol has great advantages over the LEACH protocol. The LEACH-MH protocol detects 185 more rounds than the LEACH protocol in the total detection lifetime. In the detection of energy consumption of 100 m ∗ 100 m, the LEACH protocol consumes 50J in 400 rounds, while the LEACH-MH protocol consumes only 50J in 760 rounds.

The development of endurance in high school skiing lessons

Introduction: Information, innovative technologies in the sphere of human activity have greatly reduced his motor activity, as the need to engage in heavy physical labor has disappeared. This has led to a decrease in the level of human physical development, and, consequently, to the deterioration of health. It is necessary to form the habit of physical activity in early childhood. It is necessary to pay attention to the development of such qualities as endurance, speed, flexibility, agility and strength. Teachers of physical education and sports choose special exercises and loads to develop these physical qualities according to the age of schoolchildren. One popular sport is skiing lessons. Skiing in winter has a beneficial effect on the body, as there is a hardening effect on the body. Methods:Method used in this is description self-observation analysis and reviews, Methods of Endurance Development in High School Children in Ski Training Lessons Results: During the experiment we saw that the selected method gave positive results. The students of 10thA class had dynamics of growth of endurance indicators, but not significantly. Consequently, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of endurance during physical education lessons. Conclusions: Physical education classes are an important component of endurance development in high school children. Properly structured lessons provide opportunities to improve endurance. It is advisable to give endurance exercises near the end of the lesson. Initially it is necessary to give exercises for the development of general endurance, and then to develop different types of special endurance (speed, strength, etc.). It is necessary to increase the load, but gradually.

Analysis of physical education curricula according to the module "Ski training" in the context of the New Ukrainian School (NUS)

The paper considers the differences between the two curricula related to the invariant and variable components. The aim of the article was to conduct a comparative analysis of physical education curricula in 2017 and 2021, namely the physical education curriculum for secondary schools 5-9 grades (updated) and the model curriculum "Physical Culture. 5-6 grades" for general secondary education institutions in accordance with the variable module "Ski training" in 5th and 6th grades of secondary schools. The methodological approach which was used in the study: the analysis of literature sources and resources of the Internet were used; analysis of domestic experience, method of system analysis, method of grouping, comparison and generalization. Both curricula have a number of differences both in the invariant and in the variable component of the variable module "Ski training" for 5th and 6th grades, in particular it is traced in theoretical information and special physical training, but in technical and tactical training were detected. The advantage of the model curriculum "Physical Culture. 5-6 grades" was the emphasis on the types of educational activities of students, which in a broad sense provides an opportunity to reveal the applied aspects of this program, including the search and creative tasks of students; differentiation and individualization of students in the process of development of basic motor skills by means of ski training; participation of students in competitions and contests; practical performance of movements and exercises by students at different stages of learning; ski games, entertainment and quests; integrated tasks of combining movements and skills at different stages of ski training.

The Effects of Six-Month Subalpine Training on the Physical Functions and Athletic Performance of Elite Chinese Cross-Country Skiers

Purpose: This study investigated the changes in the blood indices, specific athletic abilities, and physical fitness of outstanding cross-country skiers, trained in the subalpine; Methods: Twenty-eight athletes (twenty males and eight females) from the National Cross-country Ski Training Team completed sub-alpine training during the 2020–2021 snow season. The athletes′ physical functions were evaluated by collecting blood from elbow veins and measuring blood biochemical indexes. To compare the treadmill roller-skiing athletic ability and physical fitness of athletes before and after subalpine; Results: Male and female athletes showed different trends in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), cortisol (C), Creatine Kinase (CK) and blood urea (BU) (p &lt; 0.05 or p &lt; 0.01). Overall, the female athletes’ mean values of RBC, Hb, CK, and BU were lower than that of male athletes, while C was just the opposite. Comparing the athletic performance of athletes before and after the subalpine, it was found that blood lactate concentrations were significantly lower in both male and female athletes at the same load intensity (p &lt; 0.05 or p &lt; 0.01), whereas 10 km endurance running and 1 RM deep squat were significantly higher in both male and female athletes (p &lt; 0.05 or p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: After 6 months of subalpine training, cross-country skiers improved their oxygen-carrying capacity and anabolism, and showed significant improvements in specific athletic ability, physical endurance, acid tolerance and 1 RM absolute strength for both male and female athletes.

The dosage of physical activity in students’ ski training classes

The dosage of physical activity in students’ ski training classes

Field Training Monitoring of Alpine Ski Athletes Using a Triaxial Accelerometers

PURPOSE This study was designed to propose a quantitative base training evaluation method through alpine ski training monitoring using a triaxial accelerometer.METHODS Twelve Korean alpine ski athletes, six each in France and New Zealand, participated in this study. Activity data during training and daily living were collected for 7 days via the Actigraph GT9X. The collected data were downloaded through ActiLife Ver 6.13.1. Energy expenditure was calculated with Freedson (2011), and the resting metabolic rate was corrected using the Harris &amp; Benedict (1918) formula. Further, the physical activity intensity classification criteria and METs formula of Freedson (1998) were used to classify hourly activity intensity. The collected data were organized by date, time, intensity, and energy expenditure using Microsoft Excel 2016. Differences between weekdays vs. weekends and skiing vs. physical training were analyzed through a paired sample t-test using Windows SPSS 23 with a significance level of a=.05.RESULTS First, both groups showed repetitive on and off high-intensity activities during scheduled ski training and competition. Second, moderate-intensity activities accounted for an average of 6-10%, and the weekly total time and intensity of MVPA was very high. Finally, the group from France showed differences in total energy expenditure during weekdays vs. weekends (p&lt;.05) and the energy expenditure of both ski training and physical training during weekdays vs. weekends (p&lt;.05). The New Zealand group showed a difference in total energy consumption during weekdays vs. weekends (p&lt;.05).CONCLUSIONS A systematic training program based on quantitative training evaluation should be developed for alpine ski athletes to maintain proper rest and exercise intensity levels.

The instructive - educational model for 4-6 years old alpine skiers. Selection and physical training

Abstract Background In alpine skiing, physical training can start at an early age, from 4 to 6 years old, an age that can play an important role in the further development of future athletes. Specific movements of physical exercise, such as walking, running, jumping, throwing, climbing, swimming, dancing, skiing, etc., can be performed by preschoolers without excessive physical stress, developing their skills and gradually preparing them for performance. This stage of childhood offers the best opportunities for acquiring new motor skills. The scientific approach started from the finding that, although the ski training of children is possible and recommended at preschool age, however, following the analysis of the literature, a lack of teaching methodology for this age group can be found, both at the national and international level. Aim The paper aims to propose an educational model specific to this age group, which can be used in teaching the discipline of alpine skiing, in sports clubs and associations or instructor associations. Methods The study is based on the modeling method, applied to the physical training activity, also considering the psychomotor features specific to the preschool child. The proposed methodology contains tests and testing standards aiming the general physical training of the children. Results The objectives pursued by applying this model consist in forming or developing both general and specific motor qualities, as well as educating the coordinative capacities. By applying this instructive-educational model in the physical training of preschooler children, an increase of their sports performance was demonstrated, which is verified by the results obtained at national competitions, intended for the specific categories of their age. Conclusions The model of the alpine skier for this age must consider the particularities specific to the age, and the learning methods must be adequate, rational and flexible, to ensure an easy learning, assimilable to playing activities.

The Influence of Endurance Training on the Lipid Profile, Body Mass Composition and Cardiovascular Efficiency in Middle-Aged Cross-Country Skiers.

Monitoring the training of amateur long-distance cross-country skiers (XCS) can help athletes’ achieve a higher exercise capacity and protect their health. The aim of this study was to assess body composition changes and lipid profiles in middle-aged amateur long-distance XCS after four months of training, including specialized roller ski training. The results of the time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test and blood tests and changes in body composition were analyzed with basic descriptive statistics: the paired Wilcoxon test was used to compare the results (initial and final). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (R) was used to assess the influence of various variables on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). The findings show that training of amateur long-distance XCS improved maximal oxygen uptake (p = 0.008) and had a positive effect on fat reduction, measured in percentages (p = 0.038) and in kilograms (p = 0.023), but did not change blood lipids or other parameters. Further research could focus on other aspects of the annual training cycle: the competition period, and women in a larger group of athletes. Training with roller skis and a cross-country skiing training machine (a specialized machine for strengthening the arms and upper body) can support health and prevent obesity, overweight, and cardiovascular disease.

Влияние лыжной подготовки на развитие физических качеств у студентов

The article reveals the topic of the influence of ski training on the development of physical qualities in students, since today there is a tendency to increase chronic diseases in young people, many diseases have become younger, which leads to the search for new types of activities or simply the introduction of proven improved techniques for decades, and skiing is one of the main types of activities in our region. A list of the main muscle groups involved in skiing is given, some exercises of ski training are presented as part of the program for the main department of the university, an experiment was conducted with students of the Perm State Technical University in order to identify the influence of ski training on the development of students ' basic motor qualities. Research methods. The method of pedagogical experiment was applied, and during the exercises a variety of effective methods used in practice were applied – variable, repeated, competitive, control. Conclusion. The obtained results are analyzed and compared, conclusions are made, as well as some recommendations are given, the positive impact of ski training on the basic physical qualities of students and health in general is revealed.

The Generation and Elimination of Fear Factors in Alpine Skiing Training

The Generation and Elimination of Fear Factors in Alpine Skiing Training

Особливості навчання студентів ЗВО спеціалізацій спортивних ігор та одноборств лижній підготовці

Purpose: to reveal the peculiarities of teaching students of higher educational institutions of specializations of sports games and martial arts ski training. Material and methods. To solve the set tasks, we conducted a study in the 2020/2021 academic year with students of the Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture in the amount of 45 people, aged 18-20 years, for three weeks. Students were taught skiing techniques both according to the traditional system (control group) and according to the methodology developed by us (experimental groups). The time for learning the technique of skiing in both groups was the same 15 classes of classical style and 15 classes of skating style for 90 minutes each (according to the work program of the discipline), but the teaching methods in the experimental groups differed. The following methods were used during the research: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature sources, working curricula and practical experience of teachers; analysis of information on the Internet; pedagogical observations; method of expert assessments; pedagogical experiment; methods of mathematical statistics. Results: as a result of the study, it was found that students of the experimental group (E1) received significantly better scores than the control group for performing the technique of movement in the classical style, the average score - 6.30, and the control group - 5.68 points (t=3,6; p&lt;0,01), for performing the technique of skating style score (E1) was 6.18 points, and the control group – 5,25 points (t=5,2; p&lt;0,01). Students of the experimental group (E2) for performing the technique of classical movement style received an average score of 5.93, compared with the control group - 5.68 points, no significant difference was found (p&gt;0,05), the average score of the group (E2) for performing skating style was 5.90 points, and the control group – 5,25 points, which is significantly better (t=3,8; p&lt;0,01). Conclusions. The use of different teaching methods, taking into account sports specializations, as well as the development of leading motor skills, has improved the learning outcomes of students of higher education specializations in sports games and martial arts ski training. As a result of the use of simulation and special training exercises without skis and on skis at the beginning of classes on the technique of classical and skating skiing, students of the group significantly improved the mastery of ski training on all indicators (p&lt;0,01–0,05). Keywords: ski training, educational process, students, sports games, martial arts, motor abilities.

Digitalization of Cross‐Country Skiing Training Based on Multisensor Combination

The status and role of science and technology in the field of modern competitive sports have become increasingly prominent. The construction of a scientific training command system is of great significance for improving the scientific level of the training process and deepening the digital cognition of ski training. This paper is based on the multisensor combination to conduct a digital research on cross‐country skiing training, aiming to conduct in‐depth research on the realization of human motion capture and the theory of motion inertial sensing. To build a scientific, formal, and malleable ski training program, the requirements for data acquisition, recording, and analysis are quite strict. For this, it is necessary to use scientific and reasonable tools combined with multiple algorithms to process information and data. During the experiment, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers are selected as sensors to receive motion information, and recognition algorithms for identifying weightlessness, hybrid filtering algorithm, displacement estimation algorithm, and kinematic principles are adapted to process multisensor data using information integration technology. A human body motion model was established based on kinematic principles, and a cross‐country skiing motion measurement program was designed. The experimental results show that, according to the combination of multisensing and video platform, the athlete’s posture prediction is adjusted, and the action on the track is more consistent, which can accelerate the athlete’s skiing speed and the size of the inclination angle to a large extent. It can affect the direction of the athlete’s borrowing force and the adjustment of gravity during the exercise. The tilt angle is expanded from 135° to 170°, and it can maintain good continuity during the exercise.

The relationship between muscle hardness and the muscle tenderness threshold in muscle fatigue: In the case of ski instructors during a ski training camp

The relationship between muscle hardness and the muscle tenderness threshold in muscle fatigue: In the case of ski instructors during a ski training camp

ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ И РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ МОДУЛЬНОЙ УЧЕБНОЙ ПРОГРАММЫ ПО ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ «ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА И СПОРТ» С УЧЕТОМ СЕЗОННЫХ ПРИРОДНО-КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ

Statement of the problem. Today, when the epidemic raises specific requirements to the sanitary standards, teachers of the Physical Culture and Sports discipline need to take the maximum use of open spaces for their classes. The most common exercises for the autumn and spring periods of the academic year are cross-country running for different distances, general and strength development exercises in outdoor sports grounds. During the stable snow cover period, physical education focuses on ski training. Such activities have been always used as a perfect way of preventing respiratory diseases and virus infections. The problem and the task set before the teaching staff is support and stimulation of the students’ interest to outdoor training all year round, since only regular practice combined with knowledge in the sphere of physical culture and sports may develop a need for physical activity in the future. In this situation, it appears natural to add orienteering in the areas adjacent to the ski stadiums to the Physical Culture and Sports classes. The purpose of the article is to develop a modular structure for building the program of the Physical Culture and Sports discipline for students of non-physical culture profile during year-round outdoor activities using orienteering means, ski and general physical training. The methodology of the research includes the basic principles of physical education at higher educational institutions, methodological basics of physical development through ski training at the student age, the basics of embedding orienteering into the physical education process, analysis and generalization of the academic publications dedicated to the practical implementation of the Physical Culture and Sports discipline at higher educational institutions. The research results allow us to state that the application of the modular structure of the program of the Physical Culture and Sport academic discipline on the basis of two kinds of sports – ski training and orienteering, as well as the block of general physical training, which is mandatory in all training programs on this discipline is a more effective form for the implementation of this academic discipline. As a result of introducing this block structure there was an increase in the average attendance of physical education classes by students of the experimental group in the autumn semester from 74.56 ± 3.78 to 88.24 ± 4.62, in the spring the numbers increased by 13-14% (p &lt;0.05), namely, from 76.23 ± 4.15 to 89.15 ± 4.44. The results of strength tests from the Physical Traning Standards (GTO) complex also significantly increased owing to the concentration of general physical training on a specially selected block, where these exercises were performed with multiple effortful repetitions not exceeding 30% – 40% of the possible individual maximum. In the ski training block, the students of the experimental group, on average, in each lesson were able to walk longer distance, longer by 29% by boys and by 32% by girls compared to the students of the control group. Orienteering block in autumn and spring allows students to fully master the competitive exercise in this sport. Conclusion. The designed block-based structure may be recommended for implementation in the training program among university students majoring in non-sport subjects with access to skiing centers equipped with skiing tracks and some mapped forest area. This is especially relevant in the difficult epidemiological situation in the country when the need for open-air training among students complying with all the applicable sanitary standards becomes extremely acute.